Draw the V-I Characteristics of a uni-directional Device.

Aim
Circuit Diagram,
Output
Graph
Calculation
(5)
Model graph
(5)
(5)
and Result
and Formula.
(5)
(20)

Viva
(10)

Total
(50)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a Device, which can act as a Voltage Regulator.
Aim
Circuit Diagram,
Output
Graph
Calculation
Viva
Total
(5)
Model graph and
(5)
(5)
and Result
(10)
(50)
Formula.
(5)
(20)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a PN junction, which converts Electrical Energy

into Optical Energy.
Aim
Circuit
Output
Graph
Calculation
Viva
Total
(5)
Diagram, Model
(5)
(5)
and Result
(10)
(50)
graph and
(5)
Formula.
(20)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of Voltage Controlled Device.

Aim
Circuit
Output
Graph
Calculation
(5)
Diagram, Model
(5)
(5)
and Result
graph and
(5)
Formula.
(20)

Viva
(10)

Total
(50)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a Device, which has single PN junction and 3
terminals.

Aim
(5)

Circuit Diagram,
Model graph and
Formula.
(20)

Output
(5)

Graph
(5)

Calculation
and Result
(5)

Viva
(10)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a Device, which has Ic= IE+Ico.

Aim
Circuit
Output
Graph
Calculation
Viva
(5)
Diagram, Model
(5)
(5)
and Result
(10)
graph and
(5)
Formula.
(20)

Construct the Voltage Limiter circuit and obtain the output waveform.
Aim
Circuit
Output
Graph
Calculation
Viva
(5)
Diagram, Model
(5)
(5)
and Result
(10)
graph and
(5)
Formula.
(20)

Draw the V-I characteristics of four layer current controlling devices

Aim
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5) Calculation
Viva
(5)
Diagram, Model
and
(10)
graph and
Result(5)
Formula.(20)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a Device, which has Ic= IB + (1+)Ico.

Aim
Circuit
Output
Graph
Calculation
Viva
(5)
Diagram, Model
(5)
(5)
and Result
(10)
graph and
(5)
Formula.
(20)

Total
(50)

Total
(50)

Total
(50)

Total
(50)

Total
(50)

Draw the V-I characteristics of bilateral triode thyristor

Aim
Circuit
Output
Graph
Calculation
(5)
Diagram, Model
(5)
(5)
and Result
graph and
(5)
Formula.
(20)

Prove the OR and AND operation using diodes.

Aim
Circuit
Output
Graph
(5)
Diagram, Model
(5)
(5)
graph and
Formula.
(20)

Calculation
and Result
(5)

Viva
(10)

Viva
(10)

Total
(50)

Total
(50)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a uni-directional Device.

Aim(5)

Circuit
Diagram, Model
graph and
Formula.(20)

Output(5)

Graph(5)

Calculation
and
Result(5)

Viva
(10)

Total
(50)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a Device, which can act as a Voltage Regulator.
Aim(5)

Circuit
Diagram, Model
graph and
Formula.(20)

Output(5)

Graph(5)

Calculation
and
Result(5)

Viva
(10)

Total
(50)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a PN junction, which converts Electrical Energy into
Optical Energy.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5) Calculation
Viva
Total
Diagram, Model
and
(10)
(50)
graph and
Result(5)
Formula.(20)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of Voltage Controlled Device.

Aim(5)

Circuit
Diagram, Model
graph and
Formula.(20)

Output(5)

Graph(5)

Calculation
and
Result(5)

Viva
(10)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a Device, which has single PN junction and 3
terminals.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5) Calculation
Viva
Diagram, Model
and
(10)
graph and
Result(5)
Formula.(20)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a Device, which has Ic= IE+Ico.

Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5) Calculation
Viva
Diagram, Model
and
(10)

Total
(50)

Total
(50)

Total
(50)

graph and
Formula.(20)

Result(5)

Construct the Voltage Limiter circuit and obtain the output waveform.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5) Calculation
Viva
Diagram, Model
and
(10)
graph and
Result(5)
Formula.(20)

Construct the DC restorer circuit and obtain the output waveform.

Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5) Calculation
Viva
Diagram, Model
and
(10)
graph and
Result(5)
Formula.(20)

Draw the V-I Characteristics of a Device, which has Ic= IB + (1+)Ico.

Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5) Calculation
Viva
Diagram, Model
and
(10)
graph and
Result(5)
Formula.(20)

Total
(50)

Total
(50)

Total
(50)

Construct the circuit to obtain the uni-directional voltage, using uni-directional

device with the efficiency of 40.6%.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5) Calculation
Viva
Total
Diagram, Model
and
(10)
(50)
graph and
Result(5)
Formula.(20)

Construct the circuit to obtain the uni-directional voltage, using uni-directional

device with the efficiency of 81.2%.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5) Calculation
Viva
Total
Diagram, Model
and
(10)
(50)
graph and
Result(5)
Formula.(20)

Convert digital signal into Analog signal using two different Amplitude and
Frequency. Obtain the output waveform.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5)
Result(5)
Viva
Total
Diagram, Model
(10)
(50)
graph (20)

Convert analog signal into Digital signal with respect to Amplitude and
Duration. Obtain the output waveform.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5)
Result(5)
Viva
Diagram, Model
(10)
graph (20)

Total
(50)

Perform analog modulation and demodulation for audio in TV and obtain the
output waveform.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5)
Result(5)
Viva
Total
Diagram, Model
(10)
(50)
graph(20)

Perform analog modulation and demodulation for video in TV and obtain the
output waveform.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5)
Result(5)
Viva
Total
Diagram, Model
(10)
(50)
graph(20)

Perform Digital Pulse modulation and obtain the output waveform.

Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5)
Result(5)
Viva
Diagram, Model
(10)
graph(20)

Total
(50)

Convert analog signal into Digital signal with respect to Position and Duration.
Obtain the output waveform.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5)
Result(5)
Viva
Total
Diagram, Model
(10)
(50)
graph(20)

Convert analog signal into Digital signal with respect to Position. Obtain the
output waveform.
Simulate Two way Propagation Model.
Aim(5)
Circuit
Output(5) Graph(5)
Diagram, Model
graph (20)

Result(5)

Viva
(10)

Total
(50)

SRI GANESH COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

LIST OF ELECTIVES
VI Semester
EC E61 Soft Computing
EC E62 VLSI Design
EC E63 Digital Signal Processors and Applications
EC E64 Operating Systems
EC E65 Consumer Electronics
EC E66 Object Oriented Programming
VIII Semester
EC E81 Cellular Mobile communication
EC E82 Satellite Communication Systems
EC E83 Microwave Integrated Circuit Design
EC E84 Optoelectronic Devices
EC E85 RF Circuit Design
EC E86 Speech Processing
Electives chosen for VI semester and VIII semester are given below:
VI Semester
EC E62 VLSI Design
EC E65 Consumer Electronics

VIII Semester
EC E81 Cellular Mobile communication
EC E82 Satellite Communication Systems

A management information system (MIS) provides information that organizations require to manage
themselves efficiently and effectively.[1] Management information systems are typically computer
systems used for managing. The five primary components: 1.) Hardware, 2.) Software, 3.) Data
(information for decision making), 4.) Procedures (design,development and documentation), and 5.)
People (individuals, groups, or organizations). Management information systems are distinct from other
information systems because they are used to analyze and facilitate strategic and operational activities.
[2]

Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the study of how individuals, groups, and
organizations evaluate, design, implement, manage, and utilize systems to generate information to
improve efficiency and effectiveness of decision making, including systems termed decision support
systems, expert systems, and executive information systems.[2] Most business schools (or colleges of
business administration within universities) have an MIS department, alongside departments of
accounting, finance, management, marketing, and sometimes others, and grant degrees (at undergrad,
masters, and PhD levels) in MIS.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of ERP
The advantages and disadvantages of ERP is an interesting Study. The foremost advantage of an ERP
system is bringing down the costs and saving the valuable time which would have been wasted in
procedural maneuvers and unwanted delays.
There are a number of powerful advantages to Enterprise Resource Planning. It has been used to solve
a number of problems that have plagued large organizations in the past. At the same time, it is not
without a number of disadvantages. Being able to weigh the two will allow a company to decide if this
solution will properly meet their needs.
Advantages of ERP
Integration
Integration can be highest benefit of them all - practically, the only really good project aim for
implementing ERP is reducing data redundancy and redundant data entry. If this is set as a goal, to

automate inventory posting to G/L etc. then it might be a successful project. Those companies where
integration is not so important or even dangerous tend to have a hard time with ERP: ERP does not
improve the individual efficiency of users, so if they expect it, it will be a big disappointment - ERP
only
improves
the
cooperation
of
users.
Efficiency
Generally, ERP software focuses on integration and tends to not care about the daily needs of people. I
think individual efficiency can suffer by implementing an ERP - so the big question is that whether the
benefit of integration and cooperation can make up for the loss in personal efficiency or not.
Cost

reduction

It reduces cost only if the company took accounting and reporting seriously even before the ERP and
had put a lot of manual effort in it. If they didn't care about it, if they just did some simple accounting
to fill mandatory statements and if internal reporting did not exists of has not been financially-oriented,
then no cost is reduced. If you can get a good estimate on next years sales by asking "Hey Joe, how it's
going?"
then
don't
ever
think
on
implementing
an
ERP.
Fewer personnel
Same as above. Less reporting or accounting personnel, but more sales assistants etc.
Accuracy
People are accurate, not software. What ERP does is makes the lives of inaccurate people or
organization a complete hell and maybe forces them to be accurate (which means hiring more people or
distributing
work
better),
or
it
falls.
Disadvantages of ERP
Problems with ERP systems are mainly due to inadequate investment in ongoing training for involved
personnel, including those implementing and testing changes, as well as a lack of corporate policy
protecting the integrity of the data in the ERP systems and how it is used.
1.
Customization
of
the
ERP
software
is
limited.
2. Re-engineering of business processes to fit the "industry standard" prescribed by the ERP system
may
lead
to
a
loss
of
competitive
advantage.
3. ERP systems can be very expensive leading to a new category of "ERP light" solutions
4.ERPs are often seen as too rigid and too difficult to adapt to the specific workflow and business
process of some companiesthis is cited as one of the main causes of their failure.
5. Many of the integrated links need high accuracy in other applications to work effectively. A company
can achieve minimum standards, and then over time "dirty data" will reduce the reliability of some
applications.
6. Once a system is established, switching costs are very high for any one of the partners (reducing
flexibility
and
strategic
control
at
the
corporate
level).
7. The blurring of company boundaries can cause problems in accountability, lines of responsibility,
and
employee
morale.
8. Resistance in sharing sensitive internal information between departments can reduce the
effectiveness
of
the
software.
9. Some large organizations may have multiple departments with separate, independent resources,
missions, chains-of-command, etc, and consolidation into a single enterprise may yield limited
benefits.
10. The system may be too complex measured against the actual needs of the customer.
Conclusion
ERP is recommended in an organization not only because the advantages outnumber the disadvantages
but also by keeping in mind the ways to overcome the disadvantages. An organization has to correctly
weigh the advantages and disadvantages of ERP before going for them.

Spread spectrum
In telecommunication and radio communication, spread-spectrum techniques are methods
by which a signal (e.g. an electrical, electromagnetic, or acoustic signal) generated with a
particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with
a wider bandwidth. These techniques are used for a variety of reasons, including the
establishment of secure communications, increasing resistance to natural interference, noise

and jamming, to prevent detection, and to limit power flux density (e.g. in satellite
downlinks).
Spread-spectrum telecommunications This is a technique in which a telecommunication
signal is transmitted on a bandwidth considerably larger than the frequency content of the
original information. Frequency hopping is a basic modulation technique used in spread
spectrum signal transmission.
Spread-spectrum telecommunications is a signal structuring technique that employs direct
sequence, frequency hopping, or a hybrid of these, which can be used for multiple access
and/or multiple functions. This technique decreases the potential interference to other
receivers while achieving privacy. Spread spectrum generally makes use of a sequential noiselike signal structure to spread the normally narrowband information signal over a relatively
wideband (radio) band of frequencies. The receiver correlates the received signals to retrieve
the original information signal. Originally there were two motivations: either to resist enemy
efforts to jam the communications (anti-jam, or AJ), or to hide the fact that communication
was even taking place, sometimes called low probability of intercept (LPI).
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), timehopping spread spectrum (THSS), chirp spread spectrum (CSS), and combinations of these
techniques are forms of spread spectrum. Each of these techniques employs pseudorandom
number sequences created using pseudorandom number generators to determine and
control the spreading pattern of the signal across the allocated bandwidth. Ultra-wideband
(UWB) is another modulation technique that accomplishes the same purpose, based on
transmitting short duration pulses. Wireless standard IEEE 802.11 uses either FHSS or DSSS
in its radio interface.

Techniques
Techniques known since the 1940s and used in military communication systems since
the 1950s "spread" a radio signal over a wide frequency range several magnitudes
higher than minimum requirement. The core principle of spread spectrum is the use of
noise-like carrier waves, and, as the name implies, bandwidths much wider than that
required for simple point-to-point communication at the same data rate.
Resistance to jamming (interference). DS (direct sequence) is better at resisting
continuous-time narrowband jamming, while FH (frequency hopping) is better at
resisting pulse jamming. In DS systems, narrowband jamming affects detection
performance about as much as if the amount of jamming power is spread over the
whole signal bandwidth, when it will often not be much stronger than background
noise. By contrast, in narrowband systems where the signal bandwidth is low, the
received signal quality will be severely lowered if the jamming power happens to be
concentrated on the signal bandwidth.
Resistance to eavesdropping. The spreading code (in DS systems) or the frequencyhopping pattern (in FH systems) is often unknown by anyone for whom the signal is
unintended, in which case it "encrypts" the signal and reduces the chance of an
adversary's making sense of it. Moreover, for a given noise power spectral density
(PSD), spread-spectrum systems require the same amount of energy per bit before
spreading as narrowband systems and therefore the same amount of power if the
bitrate before spreading is the same, but since the signal power is spread over a large

bandwidth, the signal PSD is much lower often significantly lower than the noise
PSD so that the adversary may be unable to determine whether the signal exists at
all. However, for mission-critical applications, particularly those employing
commercially available radios, spread-spectrum radios do not intrinsically provide
adequate security; "...just using spread-spectrum radio itself is not sufficient for
communications security". [1]
Resistance to fading. The high bandwidth occupied by spread-spectrum signals offer
some frequency diversity, i.e. it is unlikely that the signal will encounter severe
multipath fading over its whole bandwidth, and in other cases the signal can be
detected using e.g. a Rake receiver.
Multiple access capability, known as code-division multiple access (CDMA) or codedivision multiplexing (CDM). Multiple users can transmit simultaneously in the same
frequency band as long as they use different spreading codes.