Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Supervised by
Dr. Shadia Yousef Saadu-Ldeen Banjar
Assistant Professor of Linguistics
College of Education- Humanities
King Abdul-Aziz University
Second Semester
1429-1430 H / 2008- 2009 A.D.
ABSTRACT
The present study is mainly stylistic and exclusively concentrates on the linguistic
analysis of parallelism as a stylistic device in Eloise Greenfield children's poetry. It
adopts a stylistic formalist approach that emphasizes the formal structures of a literary
text on different linguistic levels. It examines sound parallelism, grammatical
parallelism, and lexical/semantic parallelism in a corpus of twenty- five poems selected
from illustrious works of Eloise Greenfield's poetry. Each type is detected in the selected
poems, and then stylistically analyzed according to the patterns of parallelism in order to
illustrate how parallelism creates unexpected effects upon the readers.
The results of the study confirm the prominent existence of parallelism as
foregrounded regularities on the three linguistic levels: phonological, grammatical, and
semantic. They also show that the effect of parallelism varies according to the type of
parallelism. Furthermore, the study has recorded variations of parallelisms on the three
linguistic levels. On the phonological level, sound parallelism plays a dominant role over
other types of parallelism in the poems. It constitutes 48% out of all parallelisms. Rhyme
is the most frequently used pattern. Specifically, masculine rhyme and full rhyme are
predominant, whereas broken rhyme is completely absent. Alliteration of the
approximant /w/ and the fricative // are the mostly used sound patterns, whereas
alliteration of the affricate /d/ is rare. Assonance of diphthongs has dominance over
assonance of long and short vowels. Moreover, consonant parallels of the plosives /t/ &
/d/ are used more in comparison with other consonant parallels. On the grammatical
level, grammatical parallelism accomplishes a similar statue to sound parallelism and
scores 40% of all parallelisms. Morphological parallelism is less used than syntactic
parallelism. On the morphological level, parallel nouns and verbs are more frequently
used than adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns. On the syntactic level, parallel noun phrases
are the most frequent type. In addition, the declarative type of parallel constructions is
the dominant type, whereas exclamatory type is the least used. Not surprisingly, simple
parallel constructions are the prevailing used structure, whereas complex-compound
constructions are totally missing. Moreover, isocolon is the dominant pattern of
grammatical parallelism. On the semantic level, lexical/semantic parallelism shows a
much lesser existence with only 12% of all parallelisms. Hyponymous parallels show the
highest frequency. In addition, anaphoric parallelism is the prevailing pattern, whereas
emblematic parallelism is the absent pattern. Interestingly, most of the patterns of
lexical/semantic parallelism stand in contrast to one another. The overall results have
shown that parallelism activates on different linguistic levels simultaneously. Thus,
parallelism operates as a foregrounding device showing the regularities of sounds, words,
and structures that characterize the style of Eloise Greenfield.
Finally, this study hopes to pave the way for future avenues of investigations in the
world of children's literature under the category of stylistics.
Student:
Aisha Sa'adi AL-Subhi
Supervisor:
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
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Dean of College:
Dr. Anjab Ghulam Nabi Gutbaldeen
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Table of Contents
Page
Abstract..... II
Acknowledgements...Iv
Table of contents...vI
List of Abbreviations...XIII
List of tables...XIV
List of figures.XIX
Introduction
0.0. Introduction...1
0.1. Organization of the Study..3
0.2. Statements of the Problem4
0.3. Reasons for Choosing the Topic..4
0.4. Objectives of the Study...5
0.5. Significance of the Study...6
0.6. Limitations of the Study.6
0.7. Review of literature....7
0.8. Data and Methodology..13
0.9. Children's Poetry14
0.10. Eloise Greenfield: The Poet...16
VI
VII
2.3.3. Assonance.....97
2.3.3.1. Assonance of Short Vowels.........98
a. Assonance of the Short Vowel / /..........99
b. Assonance of the Short Vowel /e/..100
VIII
Assonance
of
the
Long
Vowel
i /..........104
b.
/
the
Long
Vowel
Assonance
of
the
Long
Vowel
of
the
Long
Vowel
of
the
Long
Vowel
/......105
d.
of
/..........105
c.
Assonance
Assonance
/..................105
e.
Assonance
/u /..............106
2.3.3.3. Assonance of Diphthongs.......107
a. Assonance of the Diphthong /e
/.....107
b. Assonance of the Diphthong
/a /......108
c. Assonance of the Diphthong
/
/......110
d. Assonance of the Diphthong /a /....110
IX
/...117
List of Abbreviations
Adj. Adjective
Adv. Adverb
Art .. Article
Aux. Auxiliary
Be. Verb To Be
Comp Complement
Conj Conjunction
Det.. Determiner
Inf Infinitive
Iso P . Isocolon Parallelism
Int PIntroverted Parallelism
InV . Intransitive Verb
M P Morphological Parallelism
Neg . Negative
N
Noun
No. .. Number
O
XIII
Object
0.0. Introduction
The analysis of the language of literature has been the subject of study
for many linguists. Many linguists have accepted the usefulness of
linguistic theories and concepts in the study of literary texts. In this sense,
it is possible to say that stylistics examines the use of linguistics in the
analysis of literature. Stylistics is the branch of linguistics that studies the
use of language in specific contexts and attempts to account for the
regularities that mark the language use by individuals or groups. Stylistics
or what has been called "literary linguistics" is concerned with the
linguistic choices that distinguish genres (poetry, drama, noveletc) and
with the ways in which individual writers exploited language (Hancock
1986:446). This is both a linguistic and a literary exercise, since language
is the medium of literature and style contributes to meaning. Thus,
stylistics serves as a bridge between linguistic and literary disciplines.
According to McMenamin and Dongdoo 2000, linguistic stylistics is the
scientific analysis of individual style-markers as observed and identified in
the idiolect of a single writer. In fact, the present study tackles the notion
of parallelism as a unique style marker that is highly observed on different
linguistic levels in the poetry of the African-American poet Eloise
Greenfield. Parallelism is the most useful and flexible aspect of poetic
language (Leech 1969). It refers to the use of words, phrases, clauses, or
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order, and clause structure. The study concluded that children revealed a
greater sensitivity to poetic than to syntactic features.
Roye Williams (1991) studied parallelism in the Hodayot from Qumran.
The study aimed to analyze parallelism in the Hodayot, thus grammatical
parallelism, semantic parallelism, internal parallelism, and ellipsis were
fully studied. The study concluded with statistical results that show the
congruence between grammatical and semantic parallelism and between
semantic and internal parallelism.
Welland Crowell (1994) examined the Iliad as a whole from the
standpoint of parallelism as a poetic means of creating significance. He
investigated rhetorical strategies involving relationships of similarity and
contrast. He argued that parallelism has a principal role in the coherent
organization of the Iliad. The study concluded that parallel patterns of
similarity and contrast contribute to the Iliad's structural design, narrative
unity and poetic power.
Luz Cortez (1999) examined the function of metaphor and parallelism as
constructive strategies in Jos Mara Arguedas' novel Los Ros Profundos.
In particular, it is claimed that the protagonist's quest for his own origin and
identity is used systematically as a primary semiotic component in both
types of construction. The theoretical framework assumed is essentially
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features of Badwi AL-Jabal's poetry and among them are: deviation and
parallelism. Patterns and functions of parallelism and deviation were
indicated.
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