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Substrate
Raw materials
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Microorganism
Biological system
Specific
conditions
Product
Substrate
Raw materials
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Stream
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Microorganism
Biological system
Specific
conditions
Product
Fermentation processes
Fermentation is an industrial process utilizing
living cells for the production of commercially
valuable products either aerobically or
anaerobically.
In fermentation living cells are allowed to grow under
defined conditions in a fermenter (bioreactor). The
defined conditions include the use of the proper
substrate (medium) and the proper environmental
parameters (e.g. temperature, agitation, pH and
aeration).
All must be optimized to achieve the highest yield
and quality at the lowest cost possible.
Compressor
Air filter
Motor
power
unit
Inlets
Monitors
Outlets
Air exhaust
sampler
Agitator shaft
Baffle
Cooling or
heating coils
Impeller
Air sparger at
the end of air
line
Classification of bioreactors:
1. Configuration:
1. Open
2. Closed
1. Suspended
2. Immobilized
1. Well mixed
2. Plug flow
Methods of fermentation
Batch fermentation:
Fed-batch process:
Continuous Fermentation
chemostat, or turbidostat.
Scale-up:
It is the transfer of small scale laboratory fermentation to an
industrial large scale. Fermentation processes are usually
developed in three stages namely laboratory scale (flasks,
laboratory fermenters), pilot plant scale (usually 50-200 liters)
and production scale
Categories of products
1. Biomass:
2. Enzyme:
3. Metabolites: either primary metabolite such as citric acid
which are usually produced during the logarithmic
phase of growth (trophophase) or secondary
metabolites such as antibiotics, alkaloids or glycosides
which are produced during the stationary phase
(idiophase).
4. Biotransformation product:
5. Biodegradation product:
6. Immunological product:
7. Energy: alcohol, methane (biogas).
8. Genetically engineered therapeutic protein:
9. Intra or extracellular accumulation of metals.
10. Plant tissue culture: cell suspension, callus and hairy
root.