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World Class Manufacturing Solutions (WCMS) GD&T, Version:1, Nov 2003
Day – 2 Agenda
Composite Controls
Circular Runout and Total runout
Position Controls
Position, Symmetry and Concentricity
Profile Controls
Profile of Line and Profile of Surface
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World Class Manufacturing Solutions (WCMS) GD&T, Version:1, Nov 2003
Table of Contents
Agenda 2-3
Table of Contents 4
Introduction to GD&T 5-15
GD&T Fundamentals 16 - 42
Form Controls – Flatness, Straightness, Roundness and Cylindricity 43- 68
Orientation Controls – Perpendicularity, Angularity and Parallelism 69 - 89
Location Controls – Position, Symmetry and Concentricity 90 - 132
Composite Controls – Circular Runout and Total Runout 133 - 143
Profile Controls – Profile of Line and Profile of Surface 144 - 151
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1. Introduction to GD&T
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Introduction to GD&T
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Introduction to GD&T
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Introduction to GD&T
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Introduction to GD&T
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Introduction to GD&T
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2. GD&T Fundamentals
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1. Characteristics and Symbols
Form Controls
Flatness Straightness Roundness Cylindricity
Orientation Controls
Perpendicularity
( Squareness) Angularity Parallelism
Location Controls
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1. Characteristics and Symbols
Composite Controls
Profile Controls
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2. Other related symbols and terms
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3. Feature Control frame and Datum feature
frame
It comprises of a pictorial note which includes
a) Kind of control
b) Geometric tolerance
c) Any modifiers ( i.e. M or L )
d) Datum references & any datum reference modifiers ( i.e. M or L )
Ex.
0.006 M A B
0.002
Geometric char.
Geometric tol.
Tolerance zone shape
Datum reference
Modifier
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--In feature frame control, there can be more than one Datum reference letters.
Reading from left to right , these reference letters indicate an order of precedence
of the datum feature so identified.
Ex.
M A B C
0.006
Primary datum
Secondary datum
Tertiary datum
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3. Feature control frame and Datum feature
frame
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4. Standard Rules
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4. Standard Rules
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4. Standard Rules
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4. Standard Rules
• Characteristics and Controls which can be applicable to “Size” features and thus to which RFS applies under Rule # 2
unless modified to MMC or LMC are:
• Straightness
•Perpendicularity
•Angularity
•Parallelism
•Position
•Characteristics and controls which are always applicable at RFS under Rule # 2 and due to the nature of the requirement cannot be
applied at MMC or LMC are:
•Circular Runout
•Total Runout
•Concentricity
•Symmetry
•Flatness
•Roundness
•Cylindricity
•Profile of line
•Profile of Surface
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4. Standard Rules
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4. Standard Rules
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5. MMC, LMC and RFS
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5. MMC, LMC and RFS
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5. MMC, LMC and RFS
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6. Form, Orientation, Location
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6. Form, Orientation, Location
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6. Form, Orientation, Location
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6. Form, Orientation, Location
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7. Tolerance Zones
M A B C
0.006
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8. Virtual Condition
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Paired comparison
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Geometric Controls detailed explanation
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Flatness
• Definition:
• Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in one
plane.
• Flatness tolerance – specifies a tolerance zone defined by two
parallel planes within which the surface must lie.
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Flatness
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Straightness
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Straightness of Surface
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Straightness of an axis(RFS)
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Straightness of an axis(RFS)
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Straightness of an axis (MMC)
• A virtual condition results i.e the collective effect of the MMC size
,plus (for shafts), minus (for holes) , the straightness tolerance
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Straightness of an axis (MMC)
• The straightness tolerance applies at MMC , as the actual size of the feature
frame controlled departs from MMC , the tolerance increases to the amount
of that departure.
• The straightness tolerance may be greater than the size tolerance where
necessary .
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Straightness of a center plane (RFS or MMC)
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Roundness (Circularity)
• Where w.r.t a sphere , all points of the surface intersected by any plane
passing through a common center are equidistant from that centre
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Roundness (Circularity)
• Each circular element of the cylindrical surface must lie in a tolerance zone
between 2 concentric circles the stated tolerance apart and in a plane
perpendicular to the part nominal axis.
• Circularity tolerance does not associate with the datum reference , each
circular element relates to a perfect counterpart of itself , a circle thus no
datum is needed nor proper .
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Roundness (Circularity)
• Part size may vary within its size tolerance , yet the circularity tolerance
remains the same . Where size of the produced part approaches LMC , the
roundness tolerance proportionately diminishes .
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Roundness (Circularity)
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Circularity of Cone
• The circularity tolerance is applied in the side view on the drawing . The
feature control frame is attached to the conical surface by a leader .
• All elements of the conical surface must lie within the specified size
tolerances.
• Each circular element of the conical surface must lie in a tolerance zone
between 2 concentric circles the stated tolerance apart and in a plane
perpendicular to the nominal axis of the conical surface .
• The circularity tolerance must be less than the controlling size tolerances,
logically , les than one half the controlling size tolerances .
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Circularity of Cone
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Cylindricity
• Definition :
• Is a condition of surface of revolution in which all points of the surface are
equidistant from a common axis .
• The Cylindricity tolerance must be less than the feature size tolerance .
• All the elements of the surface controlled are to be within the specified size
tolerance and the boundary of perfect form at MMC .
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Cylindricity
• C.T relates to the control of the surface form which is irrelevant to size ,
therefore RFS or MMC principle cannot be applied.
• C.T does not associate with a datum reference , the cylindrical elements
relate to a perfect counterpart of itself, a cylinder , thus no datum is needed ,
nor proper.
• Part size may vary within its size tolerance , yet the cylindricity tolerance
remains the same . Where the size of the product approaches LMC, C.T
proportionately diminishes .
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Cylindricity
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Quick reference for Form tolerances
Control Symbol Types of tolerancing Calculation of Inspection MMC Datum
tolerances method applicable
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Paired comparison
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4. Orientation Controls
Perpendicularity
( Squareness) Angularity Parallelism
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Datum Features - Application
• Definition ;
• Is theoretically exact point , axis , or plane derived from true geometric
counterpart of a specified datum feature . A datum is the origin from which
the location or geometric characteristics of features of part is established .
• A datum is established from an actual part feature .
• A datum feature refers to actual part feature and thus includes all the
inaccuracies and irregularities of produced feature.
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Datum Features - Application
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Perpendicularity
• Perpendicularity is the condition of a surface , median plane , or a
axis at a right angle (90°) to a datum plane or axis
• A perpendicularity tolerance specifies one of the below:
– A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a
datum plane or axis within which a surface or median plane of the
considered feature must lie
– A tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines perpendicular to a datum
axis within which the axis of the considered feature must lie
– A cylindrical tolerance zone perpendicular to a datum plane within
which the axis of the considered feature must lie
– A tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines perpendicular to a datum
plane or axis within which an element of the surface must lie
• Perpendicularity controls can be of the following types:
– Surface to Surface
– Axis to Surface (RFS)
– Axis to Surface (MMC)
– Axis to Axis
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Perpendicularity (Surface to Surface)
• The datum feature error is not accumulative to the related feature being
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Perpendicularity (Surface to Surface)
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Perpendicularity (Axis to Surface RFS)
• The Perpendicularity tolerance zone for a cylindrical feature of size , such as pin
which projects from a surface , is a tolerance zone of the stated tolerance and
perpendicular to the datum plane .Where the Perpendicularity tolerance is specified
on RFS basis , the tolerance indicated is maximum regardless of the actual mating
size of the produced feature . The derived axis of the produced feature must lie within
that tolerance zone .
• The controlled feature must be within the specified limits of size and within the
specified tolerance of location . Therefore Perpendicularity control of a size feature is
normally a refinement of another control ( I.e position) in terms of its orientation
relative to the specified datum
• The collective effect of the MMC size of the controlled feature such as a pin , and its
perpendicularity tolerance develop an outer boundary . This collective effect of the
possible feature error is considered as necessary in the relationship with other parts in
the design requirements . This consideration usually is a factor in determining that a
perpendicularity tolerance is necessary and in establishing the permissible amount of
such a tolerance
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Perpendicularity (Surface to Axis RFS)
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Perpendicularity (Axis to Surface - MMC)
• The controlled feature must be within the specified limits of size and within
the specified tolerance of location . Therefore Perpendicularity control of a
size feature is normally a refinement of another control ( i.e position) in
terms of its orientation relative to the specified datum .
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Perpendicularity (Surface to Axis MMC)
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Perpendicularity (Non-cylindrical feature)
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Angularity
• Angularity is the condition of the surface , axis or the median plane which is at a
specified angle ( other than 90°) from a datum plane or axis .
• Angularity tolerance always requires that the desired angle be indicated as a basic
angle .
• The angular relationship of the controlled feature ( surface or axis ) is not affected by
the surface irregularities of the datum feature since the relationship is from the datum
plane or axis .
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Angularity
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Parallelism of surface
• The considered feature surface must lie within a tolerance zone between
two parallel planes, the stated tolerance apart, which is Parallel to the datum
plane.
• Parallelism tolerance is shown in the view of the drawing where the parallel
relationship is seen. An appropriate feature control frame is used.
• The parallelism tolerance and the size tolerance is verified separately. The
surface must be within the specified size limits
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Parallelism of Surface
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Parallelism of Axis to Surface
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Parallelism of Axis to Axis
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Quick reference for Orientation tolerances
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Quick reference for Orientation tolerances
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Paired comparison
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5. Location Controls
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Position tolerance
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Datum reference frame (Three plan concept)
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Datum reference frame (Three plan concept)
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Datum Targets
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Positional Tolerance Theory
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Positional Tolerance Theory
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Center Distance between holes –
Floating Fastener
• Position tolerancing is effective when controlling location of mating part
features
• Where both mating parts have clearance holes to accommodate a
fastener as means of assembly, the “floating fastener” method of
calculation can be used to determine the position tolerance
• The size of the fastener is selected and the appropriate size of the
clearance holes are then determined and specified as based upon the
designer discretion or as per standard
• The MMC of both the mating features are used to calculate the positional
tolerance
• Formula is T = H- F (H – Hole F – Fastener) Both at are MMC
• Functional gage principles are utilized where MMC are specified. Gage
Pin size is determined as P = H – T
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Center Distance between holes –
Fixed Fastener
• Where one part has clearance hole to accommodate fixed pins (or
fasteners) on the mating part or assembly, the “fixed fastener”
method of calculation is used to determine the position tolerances
• The sizes of the mating features are determined as per the
standard or designer discretion
• The tolerance is calculated as follows; T = (H-F)/2 both at MMC
• Where desirable to select a more suitable distribution of tolerance
between the parts, the calculated total tolerance may be divided
between the parts
• Functional gage is used to verify the position of the holes. Gage
Pin size is given by the formula P = H – T
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Center Distance between holes –
Fixed Fastener
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Position Tolerance – Datum reference
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Center Distance and Relation to Edges
• Where a position tolerance is applied to the features in a pattern (i.e. holes) and the pattern
relationship to outside part edges (or other features) is less critical, the composite position
tolerance method may be used. In such applications the required precision in pattern ( feature
relating tolerance) can be stated, yet the pattern ( as a unit) may be separately stated with more
lenient control relative to the part edges ( datum features) with a pattern location tolerance. The
MMC principle is usually most appropriate in such applications.
• Where the composite positional tolerancing method is used, datum's are required. The datum
reference frame and datum precedence is also used. This will ensure proper functional interface
with the component or part which mounts to the located features ( i.e. holes) and on the
indicated surface (datum). Although rare , it is permissible to omit datum's in the feature relating
tolerance callout
• The features (holes) on the example shown may individually vary from their true position within
the specified “feature relating” position tolerance & the established t zones at each true position
and as oriented to datum A. The hole pattern relative to the specified datum's (i.e. A, B & C) may
shift/rotate from true position within the specified “Pattern locating” position tolerance. These two
requirements are both applicable to the feature pattern but are separate requirements.
• The feature control frame is constructed as a composite symbol with the “pattern locating”
position tolerance in the upper portion and the “feature relating” position tolerance in the lower
portion of the symbol. There is no significance as to whether each portion is in the upper or lower
segment; the datum indicators and the tolerance values are the key criteria. The method shown
is standard.
• It should be noted that in the composite positional tolerancing method , one control (i.e.
position) is used on both portions of the requirement. The discipline of the datum reference
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Center Distance and Relation to Edges
• Orientation of the features (holes) in the pattern and their location with respect to true
position and one another must be within the “feature relating” position tolerance ( i.e.
Ø.008). To ensure that this requirement clearly indicates an orientation relationship ( if
required per the design), the primary datum is stated.
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Center Distance and Relation to Edges
Note that the nominal gage pin sizes are the virtual conditions sizes of the holes
developed from their respective position tolerances. Described above are “hard
gages." Soft gaging” principles, using computer or electronic means to accomplish
the same task via CMM data, software programs & mathematical manipulation, are
in common use as well.
The added datum B gives orientation to the pattern true positions ( i.e. parallel to
secondary datum B) but not location. The functional gage principles for the
“feature relating” pattern would then require an added sliding rail similar to that
shown in Slide no.
Ø.030 A B C
Ø.008 A B
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Center Distance and Relation to Edges
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Center Distance and Relation to another
Feature (Hole)
• Where a position tolerance is applied to features in a pattern (i.e. holes) and the
pattern relationship is to another feature, such as a pilot hole, that feature can be
indicated as a locating datum. In such a case, the location of the surrounding
feature (holes) pattern relative to the pilot hole is the critical requirement. A mating
part situation with a pilot pin surrounded by its counterpart features (pins, tapped
holes) can be envisioned as the mating part interface.
• The pilot hole feature may first be specified with a more lenient positional tolerance
relative to the selected outside features. Where necessary , a refinement in
orientation (i.e. a perpendicularity tolerance) may be necessary to ensure the proper
pilot hole orientation ( squareness) & the pilot pin mating part interface. Since the
datum feature (the pilot hole) is a “size” feature the MMC principle can be applied if
appropriate to the design requirement; for ex., if there is to be a clearance fit
between the pilot hole & pilot pin at assembly.
• Where the surrounding holes are to interface with mating part features (i.e. pins,
tapped holes) their positional tolerance is calculated using the “fixed fastener”
formula and maximum material condition is specified. The location dimensions for
the surrounding holes are specified relative to the pilot hole.
• The datum references specified with the surrounding holes are, first, the orientation
(squareness ) datum ( top surface) as the primary datum, the location datum ( pilot
hole) as the secondary datum, and an outside surface as the tertiary datum.
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Center Distance and Relation to another
Feature (Hole)
• As indicated by the Datum/Virtual Condition Rule, the pilot hole ( the secondary &
locating datum), is implied at its virtual condition. That is, the pilot hole has been
permitted orientation tolerance in its control. This, therefore, must be recognized in
its “pick-up” in fixturing & inspection and as pertinent to the part function.
• Where MMC is specified to the surrounding holes and also to the pilot hole, the full
advantages of MMC are realized. Part function is assured, additional production
tolerance is available, and functional gaging techniques may be used. As each
surrounding hole actual mating size departs from its MMC in production, an increase
in the hole position tolerance is realized to the extent of that departure; as the pilot
hole actual mating size departs from its MMC in production , the shift of the
surrounding hole pattern as a group is permissible relative to the pilot hole.
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Center Distance and Relation to another
Feature (Hole)
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Position Tolerance – Co-axial features
• Where one part has clearance holes ( bores , counterbores etc. ) and the
mating part has corresponding features ( pins shafts etc.) , the ‘fixed
fastener ‘ method of calculation can be used to determine the position
tolerances on both part mating features
• The sizes of the mating features are determined and specified as based
upon the designer discretion or as selected from standards
recommendations .
• The MMC sizes of the mating features i.e the shaft and related hole , are
used to calculate the position Tolerance for these features on both parts .
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Position Tolerance – Co-axial features
• H = hole MMC
S = shaft MMC
• Where there is a relationship of only one feature to the datum feature on each part ,
an extension of the fixed fastener method maybe used to directly derive maximum
tolerance and yet assure function and assembly using the formula T= ( ( H-S) + (
D2-D1)) / 2
i.e Ø 0.005 = ((Ø 0.711- Ø 0.706) + (Ø 0.905- Ø 0.900) ) /2
• Where MMC is specified , the stated positional tolerances on each part are
individually increased an amount equal to the actual mating size departure from
MMC size as the holes and shafts are produced
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Position Tolerance – Co-axial features
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Position Tolerance –
Design of Co-axial gages
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Position Tolerance –
Composite control of Co-axial features
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Position Tolerance – Non cylindrical features
• Where one part has slots and the mating part has external width features ,
the ‘fixed fastener ‘ method of calculation can be used to determine the
position tolerances on both part mating features
• The sizes of the mating features are determined and specified as based
upon the designer discretion or as selected from standards
recommendations .
• The MMC sizes of the mating features i.e the slots and related external
width, are used to calculate the position Tolerance for these features on
both parts .
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Position Tolerance – Non cylindrical features
• SL = slot MMC
W = external width MMC
• Where there is a relationship of only one feature to the datum feature on each part ,
an extension of the fixed fastener method maybe used to directly derive maximum
tolerance and yet assure function and assembly.
• Where MMC is specified , the stated positional tolerances on each part are
individually increased an amount equal to the actual mating size departure from
MMC size as the slots & widths are produced .
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Position Tolerance – Non cylindrical features
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Converting from Position to Co-ordinate
and Vice-versa
• Conversion from stated positional tolerance on the drawing to equivalent ±
tolerances maybe necessary for tool building , prototype parts manufactures ,
inspection etc.
• Tool designers , tool makers , machinists , model makers , inspectors etc. can
convert positional tolerances to equivalent ± tolerances by the use of ‘ rule of thumb’
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Converting from Position to Co-ordinate
and Vice-versa
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Converting from Position to Co-ordinate
and Vice-versa
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Inspection methods for Position
Tolerances
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Translating Position tolerance
to Tool tolerance
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Positional Tolerancing
Functional Gaging Design
• Functional gaging simulates individual part feature function and their
interface with mating part features . IT ensures proper assembly and
fulfillment of design requirements while also encouraging economic
advantages to production and inspection .
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Positional Tolerancing
Functional Gaging Design
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Symmetry
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Concentricity
• Concentricity is that condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a
figure of revolution ( or correspondingly located elements of 2 or more radially disposed features
) are congruent with the axis ( or centre point ) of a datum feature .
• Concentricity tolerance - A Concentricity tolerance is a cylindrical ( or spherical ) tolerance zone
whose axis ( or centre point ) coincides with the axis or centre point of the datum feature(s) . The
median of all correspondingly located elements of the feature(s) being controlled , RFS must lie
within the cylindrical or spherical tolerance zone . The specified tolerance and the datum
reference can only apply on RFS basis
• Concentricity tolerance is an axis to axis type of control which can effectively relate coaxial
features where part tolerance , uniform distribution of part feature mass in rotation , controlling
the geometry of a non rigid rotational part , etc is required .
• Concentricity tolerance – is more restrictive and potentially costly requirement due to the
possible need for detailed analysis of the part in verification .Before concentricity tolerance is
selected , the options of position tolerance at MMC or runout tolerance tolerance should be
considered .
• Concentricity tolerance considers in composite the effect of various surface errors such as out of
straightness, out of circularity out of cylindricity , etc as the median points are determined .
• Concentricity verification requires a form of differential measurement at opposed elements of the
surface , to determine the resultant feature median point .Where precision spindle machine
methods are used, polar graph printout and analysis with overlay gages will achieve the same
results . Computerization analysis is also used where such capability is available .
• Concentricity tolerance is always specified and implied on an RFS basis .If MMC principles are
desired ,consider position tolerance .
• All size tolerance must be met independent of the concentricity tolerance .
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Concentricity
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Restrained Features
• Appropriate geometric tolerance and datum symbols are placed on the drawing to
specify the relationship desired . A note describing the conditions under which these
requirements are to met including the word RESTRAINED , is added to the drawing
• When the amount of the restraint is not specifically indicated the restraint implied is
that required to simulate part function or assembly .
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Quick reference for Location tolerances
Control Symbol Types of tolerancing Calculation of Inspection MMC Datum
tolerances method applicable
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Quick reference for Location tolerances
Control Symbol Types of tolerancing Calculation of Inspection MMC Datum
tolerances method applicable
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Paired comparison
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5. Composite Controls
• Runout is the composite deviation from the desired form and orientation of a part
surface of revolution during full rotation (360 deg) of the part on a datum axis
• Typical applications are on rotating shafts, shafts to bearings where more precise
surface to axis relationship is required
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Runout – Surface to Axis
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Runout – Surface to Axis
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Runout – Between Centers
• Where the datum axis is established from two internal centers, it is the
maximum inscribed true cone which will contact the extremities of the two
produced centers (cones); the two true cones can be represented by
machining or inspection centers.
• Where total runout is specified, the concerned surface must be within the
stated runout tolerance across the entire feature when rotated 360 deg
about the datum axis
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Runout – Between Centers
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Runout – Between two functional
Diameters
• This is given for parts mounted to bearings. The bearing mount diameters
are selected as the datum's
• Runout error can possibly accumulate between features where they are
relative to the same datum. This error will be to the extent of the sum of the
concerned runout tolerances
• Runout can also be applied to surfaces at right angles to the datum axis.
Such application can control perpendicularity, wobble etc..
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Runout – Between two functional
Diameters
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Runout – Face and one Diameter
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Quick reference for Composite tolerances
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Paired comparison
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5. Profile Tolerances
• Profile tolerance specifies a uniform boundary along the desired true profile within
which the feature elements (surface or line) must lie
• Profile tolerance is used to control form or combination of form, size, orientation and
location of a feature
• Where profile is used as refinement of size, the profile tolerance must be less than
the size tolerance
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Profile of a Surface
• This tolerance is a three dimensional zone and is the distance between two
boundaries disposed about the desired true profile or entirely disposed on one side
of the desired true profile( based on the position of the arrow)
• Where necessary for clarification, letter (i.e X and Y) are used to indicate the start
and the end of the profile
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Profile of a Surface
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Profile of a Surface ( All-round)
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Profile of a Surface (Coplanar surface)
• Profile of a surface can be used to control two or more surfaces where it is desired
to specify interrupted or non-continuous surfaces in their co planarity
• Co planarity is the condition of the two or more surfaces have all elements in one
plane
• Where two or more surfaces are involved, specified surfaces can be selected as
datum's if pertinent to the part function. In such cases, the profile tolerance zone
applies to all the coplanar surfaces including the designated surface features
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Profile of a Surface (Coplanar surface)
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Quick reference for Profile tolerances
Control Symbol Types of tolerancing Calculation of Inspection MMC Datum
tolerances method applicable
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