GPEC 2006 Paper Abstract #R&S16

Title: Study on the Construction of Flexible Road Using Plastic Coated Aggregate
Authors: Dr. R. Vasudevan, Professor & Head, Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College
of Engineering, Madurai 15 Tamil Nadu India, S. Rajasekaran, Project Associate, Dept. of
Chemistry, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai 15 Tamil Nadu India
ABSTRACT
The studies on the use of polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) for flexible pavement are being
carried out by different schools. Virgin & recycled polymers are being used for these studies.
Use of disposed plastics waste is the need of the hour. The studies on the thermal behavior and
binding property of the molten plastics promoted a study on the preparation of plastics waste
bitumen blend and its properties to find the suitability of the blend for road construction. The
blend is almost similar to PMB. But, when higher percentage of plastics waste was used, the
polymer got separated from the blend. A modified technique was developed and the stone
aggregate was coated with molten plastics and the plastics waste coated aggregate (PCA) was
used as the raw material for flexible construction. PCA showed better binding property. It had
less wetting property. Its voids were much less. The sample showed higher Marshall Stability
value. The roads laid using PCA are performing well. A detailed studied is presented.

STUDY ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF FLEXIBLE ROAD USING PLASTIC

COATED AGGREGATE

Paper submitted for Conference

To
GPEC
ATLANTA - 2006

Study on The Construction of Flexible Road Using Plastic Coated Aggregate

CONTENT
1) INTRODUCTION
2) MODIFIED PROCESS:
2.1. Preparation of Plastics Waste Coated Aggregate
2.2. Characterization of PCA Bitumen Mix
a. Stripping Test
b. Marshall Tests
i. Variation of Binder Content
ii. Variation of Plastics Content
c. Field Study
d. Water Absorption
e. Extraction of Bitumen
f. Estimation of Plastics Content
g. Study on the Uniformity of the Coating plastics
h. Time and Temperature study on Mini Hot Mix Plant
3)
4)
5)
6)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
ROAD LAID LIST
CONCLUSION
7) REFERENCES

STUDY ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF FLEXIBLE ROAD USING PLASTIC COATED AGGREGATE

1.
2.

Dr. R.Vasudevan, Professor & Head, Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar

College of Engineering, Madurai 15 Tamil Nadu India
S.Rajasekaran, Project Associate, Dept. of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College of
Engineering, Madurai 15 Tamil Nadu India

1. INTRODUCTION
The studies on the use of polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) for flexible pavement are
being carried out by different schools. Virgin & recycled polymers are being used for these
studies. Use of disposed plastics waste is the need of the hour. The studies on the thermal
behaviour and binding property of the molten plastics promoted a study on the preparation of
plastics waste bitumen blend and its properties to find the suitability of the blend for road
construction. The blend is almost similar to PMB. But, when higher percentage of plastics waste
was used, the polymer got separated from the blend. A modified technique was developed and
the stone aggregate was coated with molten plastics and the plastics waste coated aggregate
(PCA) was used as the raw material for flexible construction. PCA showed better binding
property. It had less wetting property. Its voids were much less. The sample showed higher
Marshall Stability value. The roads laid using PCA are performing well. A detailed studied is
presented below.
2. MODIFIED PROCESS
An alternate method was innovated to find an effective way of using higher percentage of
plastics waste in the flexible pavement construction.
The aggregate coated with plastics was used as the raw material. The plastics used were
the disposed carry bags, films, cups, etc. with a maximum thickness of 60mircons. The bitumen
was not blended with plastic waste.
2.1. Preparation of Plastics Waste - Coated Aggregate:
The aggregate was heated to around 170 deg. C. The plastics waste was shredded to the
size varying between 2.36 mm and 4.75mm. This shredded plastics waste was added over hot
aggregate with constant mixing to have a uniform distribution. The plastics got softened and
coated over the aggregate. The hot plastics waste coated aggregate was mixed with the hot
bitumen 60/70 or 80/100 grade (160 C). The mixture was used for testing Striping value and
Marshall Stability value.

2.2. Characterization of PCA Bitumen Mix.

a.

Stripping test ( IS: 6241-1971)

The plastics waste coated aggregate bitumen mix prepared by the above process was
immersed in water. Even after 96 hrs. there was no stripping. This shows that the plastics waste
coated aggregate - bitumen mix has good resistance towards water. This may be due to the
coating of the plastics over the aggregate and this polymer coating made the aggregate nonwetting. Moreover, bitumen also was binding well with aggregate through the plastics layer.
b. Marshall Stability Test
Specimen preparation
The standard mixture was prepared as per the IRC specification. The aggregate mix was
coated with plastics waste as described above. This polymer coated aggregate mix was then
mixed with a known quantity of 60/70 bitumen. The mixture then transferred to the mould. It
was compacted with 75 blows on either side. The specimens (64 mm height and 10.2 mm
diameter) were prepared by 1. varying the percentage of plastics waste and 2. by varying
bitumen quantity. These specimens were tested.
The effect of variation of bitumen content on Marshall stability value was studied using
plastics waste -coated aggregate.
Table 1: Effect of variation of Bitumen content on Marshall stability value
% of plastics

% of

Marshall

M/Q

Flow value

waste in the

Bitumen in

Value (kg)

(kg/mm)

(mm)

mix

the mix

0.42

4.2

1960

478

4.10

0.45

4.5

2520

560

4.51

0.46

4.6

2540

526

4.83

0.50

5.0

2520

536

4.70

0.54

5.4

2500

515

4.85

Plastics (PE) added = 10% by weight of bitumen

It is observed that the Marshall stability values obtained were generally much higher than
the Marshall stability value obtained for pure bitumen mix. For an effective binding as per the
IV revision (Highways Road & Bridge Construction). 5% of bitumen is to be added. From our
experimental results it is observed that the addition of lower percentage of bitumen with plastics
waste coated aggregate shows much higher Marshall stability value. It is also observed that the

addition of plastics waste reduces the quantity of bitumen needed for an effective mix
composition. (Table 1). The Marshal Quotients calculated were slightly higher than expected
value of 500. Similar results were reported in the report submitted by CRRI dt. 14.11.2002
Keeping the percentage of bitumen content as 4.6, the quantity of plastics waste coated
over the aggregate was varied and the Marshall stability values were determined for different
samples.
Table 2: Effect of Variation of Polymer content on Marshall stability value
% of
Plastics
waste in the
mix
0

% of Binder
content in
the mix

Flow value
(mm)

Marshall
quotient
(kg/mm)

Marshall
value (kg)

4.6

3.51

327

1150

0.23

4.6

4.60

437

2010

0.46

4.6

4.81

528

2540

0.69

4.6

4.92

495

2440

0.92

4.6

5.01

459

2300

The experimental results suggests that the need of minimum quantity of bitumen for an
effective mix may be reduced if polymer coated aggregate is used. The reduction depends on the
amount of plastics waste used for coating.
c. Field study.
Using this Dry Process Technique, road length of more than 1200km were laid at
different places in Tamil Nadu both by the Department of Rural Development Agency (DRDA)
and by Highways (Tamil Nadu). At Cochin, Mumbai and Pondicherry the corporation laid test
roads using this technology. Both Mini Hot Mix Plant and Central Mixing Plant were used
wherever necessary. The roads are exposed to heavy traffic, monsoonal change, heavy rain, hot
summer, etc. The roads are functioning well without potholes, raveling and rutting. Experts
opinions are also in agreement. These observations can form the evidence for the better
performance of the plastics tar road.
Under this present condition, it is important to study and evaluate the suitable Marshall
stability value and the corresponding Marshall Quotient for the plastics waste modified
aggregate bitumen mix.

Both from the field studies and from the experimental evidences it may be concluded that
the 90% bitumen with 10% plastics waste coated aggregate can form an useful mix for a good
road. The reasons are.
1. The Marshall Stability value is high
2. Addition of plastics waste within the short time of 30seconds is possible.
3. Addition is also easy.
4. There is a saving of bitumen to the extent of 10%.
5. Good amount of plastics waste is available from the various sources.
6. Marshall Quotient is also in the tolerance range.
d.

Water Absorption Test

A known quantity of aggregate was taken, dried at 110deg.C and cooled. The weight of

the aggregate was determined. It was then immersed in water for 24 hrs. Then the aggregate was
dried using dry clothes (IS: 2386 part 3) and the weight was determined. The water absorbed by
the aggregate was determined from the weight difference.
500 gms of the aggregate was taken and heated to around 170deg. C. It was then coated with
plastics at that temperature. The plastics coated aggregate was cooled to room temperature. It
was immersed in water for 24hrs. Then it was removed, dried and the weight of the aggregate
was determined. This process was repeated three times for each sample. The values were
recorded. The experiment was carried out for different aggregate samples coated with different
quantity of plastics.
Table- 3: Water absorption
% of polymer

Wt. of added

coated over

plastics in

aggregate

( gm)

Water absorption (%)

Sample I

Sample II

Sample III

Average

0.56

0.57

0.55

0.56

0.5

2.50

0.44

0.40

0.42

0.42

0.75

3.75

0.32

0.28

0.28

0.29

1.0

5.00

0.24

0.22

0.20

0.22

Model calculation:
Preparation of 10% coating of plastics waste over aggregate:
As per HRS specification, 500gms aggregate needs 25gms of bitumen. Hence 2.5 gm of
plastics waste was coated over the aggregate.

It is observed that the absorption of water had decreased with the increase in the percentage
coating of plastics over the aggregate. This shows that the coating of plastics reduces the voids.
Aggregate having an absorption of water more than 2% is not suitable for pavement
construction. Hence coating of plastics over aggregate helps to improve the quality of the
aggregate.
e. Extraction of Bitumen:
The studies on the extraction of bitumen from 1. aggregate coated with bitumen 2.
plastics waste coated aggregate mixed with bitumen (Dry Process) and 3. aggregate mixed with
plastics waste -blended bitumen (Wet Process) were studied and the results are tabulated( 4 & 5).
The extractions were carried out using benzene as a solvent. The weight of the residue
was determined at various time intervals after proper separation of solvent from the mixture.
Table 4: Plastics waste coated Aggregate + Bitumen (Dry Process)
Aggregate
(gm)

Plastics
PE
(gm)

% of

5 Minutes

10 Minutes

15 Minutes

Bitumen

Plastics

Bitumen

Bitumen

Bitumen

(gm)

added

Removed

Removed

Removed

(gm)

50.01

2.5

96.0

98.0

99.0

50.13

0.61

2.5

24.2

63.5

88.7

92.3

50.33

0.80

2.6

31.4

63.2

86.7

90.7

49.82

1.01

2.55

39.7

61.3

76.7

83.6

The results show that the removal of bitumen is slow in the case of plastics waste -coated
aggregate compared to plain bitumen coated aggregate. This may help to conclude that the
bonding strength of bitumen with the aggregate has increased in the Dry Process.
The experiments were repeated using plastics waste blended bitumen prepared as stated
earlier (P.5) and the results are tabulated.

Table 5: Aggregate + Plastics waste blended bitumen

Aggregate
(gm)

Plastics
PE

% of

5 Minutes

10 Minutes

15 Minutes

Bitumen

Plastics

Bitumen

Bitumen

Bitumen

(gm)

added

Removed

Removed

Removed

(gm)

(gm)

50.0

0.8

2.62

30.5

88

92.8

115.1

50.0

1.03

2.61

39.36

87.3

97.4

126.0

The results again show that removal of bitumen in this case is easier compared to plastics
waste-coated aggregate bitumen mix. It is also observed that during the extraction of bitumen,
the weight loss was more than the weight of bitumen used. This suggests that the polymer
(dispersed with bitumen) was also removed along with bitumen.
This was confirmed by the following experiments. The benzene extracts from both the
Dry process and Wet process aggregates were separated and evaporated to dryness. The residue
obtained from the Wet process contained both bitumen and plastics whereas the residue from the
Dry process contained only bitumen.
The polymer remained with the aggregate. These results add evidence to show that the
Dry process (plastics waste coated aggregate and bitumen) is better.
To throw more light on the nature of binding between Dry process and Wet process the
Marshall Stability values were again determined under the two different conditions.
Table 6: Polymer coated aggregate
% of plastics

% of Bitumen

Marshall

Flow

M/Q

waste added

added in the

Stability Value

value

(kg/mm)

in the mix

mix

0.10

(Kg)

(mm)

1250

4.10

304

0.25

1910

4.70

406

0.50

2450

4.75

515

Table 7: Polymer blend bitumen

% of plastics

Marshall
Stability Value
(kg)

Flow
value
(mm)

M/Q
(kg/mm)

in the mix
0.10

% of
Bitumen
added in the
mix
5

1200

3.95

303

0.25

1650

4.35

379

0.50

1950

4.51

432

waste added

Marshall Stability values help to show that the binding in the case of plastics waste
coated aggregate (Dry process) is more compared to PMB (Wet process).
f. Estimation of Amount of Coated Plastics waste
In the case of plastics waste coated aggregate (Dry process) the removal of bitumen was
slow and the polymer was not removed. To remove the polymer, either thermal method or
solvent extraction method was needed. Techniques were developed to determine the percentage
of plastics coated over the aggregate by both the methods. The values arrived by both the
methods were in agreement.
i. Solvent extraction method:
After removing the bitumen, a known quantity of plastics waste -coated aggregate
was refluxed with solvent Decaline for nearly 20 minutes. The polymer was removed. Stone
aggregate was separated, dried and then weighed. The weight loss was calculated. This
corresponds to the amount of polymer coated.
ii. Thermal method:
A known quantity of plastics waste -coated aggregate was heated to around 750 deg. C
for nearly 30minutes to burn all the coated plastics. It was cooled and weight was determined.
The process was repeated until a constant weight was obtained. The difference in weight
accounts for the amount of plastics coated over aggregate.
g. Study on the Uniformity of the Coating Plastics
The aggregate was taken and heated to around 700deg.C to remove all volatile impurities.
It was cooled to room temperature. 1000gms of the cooled aggregate was again heated to
180deg.C. To the hot aggregate, 7gms of plastics waste (polyethylene material - size between
2.36mm and 4.75mm) was added and mixed well. The plastics melted and coated over the

aggregate. It was cooled to room temperature. The aggregate polymer blend was divided into
five fractions. Each fraction was separately heated to around 750deg.C to burn all the plastics
coated over the aggregate. It was then again cooled to room temperature and the weights of
aggregate were noted. The results are tabulated below.
Table - 8 : Study of Plastics coated aggregate
Weight of aggregate fraction
(gm)
Before burning

After burning

(gm)

(gm)

Different in
Weight

Percentage

(gm)

(%)

100

99.40

0.60

6.03

200

198.65

1.35

7.30

100

99.60

0.40

4.05

300

297.80

2.20

7.40

307

304.55

2.45

8.04

1007

1000.00

7.00

7%

Average = 6.56%
It is observed form the above data that the coating of plastics waste over aggregate is fairly
uniform.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Preliminary studies on the use of plastics waste as a blending material with bitumen,
suggest that the blends behave similar to PMB, thus having improved properties compared to
plain bitumen.
It is also observed that this process of blending has limitations. At high percentage of
blending there is separation of plastics. Hence process modification was needed and a new
product namely plastics waste coated aggregate was developed. This product is not only easy to
prepare but also helps to use higher percentage of plastics waste for coating without much of
difficulty. The results (table 8 & 9) also show that the Marshall Stability values are higher and
there is no stripping. This shows that the mix is much better for flexible pavement. Here the
mixing of bitumen with plastics waste was taking place at the surface of the aggregate and at a

temperature around 150 160 deg. C. At this temperature both the plastics and bitumen are in
the liquid state, capable of easy diffusion. This process is further helped by the increase in the
contact area (increased surface area). Both polymer and bitumen are similar in chemical nature.
These factors would help to have better adhesion and better binding. Moreover the polymer
molecule interact with the constituents of bitumen namely asphaltene and other similar
compounds and results in a three dimensional internal cross-linked net work. The cross-linking
results in strong and elastic structure. This will also add its suitability as a blend for flexible
pavement. The Marshall Stability values are fairly high. Such observations were also made in
the case of PMB19 yet the Marshall Quotient is around 500.
It is to be stressed here that with the use of plastics waste modified aggregate, it is also
important to study and evaluate the suitable Marshall Stability values and Marshall Quotient.
The data (Table 8 & 9) also suggest that with the use of plastics waste coated aggregate,
the quantity of bitumen needed for a good mix can be reduced to the extent of 10 to 15%.
This helps to reduce the quantity of bitumen needed for road laying and to save nearly
10% bitumen.
This saving is a great national savings extends to several hundred cores.
This has been experimentally carried out at all places where the plastics tar roads were
laid. The performances of these roads are good. (Tested over the period of 2.5 years. The coating
of molten plastics over the aggregate reduced water absorption (table- 3). This shows that the
voids at the surface were reduced. Generally voids should be less than 2%. Lesser the voids
better the quality of the aggregate. Otherwise, the air entrapped in the voids would cause
oxidation of bitumen resulting in stripping, pothole formation, etc. Moreover, the presence of
water in the voids is detrimental to adhesion between aggregate and the binder namely bitumen.
Hence the aggregate with lesser voids is considered to be good for better road construction.
These observations help to conclude that plastics waste coated aggregate can be considered as
more suitable material for flexible pavement construction.
The results of the studies on the extraction of bitumen (table- 4 & 5) from both Dry
process and Wet process showed that the bonding in Dry process is stronger compared to Wet
process. This may be explained by the following structural models. Using these models the
extraction pattern is explained.

10

A structural model for the Plastics waste coated aggregate bitumen mix

1. Aggregate
2. Plastics bonded with aggregate (polymer coating)
3. Bitumenplastics blend (due to diffusion between molten plastics &
hot bitumen)
4. Loosely bonded bitumen with dispersed plastics
5. Plain bitumen layer
From the experiment results (table- 4) it may be concluded that the order of extraction of
bitumen from the plastics waste coated aggregate (Dry process) is as follows.
Loosely bonded bitumen (5) <Bitumen bonded with plastics (4) < Bitumen Plastics
blend(3) < Plastics bonded with aggregate(2)
Benzene first extracted the loosely bonded bitumen. Then bitumen bonded/blended with
plastics was removed. After a prolonged refluxing, the bitumen diffused with plastics got
extracted. The polymer, bonded with aggregate was not extracted by benzene.

11

Structural model for PMB coated Aggregate

Aggregate

Plastics waste Bitumen Blend

Here most of the bitumen is directly bonded with the aggregate and a small
quantity of plastics, is supposed to be bonded with aggregate. This may help to increase the
binding strength. Yet the bonding or binding in this process is weak. This is clearly evidenced
from the observed data (table- 5).

The extraction after 10minutes is about 95% and after 15

minutes it is more than 100%. This shows that

1. Bitumen binding strength in the Wet process is less compared to Dry Process
2. The benzene, which cannot otherwise remove plastics, removes both the bitumen and
the plastics as shown by the higher percentage of removal. This again shows that the
plastics is more blended with bitumen and less bonded with aggregate.
Though in general the mix of the above process is able to improve the quality of the road,
the mix prepared by Dry Process is much superior in quality as the bonding is very strong as
evidenced by the resistance towards the removal of bitumen.

12

Though plastics modified bitumen improves the quality of the road, the process of using
the plastics for blending decides the strength of the bonding. Coating of plastics waste over
aggregate gives better strength than blending of the plastics waste with bitumen.
Dry Process is definitely better process than Wet Process.
On the basis of above reasoning following aspects regarding the plastics waste coated aggregate
Bitumen mix road are being discussed below:
Leaching test
Polymers are not soluble in water or acids and even in most of the organic solvents. The
polymer waste is tested with 5% acetic acid solution and it is observed that there is no
dissolution of polymer. Therefore it may be concluded that polymer will not leach out after
laying the road using plastics waste coated aggregate bitumen mix.
Dioxin formation
The fear about the formation of Dioxin, the toxic compound, during the heating of
polymers is always in the mind of the people.
Dioxin may be formed under the following condition.
300 - 400C
Carbon + Oxygen + Chlorine

Dioxin
Copper Catalyst

Presence of chlorine, copper and appropriate temperature are needed to form the Dioxin
In the process of the preparation of plastics waste coated aggregate bitumen mix, the maximum
temperature used is only 170C and no chlorine or copper is present in the system. Because,
the polymer materials used are polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene only and we do not
use polyvinyl chloride. Hence, there is no possibility of presence of chlorine in the system.
Hence Dioxin does not form during the use of plastics waste for road construction. So it is a safe
disposal of plastics waste.

13

4. ROAD LAID LIST (The technique and the process are patented)
Using plastics waste coated aggregate bitumen mix; roads have been laid at different
places at Tamil Nadu using different surface area and different composition. The conditions of
roads are under observation for the past two years and they are performing well.
A scheme for laying plastics waste Tar road in Rural area for 1000 km was launched on 16th
July 2003 at Namakkal by the Honourable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Dr .J. Jayalalithaa.
a. Plastics Waste Mixed Roads laid by DRDA TamilNadu
Table - 9
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Name Of District
Kancheepuram
Coimbatore
Cuddalore
Dharmapuri
Dindigul
Kanyakumari
Karur
Madurai
Nagapattinam
Namakkal
Perambalur
Erode
Pudukkottai
Ramnad
Salem
Sivaganga
Thanjavur
The Nilgiris
Theni
Thiruvallur
Thiruvarur
Trichy
Tirunelveli
Tiruvannamalai
Tuticorin
Vellore
Villupuram
Virudhunagar
Total

14

Taken Up
Length in
Cost Rs. In
KM
Lakhs
41.165
120.480
63.250
432.750
43.00
146.410
34.191
150.660
36.670
121.780
28.021
123.422
30.190
155.060
54.500
268.460
31.071
138.857
53.780
232.477
34.850
220.460
60.110
295.760
22.930
73.920
13.500
54.845
31.685
120.810
22.405
94.800
37.604
199.340
6.900
34.250
25.000
72.000
15.000
50.000
32.705
139.120
43.000
171.300
32.890
179.500
39.100
172.000
37.000
205.650
52.770
211.260
54.100
282.940
25.200
102.800
1002.587
4571.110

b. Road Laid At Other States

Table - 10
State

Place

Process

Pondicherry

Pondicherry

Central Mixing Plant

Maharastra

Mumbai

Central Mixing Plant

Kerala

Cochin

Mini Hot Mix Plant

5. CONCLUSION
Polymer Modified Bitumen is used due to its better performance. But in the case of
higher percentage of polymer bitumen blend, the blend is more a polymer dispersion in bitumen,
which gets separated on cooling. This may affect the properties and quality of the blend and also
the roads laid using such blend.
In the modified process (Dry process) plastics waste is coated over aggregate. This helps
to have better binding of bitumen with the plastics waste-coated aggregate due to increased
bonding and increased area of contact between polymer and bitumen. The polymer coating also
reduces the voids; this prevents the moisture absorption and oxidation of bitumen by entrapped
air. This has resulted in reduced rutting, raveling and there is no pothole formation. The roads
can withstand heavy traffic and show better durability.
The Dry Process thus helps to
1. Use higher percentage of plastics waste.
2. Reduce the need of bitumen by around 10%.
3. Increase the strength and performance of the road.
4. Avoid the use of anti stripping agents.
5. Reduce the cost to around Rs. 5000/ km of single lane road.
6. Carry the process in situ.
7. Avoid industrial involvement.
8.

Avoid disposal of plastics waste by incineration and land filling.

9. Generate jobs for rag pickers.

10. Add value to plastics waste.
11. Develop a technology, which is eco-friendly.

15

6. REFERENCES:
1.

Gokhale, Y.C, Sunil Bosae, and Jain, P.K, Engineering Evaluation of polymer RubberBitumen Blends for use in Road Construction, IRMRA, 13th Rubber Conference, Bombay,
1985, pp, 213-225

2.

Sunil Bose, and Jain, P.K, Laboratory Studies on the Use of Organic Polymers in
Improvement of Bituminous Road Surfacing, Highway Research Bulletin 38, 1989, New
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3.

Sunil Bose, and Jain, P.K, Sangita, and Arya, I.R., Characterization of Polymer Modified
Asphalt Binders for Roads and Air Field Surfacing, Polymer Modified Asphalt Binders,
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4.

Nabil Mustafa, Plastics Waste Management Canadian Plastics Institute, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada, Marcel Dekker, Inc 1993.

5.

A Support Manual for Municipal Solid Wastes, Central Pollution Control Board, July 2003

6.

S.K.Garg, Environmental Engineering, Vol.II Khanna Publishers, 1999.

7.

Shuler,T.S, Collins J.H., and Kirkpoatrick,J.P, Polymer Modified Asphalt Properties

Related to asphalt concrete performance, Asphalt Rheology Relationship to Mixture,
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8.

Zoorab S.E, and Suparma L.B, Laboratory Design and Performance of Improved
Bituminous Composites Utilizing Recycled Plastics Packaging waste, Presented at
technology Watch and Innovation in the Construction Industry, Palais Descongres,
Brussels, Belgium 5-6 , April 2000, pp. 203-209

9.

Denning,J.H, and Carswell.j., Improvements in rolled Asphalt Surfacing by the Addition

of organic Polymers , Department of the Environment Department of Transport. Report
LR 989. Transportation Road Research Laboratory (TRRL), Crow throne, 1981.

10.

Salter, R.J., and Rafati-Afshar, F., Effect of Additives on Bituminous Highway Pavement
Materials Evaluated by the Indirect Tensile Test, Transportation Research Record 1115,
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11.

Dallas, N. Little : AN Additive of Asphalt Additives to Reduce Permanent Deformation

and Cracking in Asphalt Pavements: A brief Synopsis of On going Research, Proceedings
of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists(AAPT), Vol. 55, 1986, pp 314-320

12.

Walter j. Tappeinier , Performance and Economical Advantage of Polymer Modified

Asphalt, Richard Felisinger, Vienna, Austria 1999

16

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