HVDC

Mike Bahrman P.E.
, ABB Grid Systems, HVDC Power Transmission, October 26, 2011, Mexico City
HVDC Classic
Line-Commutated, Current-Source
Converters (LCC, CSC)
ABB Group
October 26, 2011 | Slide 1
HVDC Classic
Topics
ABB Group
Transmission characteristics
HVDC applications
Economics
Configurations
Converter technology
Station design
Transmission lines
System integration and performance
Ways to boost or control a corridors power flow

Role of FACTS & HVDC
V1/G1
Power flow
~
SVC & STATCOM

Boost or control ac
voltage (V), dynamic
reactive reserve
V1 V 2
X 12
V2 /G2
sin
(G 1 G 2 )
SC & TCSC Boost

Voltage (V), Reduce line
reactance (X), limited by
voltage profile
PHVDC
Phase Shifting Xfmrs,

VFT - Regulate phase
angle (G), limited by MVA,
angular range, slow resp
HVDC & HVDC Light Control power flow (P) and

ac voltage (V), leverage ac
cap by dynamic Q
ABB Group
Transmission line delivery capability v distance

AC line capacity diminishes with distance*
Loadability versus Distance
Loadability versus Distance
Loadability (MW)
Loadability (MW)
8000
8000
7000
7000
6000
6000
5000
5000
4000
4000
3000
3000
2000
2000
1000
1000
0
0
0
345 kV AC
345 kV AC
500 kV AC
500 kV AC
765 kV AC
765 kV AC
500 kV DC
500 kV DC
600 kV DC
600 kV DC
800 kV DC
800 kV DC
200
200
400
600
400
600
Line length (km)
Line length (km)
800
800
1000
1000
AC line distance effects:

Lower stability limits (voltage, angle)
Increase stability limits & mitigate
parallel flow with FACTS: SVC & SC
Variable reactive demand
Parallel flow issues more prevalent
Intermediate switching stations, e.g.
every ~200 mi (320 km) max segment
due to TOV, TRV, voltage profile
Reactive Power v Power Transfer

Reactive Power v Power Transfer
(200 mi line)
(200 mi line)
Reactive Power per Terminal

Reactive Power per Terminal
(MVAr)
(MVAr)
1500
1500
1000
1000
345 kV
345 kV
500 kV
500 kV
765 kV
765 kV
500
500
0
0
0
1000
1000
2000
2000
3000
3000
4000
4000
5000
5000
DC line distance effects:

No distance effect on stability
No need for intermediate stations
No parallel flow issues due to control
Minor change in short circuit levels
No increase in reactive power demand
-500
-500
Power Transfer (MW)
Power Transfer (MW)
ABB Group
Reactive power variation of 800 MVAr per 100 mi, 0.2-1.3 SIL
* St Clair Curve
Distance effects
Thermal path limit
Area 2
Area 1
Stability path limit

Area 3
Thermal path limit
New AC line:
Need for intermediate switching stations
the longer the line the more intermediate S/S
(TOV, TRV, voltage profile)
Lower stability limits with longer distance
Higher reactive power demand with load
Higher charging at light load
Parallel flow issues more prevalent and
widespread for longer transmission
Increase stability limits & mitigate parallel
flow with series compensation (FACTS)
Thermal limit remains the same
New DC line:
No distance effect on stability
Raise stability limit (voltage, angle)
No need for intermediate stations
No parallel flow issues due to control
No increase in short circuit levels
No increase in reactive power demand
Area 2
Area 1
Area 3
ABB Group
Indirect v Direct Control AC v DC

AC Transmission:
Area 2
Area 1
Gen
Pg
Area 3
Pd
HVDC Transmission:
Area 2
Area 1
Gen
Pg
Controlled power flow adds flexibility
Pd = Pg + P schedule
Pd = k * Pg
Permits optimum power flow
Bypasses congestion
Area 3
ABB Group
Power flow from generation distributes per

line characteristics (impedance) & phase
angle (generation dispatch)
Variable generation gives variable flow on
all paths
Transfer may be limited by congestion
New resources add cumulatively clogging
existing paths
Flow controlled indirectly by generation
dispatch
Why choose HVDC?
Long distance, bulk power transmission
Asynchronous systems
Restricted rights-of-way fewer lines with narrow corridor
Economics
Controllability
Long cables, shared ROW with no common failure mode
Aesthetics, mitigate opposition, reduced permitting time
Staging and expandability
ABB Group
Long distance bulk power transmission
500 kV DC
3000 MW
ABB Group
More power on fewer lines
HVDC line costs 70-80% that of equivalent EHV AC line
Access to remote generation
Improved system stability
Lower losses
Bipolar lines similar to double circuit ac lines but with only

one-third the number of insulated conductor sets
Controllable - bypass congestion, mitigate parallel flows
Interconnect diverse regions with minimal impact on grid
Fast dc line fault clearing and controlled restart, high

speed reclosing regardless of phase angle, less impact on
turbine-generator transient torque
Asynchronous HVDC interconnections

Back-to-back ties (or lines) across grid boundaries
Incremental interconnections between regions
Economy energy trade
Shared reserves
Increase diversity
Improve reliability
Enable mutual assistance
Emergency power support
Isolate disturbances fire wall against cascading

outages, alternative solution to too big to fail
ABB Group
Underground or underwater transmission

Extruded cables with voltage-sourced converters, VSC
Land
Sea
ABB Group
No distance limitation
Full conductor utilization no reactive power
Two cables rather than the three required for AC
Reduced conductor screen area no induced or

circulating currents
Lighter, more flexible, simpler joints without cross

bonding
Easier transport and installation
No cable overloads possible
Lower losses than with ac cables
Dynamic voltage support with VSC
Disturbance isolation, black start
Offshore applications with VSC HVDC

Isolated operation
Generator outlet transmission from high power,

remote offshore wind plants, > 40 km, > 300 MW
AC voltage and frequency regulation of wind plant
Back feed excitation and auxiliary power to wind plant

during low wind or calm conditions (black start)
Feed power from shore to remote offshore oil & gas

production platforms
More economic
Increased efficiency
Lower emissions
Reduced weight and space on platform
ABB Group
Comparative costs for 6000 MW transmission

Intermediate S/S and reactive comp every 400 km
Cost
CostComparison
Comparisonfor
for6000
6000MW
MWTransmission
TransmissionAlternatives
Alternatives
12
12
Cost(B$)
(B$)
Cost
10
10
88
500 kV AC 4 circuits, SC
500 kV AC 4 circuits, SC
500 kV AC 2 dbl ckts, SC
500 kV AC 2 dbl ckts, SC
765 kV AC 2 circuits
500 kV 2 HVDC bipoles
800 kV 1 HVDC bipole
66
44
22
00
250
250mi
mi
400 km
500 mi
500kmmi
800
750
750mi
mi
1200 km
1000
mi
1000km
mi
1600
Notes:
Series compensated ac lines loaded to ~ 2 x SIL,
765 kV loaded to ~ 1.3 x SIL or ~ steady state stability limit for 200 mi line segment per St Clair curve
Transmission line and substation costs based on Frontier Line transmission subcommittee, NTAC,
WREZ and ERCOT CREZ unit cost data.
Lines loaded to their steady state stability limits
ABB Group
Transmission Alternatives Loss Comparison: 6000 MW

Line losses + converter and S/S losses @ full load
FullLoad
LoadLosses
Losses(%)
(%)
Full
Loss
LossComparison
Comparisonfor
for6000
6000MW
MWTransmission
TransmissionAlternatives
Alternatives
20%
20%
18%
18%
16%
16%
14%
14%
12%
12%
10%
10%
8%
8%
6%
6%
4%
4%
2%
2%
0%
0%
765 kV AC 2 circuit
765 kV AC 2 circuit
250
250mi
mi
400 km
500
500mi
mi
800 km
750
750mi
mi
1200 km
1000
1000mi
mi
1600 km
Note:
AC and DC line conductors chosen for comparable current densities, higher no.
conductor bundles for higher voltage.
Conductor temperatures at 50 degree C
ABB Group
Core HVDC technologies

Current source, CSC, v voltage source converter, VSC
CSC HVDC
Minimum shortcircuit level
Thermal path limit
Minimum shortcircuit level
Area 2
Area 1
CSC based HVDC:
Minimum short circuit level restriction

(SMVA > 2 x Pd, > 1.3 x Pd with CCC)
Induction wind generation contribution to

short circuit and voltage support limited
Reactive power demand and
compensation at terminals
Higher ratings, greater economies of
scale, more efficient

Area 3
VSC HVDC
Dynamic Voltage
Support
Thermal path limit
Dynamic Voltage
Support
Area 2
Area 1
VSC based HVDC:

Area 3
ABB Group
No minimum short circuit level or dc

current level
No reactive power demand or filters
Dynamic reactive voltage support (virtual
generator, Q ~= 0.5 x Pd rated
Leverage ac capacity by voltage support
Conducive for, but not limited to,
underground cable transmission
HVDC monopole, symmetric monopole, or bipole

Redundancy - single or double circuit
DC
DC
Monopole (asymmetric)
Ground/sea return or metallic neutral
0
Electrode
(or ground reference)
0
Electrode
+ DC/2
+ DC/2
Symmetric monopole
- DC/2
- DC/2
+ DC/2
+ DC/2
~
~
Bipole
Electrode
Electrode
- DC/2
- DC/2
ABB Group
500 kV 3000 MW HVDC Classic Bipole

320 kV 3000 MW HVDC Light Tripole
///
Bipole
///
///
///
OVHD, U/G or
hybrid
///
///
///
///
///
///
Terminals need not

be co-located line
can fan out at end
ABB Group
Symmetrical Monopole
Terminals need not

be co-located line
can fan out at end
Transmission alternatives and HVDC configurations

3000 MW steady state capacity
765 kV circuit
2 x 500 kV circuits with series comp
500/640 kV HVDC/HVDC Light bipole
3 x 320 kV HVDC Light tripole
ABB Group
OVHD / UG or hybrid
HVDC Bipole
Contingency Operation
DC Transmission:
Similar to double circuit ac line
Pole loss compensation

Higher overloads may be possible depending
on nominal rating, ambient, time
Can operate with reserve capacity
Compensation for parallel or series converters
Metallic return switching post contingency
Can compensate for parallel ac or dc lines
POLE POWER
MW
1600
-60 MW/MIN
1200 MW/MIN
1200
Overload
800
IPP Pole loss compensation

400
0
MINUTES
0
ABB Group
HVDC Bipolar Operation

Bipole with metallic return switching provision
Idp1
GRTS
NBS
MRTB
Ig = Idp2 Idp1
< 0.1% Idn
NBS
Idp2
DC disconnect, closed
DC disconnect, open
DC breaker, closed
Metallic return transfer breaker - MRTB

Neutral bus switch NBS
Ground return transfer switch - GRTS
DC breaker, open
ABB Group
HVDC Monopolar Earth Return Operation

Temporary during emergencies or maintenance
Idp1
Idp1=Ig
DC disconnect, open
DC breaker, closed
DC breaker, open
ABB Group
HVDC Monopolar Metallic Return Operation

During converter outages or degraded line insulation
Idp1
Ig = 0
Idp1
DC disconnect, open
DC breaker, closed
DC breaker, open
ABB Group
HVDC Bipole with full metallic neutral

Optional metallic return switching for loss reduction
DC disconnect, open
DC breaker, closed
DC breaker, open
ABB Group
Continuous metallic neutral: thermally rated only,

could be high-temperature, low-sag conductor to
reduce structure weight, could parallel with
unused conductor to reduce losses in monopolar
operation
HVDC Bipole for UHVDC high power, 6400 MW

Independent series-connected 12p converters
DC disconnect, open
ABB Group
DC breaker, closed
DC breaker, open
HVDC Bipole with series converters

Converter trip or unsuccessful full voltage fault clearing
Converter trip or
Unsuccessful full voltage line fault clearing
Step 1, trip, block with BPP, close FBPS
DC disconnect, open
DC breaker, closed
ABB Group
DC breaker, open
HVDC bipole
Multiterminal with metallic return switching
DC disconnect, open
DC breaker, closed
DC breaker, open
ABB Group
Hydro-Quebec Transmission System

Large scale integration of renewable generation
Source: HQ, Cigre 2010, B4 Open Session

ABB Group
60 Hz but not synchronized with eastern

interconnect
95% hydro generation, large located 1000

km from major load centers
735 kV transmission system

Static excitation systems
Fast protection systems, special
protection systems
Dynamic shunt compensation
Series compensation
3275 MW asynchronous BtB ties with New

Brunswick, Ontario, NY and NE
Multiterminal HVDC tie, 2000 MW export /

import capability
HQ-NE Multi-terminal Utilization
MTDC UTILISATION
Eight operating configurations:

Four two-terminal
(export/import)
Two three-terminal
(export/load serving)
Two three-terminal hybrid
(part bipole/ part monopole)
Isolated or synchronous
operation of LG2A generation
First 10 years, firm energy export

contract dominated operation,
Nicolet used during peak periods
Since 2000, multiterminal

utilization increased to match
resources to market conditions
80
70
60
50
%
2 - TERMINAL
MTDC (3-TERM)
40
30
20
10
0
1994
2003
2009
Source: HQ, Cigre 2010, B4 Open Session
ABB Group
HVDC Classic
HVDC - CSC
Converter
Transformers
AC
DC Filters
AC Filters
DC
Outdoor
Indoor
Thyristor Valves
Thyristor Module
Gate Unit
Single
Double
Valve
Valve
ABB Inc.
Group
Quadruple
Valve
Thyristor
Heat Sink
Current source
converters (CSC)
Line-commutated
converter (LCC)
Thyristor valves
Requires ~55% reactive
compensation (35% HF)
Converter transformers
Minimum short circuit
capacity > 2 x Pd, > 1.3 x
Pd with Capacitor
Commutation Converter
(CCC)
The HVDC Classic Converter Station

(Monopolar station illustrated)
Converter station
Transmission
line or cable
Smoothing
reactor
Converter
AC bus
DC filter
Shunt
capacitors AC filters
or other
reactive
equipment
~~
Telecommunication
Control
system
ABB Group
Typical single line diagram for a bipolar station

Converter
Converter
AC Yard
AC
yard
11th
harmonic
filter
DC
DC Yard
yard
Valve hall
Pole line
Y/Y
13th
harmonic
filter
DC filter
Filter
DC
Highpass
filter
Y/
Highpass
filter
DC Filter
Y/Y
AC bus
Bipolar Converter Station

ABB Group
To electrode
Electrode
lines lines
Y/
13th
harmonic
filter
11th
harmonic
filter
Pole 1
Pole 2
Pole line
Comparison of reactive power characteristics

HVDC Classic:
Reactive compensation by
switched filters and shunt
capacitor banks
HVDC Light:
95% pf ref
No reactive compensation necessary, STATCOM with

dynamic range ~ 0.5Pd/+0.5Pd MVar below 90% p.f.
(black v-shaped lines represent 95% power factor)
ABB Inc.
Group
Reactive compensation
ABB Group
Modern HVDC schemes have a commutating reactance,

i.e. effectively the reactance between the ac filters and the
converter, of around 15%
At full power, the ratio of MVARs to MWs is about 0.55
Compensation can be provided by filters, capacitors,

synchronous condensers, SVC, STATCOM and nearby
generators
Filter / capacitor bank sizes are limited by allowable step

when switching
There may be a limitation on maximum allowable reactive

power exchange with the network
Shunt reactors may be needed at light loading
Filtering and reactive compensation is managed by the

reactive power control operated in either Q or V mode
Monopolar HVDC station

600 MW, 450 kV dc
AC Switchyard
Converter transformers
AC line
Valve hall
Shunt capacitors
DC line
Harmonic filters
DC Switchyard
(DC Filters, Smoothing Reactor)
ABB Group
Layout of bipolar HVDC station

500 kV, 3000 MW
ABB Group
HVDC converter station

6400 MW, 800 kV with series 12p converters
ABB Group
How big is a 2000 MW HVDC converter station?

1.
2.
720 ft (220 m)
500 ft (150 m)
3.
ABB Inc.
Group
1.
2000 MW HVDC, 26.2 acres (10.6 hectares),

system dependent
2.
2000 MW HVDC Light, 8.2 acres (3.3 hectares),

system independent
3.
Walmart Supercenter, 31.5 acres (12.8 hectares)
Thyristor module
9 thyristor levels
TCU
Heat sink
Capacitor
Thyristor
Resistor
ABB Group
Layout of Quadruple Valve

Saturable Reactor
Module
TCU
TCU
Thyristor Module
= 9 thyristor
positions
TCU Derivative
Feeding Capacitor
DC Grading
Resistor
TCU
Thyristor
Thyristor
Control Unit
Damping
Resistors
TCU
Damping
Capacitors
TCU Derivative
Feeding Resistor
ABB Group
Transformer
Converter Interface HVDC & HVDC Light
Match valve voltage with system

AC-side
Provide impedance to limit the

short circuit current to the valve
Galvanically separate the AC- and

DC-side (takes place inside
transformer, between AC and DC
winding) making it possible to
connect the converters in series
Conventional converter
transformers also carry harmonics
HVDC Light transformers do not

carry harmonics
ABB Group
Valve Cooling System
MAIN
PUMPS
D EAERATION
VESSEL
SHU NT
VALVES
EXPANSION
VESSEL
CONVERT ER
VALVE
MECH ANIC AL
F ILT ERS
D EION IZ ER
F ILT ERS
M ECH AN IC AL
F ILT ERS
ABB Group
OUT DOOR
COOLERS
REPLEN ISHMENT
SYST EM
Single circuit system
Outdoor dry, liquid-to-air coolers for valve

heat dissipation
Same base design for HVDC, HVDC Light

and SVC
High reliability redundant pumps,

coolers, control, monitoring and protection
Designed for ease of maintenance

redundancy permits repair or replacement
of parts without requiring a converter or
pole outage
Thyristor module
Cooling water path
ABB Group
Capacitor commutated converter, CCC

Weak system applications
Converter
Smoothing
reactor
AC bus
Commutation
capacitors
AC filters
Control
system
ABB Group
Conventional HVDC technology

HVDC classic with and without CCC
Classic circuit
ABB Group
CCC circuit
CC located between converter transformers and thyristor valves
CC provides part of the commutation voltage and reactive support
CC location reduces transformer rating, increases valve voltage

rating, reduces probability for commutation failure for remote faults
CC location reduces bank exposure to ac network faults, simplifies

commutation capacitor protection, reduces MOV energy
Reduces amount of shunt compensation, raises ac network

resonance frequency, reduces dynamic overvoltage
Reduces variable O&M with MSC and LTC operations
Harmonic Filters
Conventional HVDC12-pulse converter
ABB Group
AC side current harmonics: fh=12n1,

i.e. 11th,13th,23rd,25th,. . .
Typical ac filter performance criteria:

THD<1.5%, Dh<1%, TIF < 45
DC side voltage harmonics: fh=12n
Typical dc filter performance criteria:

Ieq < 250ma
Typically 35% of station rating in

installed ac filters
Harmonics diminish with increasing

harmonic number
Filter types
Bandpass filter
High-pass filter
3
1 10
100
10
1
10
20
1 10
1 10
Impedance (ohms)
1 10
Impedance (ohms)
Impedance (ohms)
4
1 10
Double-tuned filter
100
10
30
20
Harmonic number
40
60
HVDC Classic
Basic Control
Id
IR
uR
uS
uT
u
IT D
Rectifier
Characteristic
ABB Group
IR
IS
Ud
IT
4
Operating
Point
Inverter
Characteristic
100
10
10
Harmonic number
Harmonic number
ABB Group
IS
15
DC line design
Basics and references
Clearance to ground = reference height + electrical

component of clearance + sag; [NESC232, IEEE1313.2,
IEC1613, Transmission Line Reference Book HVDC to
600 kV EPRI/BPA Green Book]
Sag depends on temperature, wind, solar, span,

tension, etc. [IEEE738]
Clearances to structure; [NESC235, Green Book]
+Volt
Working clearances (hot line work); MAID, MAD, MTID

[NESC441, IEEE516]
Ref Ht
Creepage distance typical range 20-40 mm/kV

depending on environment
EMF [ICNIRP Guidelines, some state statutes limit]
RI/AN; Green Book, CIGRE388
ROW width blow out, span length, emf limits
Creepage distance
(Surface length)
Sag
ROW width
ABB Group
AC & DC Lines
Approximate relative cost comparison
.
..
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
500 kV HVDC bipole

500 kV HVDC bipole
500 kV AC double circuit
or
With neutral
or HVDC Light triple circuit
Symmetrical Monopole
~0.85-0.90 x cost of 500 kV ac line
~0.7-0.8 x cost of 500 kV ac line ~1.6 x cost of 500 kV line Neutral can occupy static wire position
clearance less, creepage more ~1.3 x cost of 765 kV line
Need only be thermally rated
ABB Group
Overall comparison of HVDC and EHVAC lines

Line insulation
Clearance requirements are more critical with EHVAC/UHVAC
More stringent demands on HVDC insulators (creepage length)
Corona effects
Larger conductor bundles are needed with EHVAC/UHVAC
Effect of high altitudes
Higher clearances and larger conductor bundles required for AC
Larger relative increase in air clearance required for HVDC
Mechanical load
Conductor load on tower is considerably lower with HVDC
Overall cost aspects
Lower investment costs for HVDC lines, more ac lines usually required
Cost advantage of HVDC is more pronounced at higher voltages and

higher altitudes
ABB Group
500 kV HVDC lines

With metallic neutral or ground electrode line
QNE (HQ)
ABB Group
QNE (NE)
IPP
Itaipu transmission, 900 km (550 mi)

3 x 800 kV ac lines with SC = 2 x 600 kV HVDC lines
ITAIPU
2 x 6300 MW
2 x 600 kV DC
6300 MW, 2 converters per pole
4700 MW with pole outage
4 circuits
3 x 765 kV AC, 2 intermediate S/S

6300 MW with SC
4500 MW without SC
3 circuits
ABB Group
Each HVDC line costs ~ 70% of AC line cost
HVDC Transmission Line

6400 MW, 800 kV Bipole
AC double circuit
~3000 MW
if series comp
500 kV
ABB Group
800 kV AC
bipole
6400 MW
HVDC transmission
Weak system operational issues
Voltage stability and reactive power compensation
Dynamic overvoltage (DOV) at load rejection
Low order harmonic resonance, fres = f1 (S/Q)
Minimum power, start / stop
Switching of shunt compensation
Voltage step, 'V = 'Q/(S-Q)
Variable O&M
LTC operation
Subsynchronous torsional interaction SSTI
Rule of thumb effective short circuit ratio,

ECSR = (S Q)/Pd > 2 for HVDC Classic
S = 3 phase symmetrical short capacity at PCC
Q = lumped capacitive shunt compensation at PCC
Pd = DC power
More critical at the inverter bus
ABB Group
Transfer capability
Voltage stability v relative system strength
HVDC
LOW SCR
HVDC
MED SCR
ABB Group
Modular back-to-back CCC asynchronous tie
Improved stability
for weak systems
due to commutation
capacitor
Higher power for

given location
Simplified reactive
power control
Garabi: 4x550 MW
Rapid City Tie:

2x100 MW
Modular design for

shorter construction
time
Least expensive,
most efficient
asynchronous tie
technology for
moderately weak
system
HVDC Classic
HVDC CCC
ABB Group
System Performance for Temporary Faults

HVDC and HVDC Light
AC System Fault at HVDC Rectifier End
HVDC - temporary reduction in DC power commensurate with voltage depression

during the fault, recoveries slower for weaker inverter ac system
HVDC Light similar except faster recoveries possible with weaker inverter ac system
AC System Fault at HVDC Inverter End
HVDC - temporary interruption in DC power during the fault, commutation failure at

leading edge of fault, recovery rate ac system dependent
HVDC Light temporary reduction in DC power commensurate with voltage depression

during the fault, no commutation failures, faster recoveries with weaker ac systems
DC Line Temporary Fault
HVDC - temporary interruption in DC power on faulted pole during the fault + 200 ms
deionization time before restart, fault cleared electronically
HVDC Light temporary interruption in DC power during fault + 200 ms deionization

time, fault cleared by dc and/or ac breakers, auto-restart time ~ 500 ms total
ABB Group
DC line faults
Detected by dUd/dt and/or low Ud
No natural current zero
Sources of dc fault current
CSC all rectifiers on faulted pole
VSC all converters on faulted pole
Stored energy in line & station

components, e.g. smoothing reactors,
dc capacitors
Line fault clearing
CSC force retard (invert off) at

rectifiers on faulted pole
VSC circuit breaker action required

at all stations on faulted pole
DC faults on metallic return, electrode

lines or metallic neutral special
ABB Group
Summary
ABB Group
Choice of transmission technology exists
HVDC and FACTS reduce the number of transmission lines

and the cost of long distance transmission
Newer HVDC technologies open up additional applications
HVDC adds operational flexibility for generator outlet

transmission or for interconnections
Reduced parallel flow issues
Bypass congestion
Firm
HVDC transmission is more economical and efficient for long

distance bulk power transmission
Cost of tapping is higher with HVDC, some restrictions may

apply, less restriction with HVDC Light
Combination of HVDC and AC with FACTS may be optimal

solution
ABB Group

HVDC

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HVDC

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Mike Bahrman P.E.

System integration and performance

Ways to boost or control a corridors power flow

SVC & STATCOM

SC & TCSC Boost

Phase Shifting Xfmrs,

HVDC & HVDC Light Control power flow (P) and

Transmission line delivery capability v distance

AC line distance effects:

Reactive Power v Power Transfer

Reactive Power per Terminal

DC line distance effects:

Stability path limit

Thermal path limit

Indirect v Direct Control AC v DC

Controlled power flow adds flexibility

Power flow from generation distributes per

Why choose HVDC?

Long distance, bulk power transmission

Restricted rights-of-way fewer lines with narrow corridor

Long cables, shared ROW with no common failure mode

Aesthetics, mitigate opposition, reduced permitting time

Staging and expandability

Long distance bulk power transmission

More power on fewer lines

HVDC line costs 70-80% that of equivalent EHV AC line

Access to remote generation

Improved system stability

Bipolar lines similar to double circuit ac lines but with only

Controllable - bypass congestion, mitigate parallel flows

Interconnect diverse regions with minimal impact on grid

Fast dc line fault clearing and controlled restart, high

Asynchronous HVDC interconnections

Incremental interconnections between regions

Economy energy trade

Enable mutual assistance

Emergency power support

Isolate disturbances fire wall against cascading

Underground or underwater transmission

Full conductor utilization no reactive power

Two cables rather than the three required for AC

Reduced conductor screen area no induced or

Lighter, more flexible, simpler joints without cross

Easier transport and installation

No cable overloads possible

Lower losses than with ac cables

Dynamic voltage support with VSC

Disturbance isolation, black start

Offshore applications with VSC HVDC

Generator outlet transmission from high power,

AC voltage and frequency regulation of wind plant

Back feed excitation and auxiliary power to wind plant

Feed power from shore to remote offshore oil & gas

Reduced weight and space on platform

Comparative costs for 6000 MW transmission

Transmission Alternatives Loss Comparison: 6000 MW

Core HVDC technologies

Thermal path limit

Minimum shortcircuit level

CSC based HVDC:

Minimum short circuit level restriction

Induction wind generation contribution to

Stability path limit

VSC based HVDC: