Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Anaylsis of Variance)

are normally distributed with s = 1.2 minutes. In a study, the

chain reconfigured five restaurants to have a single line and
measured the wait times for 50 randomly selected customers.
The sample standard deviation was determined to be
s = 0.84 minute. Does the evidence indicate that the variability in wait time is less for a single line than for multiple
lines at the a = 0.05 level of significance? Reject H0
19. Heights of Baseball Players Data obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics show that men between the
ages of 20 and 29 have a mean height of 69.3 inches, with a
standard deviation of 2.9 inches. A baseball analyst believes
that the standard deviation of heights of major-league baseball players is less than 2.9 inches. The heights (in inches) of
20 randomly selected players are shown in the table.
72

74

71

72

76

70

77

75

72

72

77

72

75

70

73

73

75

73

74

74

Source: espn.com

C19

(a) Verify that the data are normally distributed by

drawing a normal probability plot.
(19c) Do not
H0standard deviation. 2.059 inches
(b) Compute
thereject
sample
(c) Test the belief at the a = 0.01 level of significance.
20. NCAA Softball NCAA rules require the circumference
of a softball to be 12 ; 0.125 inches. A softball manufacturer bidding on an NCAA contract is shown to meet
the requirements for mean circumference. Suppose the
NCAA also requires that the standard deviation of the
softball circumferences not exceed 0.05 inch. A representative from the NCAA believes the manufacturer
does not meet this requirement. She collects a random
sample of 20 softballs from the production line and finds
that s = 0.09 inch. Do you believe the balls conform?
Use the a = 0.05 level of significance? Yes; reject H0
21. P-Values Determine the exact P-value of the hypothesis test in Problem 9. P-value 0.0446
22. P-Values Determine the exact P-value of the hypothesis test in Problem 10. P-value 0.3199

4. Comparing Three or More Means

(One-Way Analysis of Variance)
Preparing for This Section Before getting started, review the following:
Completely randomized design (Section 1.5,
pp. 4243)

Comparing two population means (Section 11.2,

pp. 521528)

Nature of hypothesis testing (Section 10.1,

pp. 454460)

Normal probability plots (Section 7.4, pp. 354358)

Objectives

Note to Instructor
It is recommended that hand computations be de-emphasized in this section.
Concentrate on the concepts, and let
technology do the number crunching.

Definition

In Other Words
In ANOVA, the null hypothesis is
always that the means of the different
populations are equal. The alternative
hypothesis is always that the mean of
at least one population is different from
the others.

Boxplots (Section 3.5, pp. 161164)

Verify the requirements to perform a one-way ANOVA

Test hypotheses regarding three or more means using
one-way ANOVA
In Section 11.2, we compared two population means. Just as we extended the
concept of comparing two population proportions (Section 11.3) to comparing
three or more population proportions (Tests for Homogeneity of Proportions,
Section 12.2), we now extend the concept of comparing two population means
to comparing three or more population means. The procedure for doing this is
called Analysis of Variance, or ANOVA for short.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is an inferential method that is used to
test the equality of three or more population means.
For example, a family doctor might want to show the mean HDL (socalled good) levels of cholesterol of males in the age groups 20 to 29 years old,
40 to 49 years old, and 60 to 69 years old are different. To conduct a hypothesis test, we assume the mean HDL cholesterol of each age group is the same.
If we call the 20- to 29-year-olds population 1, 40- to 49-year-olds population
2, and 60 to 69-year-olds population 3, our null hypothesis would be
H0: m1 = m2 = m3

C20

Topics to Discuss
versus the alternative hypothesis,
H1: At least one of the population means is different from the others

CAUTION!
Do not test H0: m1 = m2 = m3 by
conducting three separate hypothesis
tests, because the probability of
making a Type I error will be much
higher than a.

CAUTION
It is vital that individuals be
randomly assigned to treatments.

As another example, a medical researcher might want to compare the effect

different levels of an experimental drug have on hair growth. The researcher
might randomly divide a group of subjects into three different treatment groups.
Group 1 might receive a placebo once a day, group 2 might receive 50 mg of the
experimental drug once a day, and group 3 might receive 100 mg of the experimental drug once a day.The researcher then compares the mean numbers of new
hair follicles for each of the three treatment groups. The three different treatment groups correspond to three different populations.
It is tempting to test the null hypothesis H0: m1 = m2 = m3 by comparing the
population means two at a time using the techniques introduced in Section 11.2.
If we proceeded this way, we would need to test three different hypotheses:
H0: m1 = m2 and H0: m1 = m3 and H0: m2 = m3
Each hypothesis would have a probability of Type I error (rejecting the null
hypothesis when it is true) of a. If we used an a = 0.05 level of significance,
each hypothesis would have a 95% probability of rejecting the null hypothesis
when the alternative hypothesis is true (i.e. a 95% probability of making a correct decision). The probability that all three hypotheses correctly reject the null
hypothesis is 0.953 = 0.86 (assuming the tests are independent). There is a
1 - 0.953 = 1 - 0.86 = 0.14, or 14%, probability that at least one hypothesis
will lead to an incorrect rejection of H0 . A 14% probability of a Type I error is
much higher than the desired 5% probability. As the number of populations
that are to be compared increases, the probability of making a Type I error using
multiple t-tests for a given value of a also increases.
To address this problem, Sir Ronald A. Fisher (18901962) introduced the
method of analysis of variance. Although it seems strange to name a procedure
that is used to compare means analysis of variance, the justification for the name
will become clear as we see the procedure in action.
The procedure used in this section is called one-way analysis of variance because there is only one factor that distinguishes the various populations in the
study. For example, in comparing the mean HDL cholesterol levels of males, the
only factor that distinguishes the three groups is age. In comparing the effectiveness of the hair growth drug, the only factor that distinguishes the three groups
is the amount of the experimental drug received (0 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg).
In performing one-way analysis of variance, care must be taken so that the
subjects are similar in all characteristics except for the level of the treatment.
Fisher stated that this is easiest to accomplish through randomization, which
neutralizes the effect of the uncontrolled variables. In the hair growth example,
the subjects should be similar in terms of eating habits, age, and so on, by randomly assigning the subjects to the three groups.

Verify the Requirements to Perform

a One-Way ANOVA
To perform a one-way ANOVA test, certain requirements must be satisfied.
Requirements of a One-Way ANOVA Test
1. There are k simple random samples from k populations.
2. The k samples are independent of each other; that is, the subjects in one
group cannot be related in any way to subjects in a second group.
3. The populations are normally distributed.
4. The populations have the same variance; that is, each treatment group
has population variance s2.

Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Anaylsis of Variance)

C21

Suppose we are testing a hypothesis regarding k = 3 population means so

that the null hypothesis is
H0: m1 = m2 = m3
and the alternative hypothesis is
H1: at least one of the population means is different from the others
Figure 1(a) shows the distribution of each population if the null hypothesis is
true, and Figure 1(b) shows what the distribution of each population might look
like if the alternative hypothesis is true.

Figure 1

m1  m2  m3
(a)

In Other Words
Try to design experiments that use
ANOVA so that each treatment group is
the same size.

Note to Instructor
It may seem contradictory that we require equal population variances in oneway ANOVA, but are unwilling to make this
assumption when comparing two means.
The reason lies in the fact that there is
no parametric alternative to one-way
ANOVA. The parametric alternative to
pooling is Welchs t.

EXAMPLE 1

Table 1
Control Fenugreek

Garlic

m1

m3
(b)

m2

The methods of one-way ANOVA are robust, so small departures from the
requirement of normality will not significantly affect the results of the procedure. In addition, the requirement of equal population variances does not need
to be strictly adhered to, especially if the sample size for each treatment group is
the same. Therefore, it is worthwhile to design an experiment in which the samples from the populations are roughly equal in size.
We can verify the requirement of normality by constructing normal probability plots. The requirement of equal population variances is more difficult to
verify. However, a general rule of thumb is as follows:

Verifying the Requirement of Equal Population Variances

The one-way ANOVA procedures may be used provided that the largest
sample standard deviation is no more than two times larger than the smallest sample standard deviation.

Testing the Requirements of One-Way ANOVA

Problem: Researcher Jelodar Gholamali wanted to determine the effectiveness of various treatments on glucose levels of diabetic rats. He randomly assigned diabetic albino rats into four treatment groups. Group 1 rats served as a
control group and were fed a regular diet. Group 2 rats were served a regular diet supplemented with a herb, fenugreek. Group 3 rats were served a
regular diet supplemented with garlic. Group 4 rats were served a regular
Onion
diet supplemented with onion. The basis for the study is that Persian folk299.7
lore states that diets supplemented with fenugreek, garlic, or onion help to
258.3
treat diabetes. After 15 days of treatment, the blood glucose was measured
in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). The results presented in Table 1 are
286.8
based on the results published in the article. Verify that the requirements
244.0
to perform one-way ANOVA are satisfied. Source: Jelodar, G. A., et.al., Effect

288.1

229.1

177.4

296.8

240.7

202.2

267.8

239.4

163.1

256.7

207.7

184.7

292.1

225.7

197.9

282.9

230.8

164.6

297.1

260.3

206.6

193.9

249.9

283.8

213.3

158.1

265.1

267.1

of Fenugreek, Onion and Garlic on Blood Glucose and Histopathology of Pancreas of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats, Indian Journal of Medical Science,
2005;59:6469.

C22

Topics to Discuss
Approach: We must verify the previously listed requirements.
Solution
1. The rats were randomly assigned to each treatment group.
2. None of the subjects selected is related in any way, so the samples are independent.
3. Figure 2 shows the normal probability plots for all four treatment
groups. All the normal probability plots are roughly linear, so we conclude that the sample data come from populations that are approximately normally distributed.

Figure 2

(b)

(a)

(d)

(c)

4. The sample standard deviations for each sample are computed using
MINITAB and presented in Figure 3. The largest standard deviation is
21.18 mg/dL, and the smallest standard deviation is 13.49 mg/dL. Because the largest standard deviation is not more than two times larger
than the smallest standard deviation 12 # 13.49 = 26.98 7 21.182, the requirement of equal population variances is satisfied.

Figure 3

Descriptive Statistics: Control, Fenugreek, Garlic, Onion

Variable
Control
Fenugreek
Garlic
Onion

N
8
8
8
8

N*
0
0
0
0

Mean
278.56
224.16
180.24
271.00

SE Mean
5.31
4.77
6.03
7.49

StDev
15.03
13.49
17.06
21.18

Minimum
256.70
206.60
158.10
244.00

Q1
262.18
209.10
163.48
252.06

Median
283.35
227.40
181.05
266.10

Q3
291.10
237.25
196.90
294.53

Maximum
296.80
240.70
202.20
299.70

Because all four requirements are satisfied, we can perform a one-way

ANOVA.

Test Hypotheses Regarding Three or More

Means Using One-Way ANOVA
The computations in performing any analysis of variance test are tedious, so virtually all researchers use statistical software to conduct the test.When using software, it
is easiest to use the P-value approach. The nice thing about P-values is that the decision rule is always the same, regardless of the type of hypothesis being tested.
Decision Rule in the One-Way ANOVA Test
If the P-value is less than the level of significance, a, reject the null hypothesis.

EXAMPLE 2

Performing One-Way ANOVA Using Technology

Problem: The researcher in Example 1 wishes to determine if there is a difference in the mean glucose among the four treatment groups. Conduct the test
at the a = 0.05 level of significance.

Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Anaylsis of Variance)

C23

Approach: We will use MINITAB, Excel, and a TI-84 Plus graphing calculator to test the hypothesis. If the P-value is less than the level of significance, we
reject the null hypothesis.
Result: The researcher wants to show there is a difference in the mean glucose
among the four treatment groups. The null hypothesis is always a statement of no
difference. In this case it is a statement that the mean glucose among the four treatment groups is the same. So the null hypothesis is
H0: mcontrol = mfenugreek = mgarlic = monion
versus the alternative hypothesis
H1: at least one of the population means is different from the others
Figure 4(a) shows the output from MINITAB, Figure 4(b) shows the
output from Excel, and Figure 4(c) shows the output from a TI-84 Plus
graphing calculator.
Figure 4

One-Way ANOVA: Control, Fenugreek, Garlic, Onion

Source
Factor
Error
Total

DF
3
28
31

S  16.94

SS
50091
8032
58122

MS
16697
287

R  Sq  86.18%

F
58.21

P
0.000

R  Sq (adj)  84.70%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean
Based on Pooled StDev

Level
Control
Fenugreek
Garlic
Onion

N
8
8
8
8

Mean
278.56
224.16
180.24
271.00

StDev --+---------+---------+---------+------15.03
(---*--)
13.49
(--*---)
17.06 (---*--)
21.18
(--*---)
--+---------+---------+---------+-------

175

210

Pooled St Dev  16.94

(a) MINITAB Output

(b) Excel Output

P-value

(c) TI84 Plus Output

245

280

C24

Topics to Discuss
Notice that MINITAB indicates that the P-value is 0.000. This does not
mean that the P-value is 0, but instead means that the P-value is less than
0.0001. The output of Excel and the TI-84 Plus confirm this by indicating the
P-value is 3.7 * 10-12. Because the P-value is less than the level of significance, we reject the null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to conclude
that at least one of the population means for glucose levels is different from
the others.
Whenever you perform analysis of variance, it is always a good idea to present visual evidence that supports the conclusions of the test. Side-by-side boxplots are a great way to help see the results of the ANOVA procedure. Figure 5
shows the side-by-side boxplots of the data presented in Table 1. The boxplots
support the ANOVA results from Example 2.
Figure 5

Blood Glucose Levels

Control

Fenugreek

Garlic

Onion

150

175

200
225
250
Glucose (mg/dl)

275

300

Now Work Problems 11(a)(d).

A Conceptual Understanding of One-Way ANOVA

Look again at Figure 4. You may have noticed that each of the three outputs
included an F-value 1F = 58.212. We now illustrate the idea behind the F-test
statistic. Remember, in testing any hypothesis, the null hypothesis is assumed
to be true until the evidence indicates otherwise. In testing the hypothesis
regarding k population means, we assume that m1 = m2 = = mk = m. That
is, we assume that all k samples come from the same normal population whose
mean is m and variance is s2. Table 2 shows the statistics that result by sampling from each of the k populations.

Table 2
Sample Size

Sample Mean

Sample Standard
Deviation

n1

x1

s1

n2

x2

s2

n3

x3

s3

Population

nk

xk

sk

Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Anaylsis of Variance)

C25

The computation of the F test statistic requires that we understand mean

squares. A mean square is an average (mean) of squared values. For example, any
variance is a mean square. The F-test statistic is the ratio of two mean squares.
If the null hypothesis is true, then each treatment group comes from the same
population whose mean is m and whose variance is s2. The sample mean of the
entire set of data (all treatment groups combined) is a good estimate of m. We will
call this sample mean x. Similarly, the sample mean of Sample 1 (or treatment 1)
will be x1 , the sample mean of Sample 2 (or treatment 2) will be x2 , and so on.
Finding an estimate of s2 is somewhat more complicated. One approach is
to estimate s2 by computing a measure of variation in sample means from one
treatment group to the next, weighted by the sample size of the corresponding
treatment group. We call this value the mean square due to treatment, denoted
MST. It is computed as follows:
MST =

n11x1 - x22 + n21x2 - x22 + + nk1xk - x22

k - 1

(1)

If the null hypothesis is true, then MST is an unbiased estimator of s2, the variance of the population.
A second approach to estimating s2 is to compute the sample variance for
each sample (or treatment), and then to find a weighted average of the sample
variances. We call this the mean square due to error, denoted MSE. The mean
square due to error is an unbiased estimator of s2 whether or not the null hypothesis is true. It is computed as follows:
MSE =

1n1 - 12s21 + 1n2 - 12s22 + + 1nk - 12s2k

n - k

(2)

where n is the total size of the sample. In other words, n = n1 + n2 + + nk .

The F-test statistic is the ratio of the two estimates of s2.
F =

mean square due to treatment

MST
=
mean square due to error
MSE

If the null hypothesis is true, both MST and MSE provide unbiased estimates
for s2, the population variance. So, if the null hypothesis is true, we would expect
the F-test statistic to be close to 1. However, if the null hypothesis is not true, at least
one of the sample means from a treatment group will be far away from x, the
sample mean of the entire data set.This will cause MST to be large relative to MSE,
which ultimately leads to an F-test statistic substantially larger than 1.
We now present the steps to be used in the computation of the F-test statistic.
Computing the F-Test Statistic
Step 1: Compute the sample mean of the combined data set by adding up
all the observations and dividing by the number of observations. Call this
value x.
Step 2: Find the sample mean for each sample (or treatment). Let x1 represent the sample mean of sample 1, x2 represent the sample mean of sample
2, and so on.
Step 3: Find the sample variance for each sample (or treatment). Let s21
represent the sample variance for sample 1, s22 represent the sample variance for sample 2, and so on.
Step 4: Compute the mean square due to treatment, MST.
Step 5: Compute the mean square due to error, MSE.
Step 6: Compute the F-test statistic:
F =

mean square due to treatment

MST
=
mean square due to error
MSE

C26

Topics to Discuss

EXAMPLE 3

Computing the F-Test Statistic

Problem: Compute the F-test statistic for the data presented in Example 1.
Approach: We follow Steps 16 just presented.
Solution
Step 1: Compute the mean of the entire data set.
x =

7633.30
288.1 + 296.8 + + 249.9 + 265.1
=
= 238.54
32
32

Step 2: Find the sample mean of each treatment. Call the control group population 1, the fenugreek group population 2, the garlic group population 3, and
the onion group population 4. Then
x1 =

288.1 + 296.8 + + 283.8

= 278.56
8

x2 =

229.1 + 240.7 + + 213.3

= 224.16
8

x3 =

177.4 + 202.2 + + 158.1

= 180.24
8

x4 =

299.7 + 258.3 + + 265.1

= 271.00
8

Step 3: Find the sample variance for each treatment group.

1288.1 - 278.5622 + 1296.8 - 278.5622 + + 1283.8 - 278.5622
= 225.77
8 - 1
1229.1 - 224.1622 + 1240.7 - 224.1622 + + 1213.3 - 224.1622
s22 =
= 181.99
8 - 1
1177.4 - 180.2422 + 1202.2 - 180.2422 + + 1158.1 - 180.2422
s23 =
= 291.03
8 - 1
1299.7 - 27122 + 1258.3 - 27122 + + 1265.1 - 27122
s24 =
= 448.58
8 - 1
s21 =

Step 4: Compute MST.

MST =
=

81278.56 - 238.5422 + 81224.16 - 238.5422 + 81180.24 - 238.5422 + 81271 - 238.5422

4 - 1
50,087.4112
3

= 16,695.80
Step 5: Compute MSE.
MSE =
=

18 - 12225.77 + 18 - 12181.99 + 18 - 12291.03 + 18 - 12448.48

32 - 4
8030.89
28

= 286.82
Step 6: Compute the F-test statistic.
F =

mean square due to treatment

16,695.80
MST
=
=
= 58.21
mean square due to error
MSE
286.84

This is the same result provided by the statistical software and graphing calculator in Example 2.

Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Anaylsis of Variance)

C27

Looking back at the formula for the mean square due to treatment, we notice
that if the null hypothesis is true the overall mean, x, should be close to the means
computed from each sample (treatment), x1 , x2 , and so on. If one or more of the
means computed from each sample is substantially different from the overall
mean, MST will be large, which in turn makes the F-statistic large. In Example 3,
we can see that the control group has a sample mean much larger than the overall
mean 1x1 = 278.56 versus x = 238.542, and the garlic group has a sample mean
much smaller than the overall mean 1x3 = 180.24 versus x = 238.542.
The results of the computations that lead to the F-test statistic are presented in an ANOVA table, the form of which is shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Figure 6

Area  0.05

F0.05,3,28  2.99

In Other Words
If we reject the null hypothesis when
doing ANOVA, we are rejecting the
assumption that the population means
are all equal. However, the test doesnt
tell us which means differ.

Source of
Variation

Sum of
Squares

Degrees of
Freedom

Treatment

50,087.41

k - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3

Error

8030.89

n - k = 32 - 4 = 28

Total

58,118.3

n - 1 = 32 - 1 = 31

Mean
Squares

F-Test
Statistic

16,695.80

58.21

286.82

Notice that the sum of squares treatment is the numerator of the computation for the mean square due to treatment. The sum of squares error is the
numerator of the computation for the mean square due to error. Each entry in
the mean square column is the sum of squares divided by the corresponding degrees of freedom. In addition,
Sum of squares total = sum of squares treatment + sum of squares error
This result is a consequence of the requirement of independence of the observations within the groups.
If we were conducting this ANOVA test by hand, we would compare the
F-test statistic with a critical F-value. The critical F-value is the F-value whose
area in the right tail is a with k - 1 degrees of freedom in the numerator and
n - k degrees of freedom in the denominator. The critical F-value for the claim
made in Example 1 at the a = 0.05 level of significance is F0.05, 3.28 L 2.99. Because the F-test statistic, 58.21, is greater than the critical F, reject the null hypothesis. See Figure 6.
Suppose the null hypothesis of equal population means is rejected. This
conclusion tells us that at least one of the population means is different from the
others, but we dont know which one. We can determine which population
means differ using Tukeys tests, which is not discussed in this text.

ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Concepts and Vocabulary
1. The acronym ANOVA stands for _____ _____ _____.
2. What are the requirements to perform a one-way
ANOVA? Is the test robust?

3. What is the mean square due to treatment estimate of s2?

What is the mean square due to error estimate of s2?
4. Why does a large value of the F statistic provide evidence
against the null hypothesis H0: m1 = m2 = = mk?

Skill Building
In Problems 5 and 6, fill in the ANOVA table.
5.
Source of
Variation

Treatment
Error
Total

6.
Sum of
Squares

Degrees of
Freedom

387

8042

27

Mean
Squares

F-Test
Statistic

Source of
Variation

Sum of
Squares

Treatment

2814

Error

4915

36

Total

Degrees of
Freedom

Mean
Squares

F-Test
Statistic

C28

Topics to Discuss

In Problems 7 and 8, determine the F-test statistic based on the given summary statistics. cHint: x =
7.
Population

Sample
Size

Sample
Mean

10

40

10

42

10

Population

Sample
Size

Sample
Mean

Sample
Variance

48

15

105

34

31

15

110

40

25

15

108

30

15

90

38

Sample
Variance

44

8.

nixi
.d
ni

9. The following data represent a simple random sample

of n = 4 from three populations that are known to
be normally distributed. Verify that the F-test statistic is 2.04.

10. The following data represent a simple random sample of

n = 5 from three populations that are known to be normally distributed. Verify that the F-test statistic is 2.599.
Sample 1

Sample 2

Sample 3

73

67

72

82

77

80

82

66

87

19

81

67

77

30

97

83

96

Sample 1

Sample 2

Sample 3

28

22

25

23

25

24

30

17

27

23

Applying the Concepts

11. Corn Production The data in the table represent the numNW ber of corn plants in randomly sampled rows (a 17-foot by

5-inch strip) for various types of plot. An agricultural researcher wants to know whether the mean numbers of
plants for each plot type are different.

Sludge plot

Plot Type

Plot Type

Number of Plants

25

27

33

30

No Till

28

Spring Disk

27

Spring disk

32

30

33

35

34

34

No till

30

26

29

32

25

29

Sludge Plot

Source: Andrew Dieter and Brad Schmidgall. Joliet Junior College

(a) Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

(b) State the requirements that must be satisfied to use
the one-way ANOVA procedure.
(c) Use the following partial MINITAB output to test
the hypothesis at the a = 0.05 level of significance.
Reject H0

One-way ANOVA: Sludge Plot, Spring Disk, No Till

Source
Factor
Error
Total

DF
2
15
17

SS
84.11
88.83
172.94

MS
42.06
5.92

F
7.10

35

30

25

Number of Plants

(e) Verify that the F-test statistic is 7.10.

12. Soybean Yield The data in the table represent the number of pods on a random sample of soybean plants for various plot types. An agricultural researcher wants to know
whether the mean numbers of pods for each plot type are
different.

P
0.007

(d) Shown are side-by-side boxplots of each type of plot.

Do these boxplots support the results obtained in
part (c)?

Plot Type

Pods

Liberty

32

31

36

35

41 34

39 37

38

No till

34

30

31

27

40 33

37 42

39

Chisel plowed 34

37

24

23

32 33

27 34

30

Source: Andrew Dieter and Brad Schmidgall, Joliet Junior College

Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Anaylsis of Variance)

(a) Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

(b) State the requirements that must be satisfied to use
the one-way ANOVA procedure.
(c) Use the following MINITAB output to determine if
the number of births differs by day of the week
using the a = 0.01 level of significance:

(a) Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

(b) State the requirements that must be satisfied to use
the one-way ANOVA procedure.
(c) Use the following MINITAB output to test the hypothesis at the a = 0.05 level of significance.
Reject H0

One-way ANOVA: Liberty, No Till Chisel Plowed

Source
Factor
Error
Total

DF
2
24
26

MS
74.5
19.8

SS
149.0
474.7
623.6

F
3.77

P
0.038

C29

One-way ANOVA: Mon, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri

Source
Factor
Error
Total

(d) Shown are side-by-side boxplots of each type of plot.

Do these boxplots support the results obtained in
part (c)?

DF
SS
MS
4 11507633 2876908
35 10270781 293451
39 21778414

F
9.80

P
0.000

(d) Shown are side-by-side boxplots of each type of plot.

Do these boxplots support the results obtained in
part (c)?

Chisel Plowed

Plot Type

Friday

No Till
Thursday

Day

Liberty

20

30
Number of Plants

40

(e) Verify that the F-test statistic is 3.77.

(f) Based on the boxplots, which type of plot appears to
have a significantly different mean number of plants?
Liberty or No Till
13. Births by Day of Week An obstetrician knew that there
were more live births during the week than on weekends.
She wanted to determine whether the mean number of
births was different for each of the five days of the week.
She randomly selected eight dates for each of the five days
of the week and obtained the following data:
Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday Thursday Friday

10,456

11,621

11,084

11,171

11,545

10,023

11,944

11,570

11,745

12,321

10,691

11,045

11,346

12,023

11,749

10,283

12,927

11,875

12,433

12,192

10,265

12,577

12,193

12,132

12,422

11,189

11,753

11,593

11,903

11,627

11,198

12,509

11,216

11,233

11,624

11,465

13,521

11,818

12,543

12,543

Source: National Center for Health Statistics

Wednesday

Tuesday

Monday

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,000

Number of Births

(e) Verify that the F-test statistic is 9.80.

(f) Based on the boxplots, which day of the week appears to have a significantly different number of
births? Monday
14. Punkin Chunkin The World Championship Punkin
Chunkin contest is held every fall in Millsboro, Delaware.
Contestants build devices meant to hurl 8 to 10-pound
pumpkins across a field. One class of entry is the air cannon, which must use compressed air to fire a pumpkin.
The following data represent a simple random sample of
distances that pumpkins have traveled (in feet) for the
years 2001 to 2004. Is there evidence to conclude that the

C30

Topics to Discuss

mean distance that a pumpkin is fired is different for the

various years?

Financial

Energy

Utilities

10.76

12.72

11.88

15.05

13.91

5.86

17.01

6.43

13.46

3967.95

5.07

11.19

9.90

3596.09

19.50

18.79

3.95

3539.66

3970.00

8.16

20.73

3.44

3591.16

3877.68

10.38

9.60

7.11

6.75

17.40

15.70

2001

2002

2003

2004

3494.70

3881.54

3895.85

4224.00

3360.20

3232.74

4434.28

4065.60

3911.02

3696.19

3448.56

3124.40

3414.54

3665.89

3718.77

3816.64

3453.12

3631.78

Source: www.punkinchunkin.com/main.htm

(a) Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

(b) State the requirements that must be satisfied to use
the one-way ANOVA procedure.
(c) Use the following MINITAB output to test the claim
at the a = 0.05 level of significance.

One-way ANOVA: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004

Source
Factor
Error
Total

DF
3
20
23

SS
659242
1559456
2218698

sectors and obtained the 5-year rates of return shown in

the following table (in percent):

F
2.82

MS
219747
77973

P
0.065

(d) Shown are side-by-side boxplots of each type of plot.

Do these boxplots support the results obtained in
part (c)?

Boxplot of 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004

2001

2002

2003

Source: Morningstar.com

(a) State the null and alternative hypothesis.

(b) Verify that the requirements to use the one-way
ANOVA procedure are satisfied. Normal probability
plots indicate that the sample data come from normal
populations.
(c) Test whether the mean rates of return are different at
the a = 0.05 level of significance. Do not reject H0
(d) Draw boxplots of the three sectors to support the results obtained in part (c).
16. Reaction Time In an online psychology experiment sponsored by the University of Mississippi, researchers asked
study participants to respond to various stimuli. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Subjects in group 1 were in the simple group. They were
required to respond as quickly as possible after a stimulus
was presented. Subjects in group 2 were in the go/no-go
group. These subjects were required to respond to a particular stimulus while disregarding other stimuli. Finally,
subjects in group 3 were in the choice group. They needed
to respond differently, depending on the stimuli presented. Depending on the type of whistle sound, the subject
must press a certain button. The reaction time (in seconds)
for each stimulus is presented in the table.
Simple

Go/No Go

Choice

0.430

0.588

0.561

0.498

0.375

0.498

0.480

0.409

0.519

0.376

0.613

0.538

0.402

0.481

0.464

0.329

0.355

0.725

Source: PsychExperiments; The University of Mississippi;

www.olemiss.edu/psychexps/

2004

3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600

Distance (feet)

(e) Verify that the F-test statistic is 2.82.

15. Rates of Return A stock analyst wondered whether the
mean rate of return of financial, energy, and utility stocks
differed over the past 5 years. He obtained a simple random sample of eight companies from each of the three

The researcher wants to determine if the mean reaction

times for each stimulus are different.
(a) State the null and alternative hypotheses.
(b) Verify that the requirements to use the one-way
ANOVA procedure are satisfied. Normal probability
plots indicate that the sample data come from a normal population.
(c) Test whether the mean reaction times to the three stimuli differ at the a = 0.05 level of significance.
(d) Draw boxplots of the three stimuli to support the analytic results obtained in part (c).

(16a) H0: mS mG mC vs. H1: at least one mean is not equal

(16b) Do not reject H0

C31

Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Anaylsis of Variance)

17. Crash Data The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety conducts experiments in
which cars are crashed into a fixed barrier at 40 mph. In the Institutes 40-mph offset
test, 40% of the total width of each vehicle strikes a barrier on the drivers side. The
barriers deformable face is made of aluminum honeycomb, which makes the forces in
the test similar to those involved in a frontal offset crash between two vehicles of the
same weight, each going just less than 40 mph. Suppose you are in the market to buy a
new family car.You want to know whether the mean chest compression resulting from
this offset crash is the same for large family cars, passenger vans, and midsize utility vehicles. The following data were collected from the institutes study.

Large
Family Cars

Hyundai XG350

Chest
Compression
(mm)

Chest
Compression
(mm)

Passenger Vans

33

Toyota Sienna

29

Midsize
Utility Vehicles

Chest
Compression
(mm)

Honda Pilot

31

Ford Taurus

28

Honda Odyssey

28

Toyota 4Runner

36

Buick LeSabre

28

Ford Freestar

27

Mitsubishi Endeavor

35

Chevrolet Impala

26

Mazda MPV

30

Nissan Murano

29

Chrysler 300

34

Chevrolet Uplander

26

Ford Explorer

29

Pontiac Grand Prix

34

Nissan Quest

33

Jeep Liberty

36

Toyota Avalon

31

Kia Sedona

21

Buick Randezvous

29

Source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

(17a) H0: mL mP mM vs. H1: at least one mean is not equal

(a) The researcher wants to know if the means for chest compression for each class
of vehicle differ. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
(b) Verify that the requirements to use the one-way ANOVA procedure are satisfied. Normal probability plots indicate that the sample data come from normal
populations.
(c) Test whether the mean chest compression for each vehicle type is different at
the a = 0.01 level of significance. Do not reject H0
(d) Draw boxplots of the three types of vehicle to support the analytic results obtained in part (c).
18. Crash Data The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety conducts experiments in
which cars are crashed into a fixed barrier at 40 mph. In the Institutes 40-mph offset test, 40% of the total width of each vehicle strikes a barrier on the drivers side.
The barriers deformable face is made of aluminum honeycomb, which makes the
forces in the test similar to those involved in a frontal offset crash between two vehicles of the same weight, each going just less than 40 mph. Suppose you are in the
market to buy a new family car. You want to know if the mean head injury resulting
from this offset crash is the same for large family cars, passenger vans, and midsize
utility vehicles. The following data were collected from the institutes study.

Head
Injury
(hic)

Large
Family Cars

Passenger Vans

Head
Injury
(hic)

Midsize
Utility Vehicles

Head
Injury
(hic)

Hyundai XG350

264

Toyota Sienna

148

Honda Pilot

202

Ford Taurus

170

Honda Odyssey

238

Toyota 4Runner

216

Buick LeSabre

409

Ford Freestar

340

Mitsubishi Endeavor

186

Chevrolet Impala

204

Mazda MPV

693

Nissan Murano

517

Chrysler 300

149

Chevrolet Uplander

550

Ford Explorer

202

Pontiac Grand Prix

627

Nissan Quest

470

Kia Sorento

552

Toyota Avalon

166

Kia Sedona

332

Chevy Trailblazer

386

Source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

(18a) H0: mL mP mM vs. H1: at least one of the means is not equal
(a) The researcher wants to know whether the means for head injury for each class
of vehicle differ. State the null and alternative hypotheses.

C32

Topics to Discuss

(b) Verify that the requirements to use the one-way

ANOVA procedure are satisfied. Normal probability
plots indicate that the sample data come from normal
populations.
(c) Test whether the mean head injury for each vehicle
type differs at the a = 0.01 level of significance. Do
not reject H0
(d) Draw boxplots of the three vehicle types to support
the analytic results obtained in part (c).

viduals in group 3 received the NCEP-1 Diet ( 610%

saturated fat, 12% monounsaturated fat, and 6%
polyunsaturated fat). After 28 days, their LDL cholesterol levels were recorded. The data in the following
table are based on this study.

Saturated Fat

Mediterranean

245

56

125

123

78

100

166

101

140

104

158

151

196

145

138

300

118

268

140

145

75

240

211

71

218

131

184

Texas

173

125

116

5.46

223

160

144

130

101

19. pH in Rain An environmentalist wanted to determine

if the mean acidity of rain differed among Alaska,
Florida, and Texas. He randomly selected six rain dates
at each of the three locations and obtained the data in
the following table.

Alaska

5.41

Florida

4.87

NCEP-1

5.39

5.18

6.29

177

4.90

4.40

5.57

193

83

135

5.14

5.12

5.15

224

263

144

149

150

130

4.80

4.89

5.45

5.24

5.06

5.30

Source: National Atmospheric Deposition Program

(19a) H0: mA mF mT vs. H1: at least one of the

means is not equal
(a) State the null and alternative hypothesis.
(b) Verify that the requirements to use the one-way
ANOVA procedure are satisfied. Normal probability
plots indicate that the sample data come from a normal population.
(c) Test if the mean pHs in the rainwater are different at
the a = 0.05 level of significance. Reject H0
(d) Draw boxplots of the pH in rain for the three states to
support the results obtained in part (c).
20. Lower Your Cholesterol Researchers Francisco
Fuentes and his colleagues wanted to determine the
most effective diet for reducing LDL cholesterol, the socalled bad cholesterol, among three diets: (1) a
saturated-fat diet, (2) the Mediterranean diet, and
(3) the U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program or
NCEP-1 Diet. The participants in the study were shown
to have the same levels of LDL cholesterol before the
study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the
three treatment groups. Individuals in group 1 received
the saturated fat diet, which is 15% protein, 47% carbohydrates, 38% fat (20% saturated fat, 12% monounsaturated fat, and 6% polyunsaturated fat). Individuals in
group 2 received the Mediterranean diet, which is 47%
carbohydrates, 38% fat ( 610% saturated fat, 22% monounsaturated fat, and 6% polyunsaturated fat). Indi-

(20a) H0: mSF mM mNCE vs. H1: at least one of the means is
not equal
(a) Does the evidence suggest the cholesterol levels differ? State the null and alternative hypothesis.
(b) Verify that the requirements to use the one-way
ANOVA procedure are satisfied. Normal probability
plots indicate that the sample data come from normal
populations.
(c) Test if the mean LDL cholesterol levels are different at
the a = 0.05 level of significance. Reject H0
(d) Draw boxplots of the three LDL cholesterol levels for
the three groups to support the analytic results obtained in part (c).
21. Concrete Strength An engineer wants to know if the mean
strengths of three different concrete mix designs differ significantly. He randomly selects 9 cylinders that measure 6
inches in diameter and 12 inches in height in which mixture
67-0-301 is poured, 9 cylinders of mixture 67-0-400, and 9
cylinders of mixture 67-0-353. After 28 days, he measures
the strength (in pounds per square inch) of the cylinders.
The results are presented in the following table:

Mixture
67-0-301

Mixture
67-0-400

Mixture
67-0-353

3960

4090

4070

4120

4150

3820

4040

3830

4330

4640

3820

3750

3780

3940

4620

4190

4010

3990

3890

4080

3730

3850

4150

4320

3990

4890

4190

Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Anaylsis of Variance)

(a) State the null and alternative hypotheses.
(b) Explain why we cannot use one-way ANOVA to test
these hypotheses.
22. Analyzing Journal Article Results Researchers (Brian G.
Feagan et al., Erythropoietin with Iron Supplementation
to Prevent Allogeneic Blood Transfusion in Total Hip
Joint Arthroplasty, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 133,
No. 11) wanted to determine whether epoetin alfa was effective in increasing the hemoglobin concentration in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty. The researchers
screened patients for eligibility by performing a complete
medical history and physical of the patients. Once eligible
patients were identified, the researchers used a computergenerated schedule to assign the patients to the high-dose
epoetin group, low-dose epoetin group, or placebo group.

C33

The study was double-blind. Based on an analysis of variance, it was determined that there were significant differences in the increase in hemoglobin concentration in the
three groups with a P-value less than 0.001. The mean increase in hemoglobin in the high-dose epoetin group was
19.5 g/L, the mean increase in hemoglobin in the low-dose
epoetin group was 17.2 g/L, and mean increase in hemoglobin in the placebo group was 1.2 g/L.
(a) Why do you think it was necessary to screen patients
for eligibility?
(b) Why was a computer-generated schedule used to assign patients to the various treatment groups?
(c) What does it mean for a study to be double-blind?
Why do you think the researchers desired a doubleblind study?
(d) Interpret the reported P-value.

(21a) H0: m670301 m670400 m670353 vs. H1: at

least one of the means is not equal

Technology Step by Step

TI-83/84 Plus

ANOVA
Step 1: Enter the raw data into L1, L2, L3, and so on, for each population or
treatment.
Step 2: Press STAT, highlight TESTS, and select F:ANOVA(.
Step 3: Enter the list names for each sample or treatment after ANOVA(.
For example, if there are three treatments in L1, L2, and L3, enter
ANOVA(L1,L2,L3)

MINITAB

Excel

Press ENTER.
Step 1: Enter the raw data into C1, C2, C3, and so on, for each sample or
treatment.
Step 2: Select Stat, then highlight ANOVA, and select One-way (Unstacked).
Step 3: Enter the column names in the cell marked Responses. Click OK.
Step 1: Enter the raw data in columns A, B, C, and so on, for each sample or
treatment.
Step 2: Be sure the Data Analysis Tool Pak is activated. This is done by selecting the Tools menu and highlighting Add-Ins . Check the box for the
Analysis ToolPak and select OK. Select Tools, then highlight Data Analysis.
Select ANOVA: Single Factor and click OK.
Step 3: With the cursor in the Input Range: cell, highlight the data. Click
OK.

C34

Topics to Discuss

Area
F

Table VII
F-Distribution Critical Values
Degrees of Freedom in the Numerator

Degrees of Freedom in the Denominator

Area in
Right Tail

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

39.86
161.45
647.79
4052.20
405284.00

49.59
199.50
799.50
4999.50
500000.00

53.59
215.71
864.16
5403.40
540379.00

55.83
224.58
899.58
5624.60
562500.00

57.24
230.16
921.85
5763.60
576405.00

58.20
233.99
937.11
5859.00
585937.00

58.91
236.77
948.22
5928.40
592873.00

59.44
238.88
956.66
5981.10
598144.00

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

8.53
18.51
38.51
98.50
998.50

9.00
19.00
39.00
99.00
999.00

9.16
19.16
39.17
99.17
999.17

9.24
19.25
39.25
99.25
999.25

9.29
19.30
39.30
99.30
999.30

9.33
19.33
39.33
99.33
999.33

9.35
19.35
39.36
99.36
999.36

9.37
19.37
39.37
99.37
999.37

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

5.54
10.13
17.44
34.12
167.03

5.46
9.55
16.04
30.82
148.50

5.39
9.28
15.44
29.46
141.11

5.34
9.12
15.10
28.71
137.10

5.31
9.01
14.88
28.24
134.58

5.28
8.94
14.73
27.91
132.85

5.27
8.89
14.62
27.67
131.58

5.25
8.85
14.54
27.49
130.62

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

4.54
7.71
12.22
21.20
74.14

4.32
6.94
10.65
18.00
61.25

4.19
6.59
9.98
16.69
56.18

4.11
6.39
9.60
15.98
53.44

4.05
6.26
9.36
15.52
51.71

4.01
6.16
9.20
15.21
50.53

3.98
6.09
9.07
14.98
49.66

3.95
6.04
8.98
14.80
49.00

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

4.06
6.61
10.01
16.26
47.18

3.78
5.79
8.43
13.27
37.12

3.62
5.41
7.76
12.06
33.20

3.52
5.19
7.39
11.39
31.09

3.45
5.05
7.15
10.97
29.75

3.40
4.95
6.98
10.67
28.83

3.37
4.88
6.85
10.46
28.16

3.34
4.82
6.76
10.29
27.65

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

3.78
5.99
8.81
13.75
35.51

3.46
5.14
7.26
10.92
27.00

3.29
4.76
6.60
9.78
23.70

3.18
4.53
6.23
9.15
21.92

3.11
4.39
5.99
8.75
20.80

3.05
4.28
5.82
8.47
20.03

3.01
4.21
5.70
8.26
19.46

2.98
4.15
5.60
8.10
19.03

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

3.59
5.59
8.07
12.25
29.25

3.26
4.74
6.54
9.55
21.69

3.07
4.35
5.89
8.45
18.77

2.96
4.12
5.52
7.85
17.20

2.88
3.97
5.29
7.46
16.21

2.83
3.87
5.12
7.19
15.52

2.78
3.79
4.99
6.99
15.02

2.75
3.73
4.90
6.84
14.63

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

3.46
5.32
7.57
11.26
25.41

3.11
4.46
6.06
8.65
18.49

2.92
4.07
5.42
7.59
15.83

2.81
3.84
5.05
7.01
14.39

2.73
3.69
4.82
6.63
13.48

2.67
3.58
4.65
6.37
12.86

2.62
3.50
4.53
6.18
12.40

2.59
3.44
4.43
6.03
12.05

C35

Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Anaylsis of Variance)

Area
F

Table VII (continued)

F-Distribution Critical Values
Degrees of Freedom in the Numerator

Degrees of Freedom in the Denominator

Area in
Right Tail

10

15

20

30

60

120

1000

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

59.86
240.54
963.28
6022.5
602284.0

60.19
241.88
968.63
6055.8
605621.0

61.22
245.95
984.87
6157.3
615764.0

61.74
248.01
993.10
6208.7
620908.0

62.26
250.10
1001.4
6260.6
626099.0

62.79
252.20
1009.8
6313.0
631337.0

63.06
253.25
1014.0
6339.4
633972.0

63.30
254.19
1017.7
6362.7
636301.0

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

9.38
19.38
39.39
99.39
999.39

9.39
19.40
39.40
99.40
999.40

9.42
19.43
39.43
99.43
999.43

9.44
19.45
39.45
99.45
999.45

9.16
19.46
39.46
99.47
999.47

9.47
19.48
39.48
99.48
999.48

9.48
19.49
39.49
99.49
999.49

9.49
19.49
39.50
99.50
999.50

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

5.24
8.81
14.47
27.35
129.86

5.23
8.79
14.42
27.23
129.25

5.20
8.70
14.25
26.87
127.37

5.18
8.66
14.17
26.69
126.42

5.17
8.62
14.08
26.50
125.45

5.15
8.57
13.99
26.32
124.47

5.14
8.55
13.95
26.22
123.97

5.13
8.53
13.91
26.14
123.53

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

3.94
6.00
8.90
14.66
48.47

3.92
5.96
8.84
14.55
48.05

3.87
5.86
8.66
14.20
46.76

3.84
5.80
8.56
14.02
46.10

3.82
5.75
8.46
13.84
45.43

3.79
5.69
8.36
13.65
44.75

3.78
5.66
8.31
13.56
44.40

3.76
5.63
8.26
13.47
44.09

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

3.32
4.77
6.68
10.16
27.24

3.30
4.74
6.62
10.05
26.92

3.24
4.62
6.43
9.72
25.91

3.21
4.56
6.33
9.55
25.39

3.17
4.50
6.23
9.38
24.87

3.14
4.43
6.12
9.20
24.33

3.12
4.40
6.07
9.11
24.06

3.11
4.37
6.02
9.03
23.82

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.96
4.10
5.52
7.98
18.69

2.94
4.06
5.46
7.87
18.41

2.87
3.94
5.27
7.56
17.56

2.84
3.87
5.17
7.40
17.12

2.80
3.81
5.07
7.23
16.67

2.76
3.74
4.96
7.06
16.21

2.74
3.70
4.90
6.97
15.98

2.72
3.67
4.86
6.89
15.77

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.72
3.68
4.82
6.72
14.33

2.70
3.64
4.76
6.62
14.08

2.63
3.51
4.57
6.31
13.32

2.59
3.44
4.47
6.16
12.93

2.56
3.38
4.36
5.99
12.53

2.51
3.30
4.25
5.82
12.12

2.49
3.27
4.20
5.74
11.91

2.47
3.23
4.15
5.66
11.72

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.56
3.39
4.36
5.91
11.77

2.54
3.35
4.30
5.81
11.54

2.46
3.22
4.10
5.52
10.84

2.42
3.15
4.00
5.36
10.48

2.38
3.08
3.89
5.20
10.11

2.34
3.01
3.78
5.03
9.73

2.32
2.97
3.73
4.95
9.53

2.30
2.93
3.68
4.87
9.36

C36

Topics to Discuss

Table VII (continued)

F-Distribution Critical Values
Degrees of Freedom in the Numerator

Degrees of Freedom in the Denominator

Area in
Right Tail

10

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

3.36
5.12
7.21
10.56
22.86

3.01
4.26
5.71
8.02
16.39

2.81
3.86
5.08
6.99
13.90

2.69
3.63
4.72
6.42
12.56

2.61
3.48
4.48
6.06
11.71

2.55
3.37
4.32
5.80
11.13

2.51
3.29
4.20
5.61
10.70

2.47
3.23
4.10
5.47
10.37

2.44
3.18
4.03
5.35
10.11

2.42
3.14
3.96
5.26
9.89

10

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

3.29
4.96
6.94
10.04
21.04

2.92
4.10
5.46
7.56
14.91

2.73
3.71
4.83
6.55
12.55

2.61
3.48
4.47
5.99
11.28

2.52
3.33
4.24
5.64
10.48

2.46
3.22
4.07
5.39
9.93

2.41
3.14
3.95
5.20
9.52

2.38
3.07
3.85
5.06
9.20

2.35
3.02
3.78
4.94
8.96

2.32
2.98
3.72
4.85
8.75

12

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

3.18
4.75
6.55
9.33
18.64

2.81
3.89
5.10
6.93
12.97

2.61
3.49
4.47
5.95
10.80

2.48
3.26
4.12
5.41
9.63

2.39
3.11
3.89
5.06
8.89

2.33
3.00
3.73
4.82
8.38

2.28
2.91
3.61
4.64
8.00

2.24
2.85
3.51
4.50
7.71

2.21
2.80
3.44
4.39
7.48

2.19
2.75
3.37
4.30
7.29

15

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

3.07
4.54
6.20
8.68
16.59

2.70
3.68
4.77
6.36
11.34

2.49
3.29
4.15
5.42
9.34

2.36
3.06
3.80
4.89
8.25

2.27
2.90
3.58
4.56
7.57

2.21
2.79
3.41
4.32
7.09

2.16
2.71
3.29
4.14
6.74

2.12
2.64
3.20
4.00
6.47

2.09
2.59
3.12
3.89
6.26

2.06
2.54
3.06
3.80
6.08

20

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.97
4.35
5.87
8.10
14.82

2.59
3.49
4.46
5.85
9.95

2.38
3.10
3.86
4.94
8.10

2.25
2.87
3.51
4.43
7.10

2.16
2.71
3.29
4.10
6.46

2.09
2.60
3.13
3.87
6.02

2.04
2.51
3.01
3.70
5.69

2.00
2.45
2.91
3.56
5.44

1.96
2.39
2.84
3.46
5.24

1.94
2.35
2.77
3.37
5.08

25

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.92
4.24
5.69
7.77
13.88

2.53
3.39
4.29
5.57
9.22

2.32
2.99
3.69
4.68
7.45

2.18
2.76
3.35
4.18
6.49

2.09
2.60
3.13
3.85
5.89

2.02
2.49
2.97
3.63
5.46

1.97
2.40
2.85
3.46
5.15

1.93
2.34
2.75
3.32
4.91

1.89
2.28
2.68
3.22
4.71

1.87
2.24
2.61
3.13
4.56

50

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.81
4.03
5.34
7.17
12.22

2.41
3.18
3.97
5.06
7.96

2.20
2.79
3.39
4.20
6.34

2.06
2.56
3.05
3.72
5.46

1.97
2.40
2.83
3.41
4.90

1.90
2.29
2.67
3.19
4.51

1.84
2.20
2.55
3.02
4.22

1.80
2.13
2.46
2.89
4.00

1.76
2.07
2.38
2.78
3.82

1.73
2.03
2.32
2.70
3.67

100

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.76
3.94
5.18
6.90
11.50

2.36
3.09
3.83
4.82
7.41

2.14
2.70
3.25
3.98
5.86

2.00
2.46
2.92
3.51
5.02

1.91
2.31
2.70
3.21
4.48

1.83
2.19
2.54
2.99
4.11

1.78
2.10
2.42
2.82
3.83

1.73
2.03
2.32
2.69
3.61

1.69
1.97
2.24
2.59
3.44

1.66
1.93
2.18
2.50
3.30

200

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.73
3.89
5.10
6.76
11.15

2.33
3.04
3.76
4.71
7.15

2.11
2.65
3.18
3.88
5.63

1.97
2.42
2.85
3.41
4.81

1.88
2.26
2.63
3.11
4.29

1.80
2.14
2.47
2.89
3.92

1.75
2.06
2.35
2.73
3.65

1.70
1.98
2.26
2.60
3.43

1.66
1.93
2.18
2.50
3.26

1.63
1.88
2.11
2.41
3.12

1000

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.71
3.85
5.04
6.66
10.89

2.31
3.00
3.70
4.63
6.96

2.09
2.61
3.13
3.80
5.46

1.95
2.38
2.80
3.34
4.65

1.85
2.22
2.58
3.04
4.14

1.78
2.11
2.42
2.82
3.78

1.72
2.02
2.30
2.66
3.51

1.68
1.95
2.20
2.53
3.30

1.64
1.89
2.13
2.43
3.13

1.61
1.84
2.06
2.34
2.99

Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Anaylsis of Variance)

C37

Table VII (continued)

F-Distribution Critical Values
Degrees of Freedom in the Numerator

Degrees of Freedom in the Denominator

Area in
Right Tail

12

15

20

25

30

40

50

60

120

1000

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.38
3.07
3.87
5.11
9.57

2.34
3.01
3.77
4.96
9.24

2.30
2.94
3.67
4.81
8.90

2.27
2.89
3.60
4.71
8.69

2.25
2.86
3.56
4.65
8.55

2.23
2.83
3.51
4.57
8.37

2.22
2.80
3.47
4.52
8.26

2.21
2.79
3.45
4.48
8.19

2.18
2.75
3.39
4.40
8.00

2.16
2.71
3.34
4.32
7.84

10

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.28
2.91
3.62
4.71
8.45

2.24
2.85
3.52
4.56
8.13

2.20
2.77
3.42
4.41
7.80

2.17
2.73
3.35
4.31
7.60

2.16
2.70
3.31
4.25
7.47

2.13
2.66
3.26
4.17
7.30

2.12
2.64
3.22
4.12
7.19

2.11
2.62
3.20
4.08
7.12

2.08
2.58
3.14
4.00
6.94

2.06
2.54
3.09
3.92
6.78

12

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.15
2.69
3.28
4.16
7.00

2.10
2.62
3.18
4.01
6.71

2.06
2.54
3.07
3.86
6.40

2.03
2.50
3.01
3.76
6.22

2.01
2.47
2.96
3.70
6.09

1.99
2.43
2.91
3.62
5.93

1.97
2.40
2.87
3.57
5.83

1.96
2.38
2.85
3.54
5.76

1.93
2.34
2.79
3.45
5.59

1.91
2.30
2.73
3.37
5.44

15

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

2.02
2.48
2.96
3.67
5.81

1.97
2.40
2.86
3.52
5.54

1.92
2.33
2.76
3.37
5.25

1.89
2.28
2.69
3.28
5.07

1.87
2.25
2.64
3.21
4.95

1.85
2.20
2.59
3.13
4.80

1.83
2.18
2.55
3.08
4.70

1.82
2.16
2.52
3.05
4.64

1.79
2.11
2.46
2.96
4.47

1.76
2.07
2.40
2.88
4.33

20

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

1.89
2.28
2.68
3.23
4.82

1.84
2.20
2.57
3.09
4.56

1.79
2.12
2.46
2.94
4.29

1.76
2.07
2.40
2.84
4.12

1.74
2.04
2.35
2.78
4.00

1.71
1.99
2.29
2.69
3.86

1.69
1.97
2.25
2.64
3.77

1.68
1.95
2.22
2.61
3.70

1.64
1.90
2.16
2.52
3.54

1.61
1.85
2.09
2.43
3.40

25

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

1.82
2.16
2.51
2.99
4.31

1.77
2.09
2.41
2.85
4.06

1.72
2.01
2.30
2.70
3.79

1.68
1.96
2.23
2.60
3.63

1.66
1.92
2.18
2.54
3.52

1.63
1.87
2.12
2.45
3.37

1.61
1.84
2.08
2.40
3.28

1.59
1.82
2.05
2.36
3.22

1.56
1.77
1.98
2.27
3.06

1.52
1.72
1.91
2.18
2.91

50

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

1.68
1.95
2.22
2.56
3.44

1.63
1.87
2.11
2.42
3.20

1.57
1.78
1.99
2.27
2.95

1.53
1.73
1.92
2.17
2.79

1.50
1.69
1.87
2.10
2.68

1.46
1.63
1.80
2.01
2.53

1.44
1.60
1.75
1.95
2.44

1.42
1.58
1.72
1.91
2.38

1.38
1.51
1.64
1.80
2.21

1.33
1.45
1.56
1.70
2.05

100

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

1.61
1.85
2.08
2.37
3.07

1.56
1.77
1.97
2.22
2.84

1.49
1.68
1.85
2.07
2.59

1.45
1.62
1.77
1.97
2.43

1.42
1.57
1.71
1.89
2.32

1.38
1.52
1.64
1.80
2.17

1.35
1.48
1.59
1.74
2.08

1.34
1.45
1.56
1.69
2.01

1.28
1.38
1.46
1.57
1.83

1.22
1.30
1.36
1.45
1.64

200

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

1.58
1.80
2.01
2.27
2.90

1.52
1.72
1.90
2.13
2.67

1.46
1.62
1.78
1.97
2.42

1.41
1.56
1.70
1.87
2.26

1.38
1.52
1.64
1.79
2.15

1.34
1.46
1.56
1.69
2.00

1.31
1.41
1.51
1.63
1.90

1.29
1.39
1.47
1.58
1.83

1.23
1.30
1.37
1.45
1.64

1.16
1.21
1.25
1.30
1.43

1000

0.100
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.001

1.55
1.76
1.96
2.20
2.77

1.49
1.68
1.85
2.06
2.54

1.43
1.58
1.72
1.90
2.30

1.38
1.52
1.64
1.79
2.14

1.35
1.47
1.58
1.72
2.02

1.30
1.41
1.50
1.61
1.87

1.27
1.36
1.45
1.54
1.77

1.25
1.33
1.41
1.50
1.69

1.18
1.24
1.29
1.35
1.49

1.08
1.11
1.13
1.16
1.22