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Experimental Vs
CFD
Approximated solutions of
differential equations
kiel probes
Wind tunnel
Motivation
Modern engineers apply both experimental and CFD
analyses
the two complement each other
For example, engineers may obtain global properties, such
as lift, drag, pressure drop, or power, experimentally, but
use CFD to obtain details about the flow field, such as shear
stresses, velocity and pressure profiles, and flow
streamlines.
In addition, experimental data are often used to validate
CFD solutions by matching the computationally and
experimentally determined global quantities.
CFD is then employed to shorten the design cycle through
carefully controlled parametric studies, thereby reducing
the required amount of experimental testing.
Equations of Motion
Continuity equation
=0
NavierStokes equation
1
= + 2
first-order approximation
Equations of Motion
2 1
Continuity equation
=0
NavierStokes equation
1
= + 2
kiel probes
CFD Process
Geometry
& Domain
Meshing
Boundary
conditions
& Fluid
properties
Initial values,
discretization
methods,
& solution
algorithms
Solved
Iteratively
Post
processing
=0
=0
Grid Generation
Structured grid
Unstructured grid
Node
9 nodes and 8 intervals on
the top & bottom edges
5 nodes and 4 intervals on
the left & right edges
Equiangle skewness:
max equal equal min
EAS = MAX
,
180 equal
equal
Grid Independent
CFD solution is grid independent?
To test:
Repeat the simulation using finer grid
(a factor of 2 in all directions if feasible)
If the results do not change
appreciably, the original grid is
probably adequate
If it does change significantly, the
original grid resolution is inadequate
Use even finer grid(s) until the grid is
adequately resolved
Grid Independent
CFD solution is grid independent?
To test:
Repeat the simulation using finer grid
(a factor of 2 in all directions if feasible)
If the results do not change
appreciably, the original grid is
probably adequate
If it does change significantly, the
original grid resolution is inadequate
Use even finer grid(s) until the grid is
adequately resolved
Twice finer
23 = 8
e.g.
1 million cells 8 million cells 64 million cells
Boundary Conditions
Appropriate boundary conditions
are required to obtain an accurate
CFD solution
= 0
Boundary conditions
Side walls and ceiling:
Free slip
Free-slip wall BC
Vehicle surface:
Log-law BC
Ground:
Log-law Velocity BC or Log-law BC
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Case 1:
LAMINAR CFD CALCULATIONS
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Coarse
120
Cd
1.00
Medium 110
0.982
Fine
109
0.977
Exp.
82
1.1 to 1.4
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36
Specific Reynolds
stress tensor
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40
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42
Case 4: Design of
the Stator for a
Vane-Axial Flow Fan
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Targets:
avg > 45 deg.
No significant flow separation
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Hot tube
50
= 10
T increase = 5.65 K
Improved by 2.5%
51
= 10
T increase = 5.65 K
Improved by 2.5%
52
= 0
Tube wall is modelled as rough surface
Characteristic roughness height of 0.01 m (1% of cube diameter)
T increase = 14.48 K
Improved by 163%
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Fr = 1.81
Fr = 0.452
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