Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 69

Numerical

method used for solving


problems that cannot be solved analytically
(e.g., due to complicated geometry,
different materials)
Well suited to computers
Originally applied to problems in solid
mechanics
Other application areas include heat
transfer, fluid flow, electromagnetism

Preprocessing
Geometry
Modelling analysis type
Material properties
Mesh
Boundary conditions
Solution

Solve linear or nonlinear algebraic equations

simultaneously to obtain nodal results


(displacements, temperatures etc.)

Postprocessing

Obtain other results (stresses, heat fluxes)

Continuous

elastic structure
(geometric continuum) divided
into small (but finite), welldefined substructures, called
elements
Elements are connected
together at nodes; nodes have
degrees of freedom
Discretization process known
as meshing

Elements modelled as linear springs


F
l
, , E
A
l
EA
F
l , similar to F kx
l

F
l
, , E
A
l
EA
F
l , similar to F kx
l

Local

elastic behaviour of each element


defined in matrix form in terms of
loading, displacement, and stiffness
Stiffness determined by geometry and material

properties (AE/l)

Elements

assembled through common


nodes into a global matrix
Global boundary conditions (loads and
supports) applied to nodes (in practice,
applied to underlying geometry)
F1 K1 K 2
F K
2
2

K 2 U1
K 2 U 2

Matrix

operations used to determine


unknown dofs (e.g., nodal
displacements)
Run time proportional to #nodes or
elements
Error messages
Bad elements

Insufficient disk space, RAM


Insufficiently constrained

Displacements

stresses

used to derive strains and

First Principles (Newtons


Body under external loading
Area Moments of Inertia

Laws)

Stress and Strain


Principal stresses
Stress states: bending, shear, torsion,

pressure, contact, thermal expansion


Stress concentration factors

Material

Properties
Failure Modes
Dynamic Analysis

Several approaches can be used to transform the physical


formulation of a problem to its finite element discrete analogue.
If the physical formulation of the problem is described as a
differential equation, then the most popular solution method is
the Method of Weighted Residuals.
If the physical problem can be formulated as the minimization
of a functional, then the Variational Formulation is usually
used.

One family of methods used to numerically solve differential equations


are called the methods of weighted residuals (MWR).
In the MWR, an approximate solution is substituted into the differential
equation. Since the approximate solution does not identically satisfy the
equation, a residual, or error term, results.
Consider a differential equation
Dy(x) + Q = 0
(1)

Suppose that y = h(x) is an approximate solution to (1). Substitution then


gives Dh(x) + Q = R, where R is a nonzero residual. The MWR then
requires that
W i(x)R(x) = 0 (2)
where W i(x) are the weighting functions. The number of weighting
functions equals the number of unknown coefficients in the approximate
solution.

There are several choices for the weighting functions, W i.


In the Galerkins method, the weighting functions are the same
functions that were used in the approximating equation.
The Galerkins method yields the same results as the variational
method when applied to differential equations that are self-adjoint.
The MWR is therefore an integral solution method. The weighted
integral is called the weak form.
Many readers may find it unusual to see a numerical solution that
is based on an integral formulation.

The variational method involves the integral of a function that


produces a number. Each new function produces a new
number.
The function that produces the lowest number has the
additional property of satisfying a specific differential equation.
Consider the integral
p D/2 * y(x) - Qy]dx = 0.

(1)

The numerical value of p can be calculated given a specific


equation y = f(x). Variational calculus shows that the
particular equation y = g(x) which yields the lowest numerical
value for p is the solution to the differential equation
Dy(x) + Q = 0.

(2)

In solid mechanics, the so-called Rayeigh-Ritz technique


uses the Theorem of Minimum Potential Energy (with the
potential energy being the functional, p) to develop the
element equations.
The trial solution that gives the minimum value of p is the
approximate solution.
In other specialty areas, a variational principle can usually
be found.

The three main sources of error in a typical FEM solution are


discretization errors, formulation errors and numerical
errors.

Discretization error results from transforming the physical


system (continuum) into a finite element model, and can be
related to modeling the boundary shape, the boundary
conditions, etc.

Discretization error due to poor


geometry representation.

Discretization error effectively


eliminated.

Formulation error results from the use of elements that don't


precisely describe the behavior of the physical problem.
Elements which are used to model physical problems for which they
are not suited are sometimes referred to as ill-conditioned or
mathematically unsuitable elements.
For example a particular finite element might be formulated on the
assumption that displacements vary in a linear manner over the
domain. Such an element will produce no formulation error when it is
used to model a linearly varying physical problem (linear varying
displacement field in this example), but would create a significant
formulation error if it used to represent a quadratic or cubic varying
displacement field.

Numerical

error occurs as a result of


numerical calculation procedures, and
includes truncation errors and round off
errors.
Numerical error is therefore a problem
mainly concerning the FEM vendors and
developers.
The user can also contribute to the
numerical accuracy, for example, by
specifying a physical quantity, say Youngs
modulus, E, to an inadequate number of
decimal places.

Can readily handle complex geometry:


The heart and power of the FEM.
Can handle complex analysis types:
Vibration
Transients
Nonlinear
Heat transfer
Fluids
Can handle complex loading:
Node-based loading (point loads).
Element-based loading (pressure, thermal, inertial
forces).
Time or frequency dependent loading.
Can handle complex restraints:
Indeterminate structures can be analyzed.

Can handle bodies comprised of nonhomogeneous materials:


Every element in the model could be assigned a different
set of material properties.
Can handle bodies comprised of nonisotropic materials:
Orthotropic
Anisotropic
Special material effects are handled:
Temperature dependent properties.
Plasticity
Creep
Swelling
Special geometric effects can be modeled:
Large displacements.
Large rotations.
Contact (gap) condition.

A specific numerical result is obtained for a specific


problem. A general closed-form solution, which would
permit one to examine system response to changes in
various parameters, is not produced.
The FEM is applied to an approximation of the
mathematical model of a system (the source of so-called
inherited errors.)
Experience and judgment are needed in order to construct
a good finite element model.
A powerful computer and reliable FEM software are
essential.
Input and output data may be large and tedious to prepare
and interpret.

Numerical problems:
Computers only carry a finite number of significant
digits.
Round off and error accumulation.
Can help the situation by not attaching stiff (small)
elements to flexible (large) elements.
Susceptible to user-introduced modelling errors:
Poor choice of element types.
Distorted elements.
Geometry not adequately modelled.
Certain effects not automatically included:
Complex Buckling
Hybrid composites.
Nanomaterials modelling .
Multiple simultaneous causes.

Module 6

In this, we will briefly describe how to


do a thermal-stress analysis.
The purpose is two-fold:
To show you how to apply thermal loads in a

stress analysis.
To introduce you to a coupled-field analysis.

Thermally Induced Stress


When a structure is heated or cooled,
it deforms by expanding or
contracting.
If the deformation is somehow
restricted by displacement
constraints or an opposing pressure,
for example thermal stresses are
induced in the structure.
Another cause of thermal stresses is
non-uniform deformation, due to
different materials (i.e, different
coefficients of thermal expansion).

Thermal stresses
due to constraints

Thermal stresses
due to different
materials

There are two methods of solving thermal-stress problems


using ANSYS. Both methods have their advantages.
Sequential coupled field
- Older method, uses two element types mapping thermal
results as structural temperature loads
+Efficient when running many thermal transient time
points but few structural time points
+Can easily be automated with input files
Direct coupled field

+Newer method uses one element type to solve both


physics problems
+Allows true coupling between thermal and structural
phenomena
- May carry unnecessary overhead for some analyses

1. First do a steady-state (or transient) thermal


analysis.
The
Sequential method involves
Model with thermal elements.
Apply thermal loading.
Solve and review results.
2. Then do a static structural analysis.
Switch element types to structural.
Define structural material properties,
including thermal expansion coefficient.
Apply structural loading, including
temperatures from thermal analysis.
Solve and review results.

two analyses:
Thermal
Analysis
jobname.rth

Temperatures

Structural
Analysis
jobname.rst

The Direct Method usually involves just one analysis that uses a coupled-field element
type containing all necessary degrees of freedom.

1.

2.
3.

First prepare the model and mesh using one of the


following coupled field element types.
PLANE13 (plane solid).
SOLID5 (hexahedron).
SOLID98 (tetrahedron).
Apply both the structural and thermal loads and
constraints to the model.
Solve and review both thermal and structural results.

Thermal
Analysis
Combined

Structural
Analysis

jobname.rst

Sequential
For coupling situations
which do not exhibit a high
degree of nonlinear
interaction, the sequential
method is more efficient
and flexible because you
can perform the two
analyses independently of
each other.
You can use nodal
temperatures from ANY
load step or time-point in
the thermal analysis as
loads for the stress
analysis. .

Direct
Direct coupling is
advantageous when the
coupled-field interaction is
highly nonlinear and is
best solved in a single
solution using a coupled
formulation.
Examples of direct
coupling include
piezoelectric analysis,
conjugate heat transfer
with fluid flow, and circuitelectromagnetic analysis.

The BOM includes Copper lead frame,


Gold wires for bonding, Silver epoxy
for die attach, Silicon die and Epoxy
mould composite with Phenolics, Fused
silica powder and Carbon black powder
as the encapsulant materials. ElectricalThermal and thermal-structural analyses.

Displacement Vector sum

Stress intensity

Von mises stress

XY Shear stress

Tooth is a functionally graded


composite material with enamel
and dentin. In the third maxillary
molar the occlusal stress can
be 2-3 MPa.

The masticatory heavy chewing


stress will be around 193 MPa.
A composite restorative must with
stand this with an FOS and with
constant hygrothermal attack.

Eccentric Column

Eccentric Column-FEM MODEL

x: 0-0.13

x: 0-0.12

y: 0-0.15

y: 0-0.15

FEM METHOD

Outer diameter
Inner diameter
Height
Poissons ratio
Youngs Modulus

= 158mm
= 138mm
= 900mm
= 0.29
= 2.15e5 N/mm2

The element used for this model is Solid 186.The


applied pressure is 0.430N/m2. For this analysis
large deformation was set ON and also Arc length
solution was turned ON.

3
2.5
2
y 1.5
1
0.5
0
0
FEM METHOD
x: 0-2,y: 0-2.5

x=0.1
1.25y=0.5x (4-x)

TOPOLOGICAL METHOD
x: 0-2, y: 0-2.5

Two coaxial tubes, the inner one


of steel and cross-sectional area
As, and the outer one of
Aluminum alloy and of area Aa,
are compressed between heavy,
flat end plates, as shown in
figure. Assuming that the end
plates are so stiff that both tubes
are shortened by exactly the same
amount.

Pipe-FEM MODEL

x: 0.2-1

x: 0.2-1
y: 0-0.32

FEM METHOD

y: 0-0.19

A hinged cylindrical
shell is subjected to a
vertical point load (P) at
its center.

Hinged cylindrical shell-FEM MODEL

x: 0-1.65
y: 0-1

FEM METHOD

x: 0-1.3
FEM METHOD

y: 0-1.6

Vibration

studies in composites are


important as the composites are
increasingly being used in automotive,
aerospace and wind energy applications.
The combined effect of vibrations and
fatigue can degrade a composite further
that is already hygrothermal in affinity.
The different modes of vibrations are
discussed here.

3D LAYERED STRUCTURAL SOLID ELEMENT


Element definition
Layered version of the 8-node, 3D solid element, solid 45 with three degrees
of freedom per node(UX,UY,UZ).
Designed to model thick layered shells or layered solids.
can stack several elements to model more than 250 layers to allow throughthe-thickness deformation discontinuities.
Layer definition
allows up to 250 uniform thickness layers per element.
allows 125 layers with thicknesses that may vary bilinearly.
user-input constitutive matrix option.
Options
Nonlinear capabilities including large strain.
Failure criteria through TB,FAIL option.

Analysis using ANSYS

After making detailed study of the element library of ANSYS it


is decided that SOLID 46 will be the best suited element for
our problem

The results obtained from analytical calculation is verified


using a standard analysis package ANSYS

Using the formula taken from PSG Data Book Page 6.14 Storage
Modulus for the various specimens were determined
Natural frequency
where
F

F = C (gEI/wL4)
Nodal Frequency
Constant
Acceleration due to gravity
Modulus of elasticity
Moment of inertia
Effective specimen length
Weight of the beam

(a) First mode shape

(b) second mode shape

(c) Third mode shape

(d) Fourth mode shape

(a) First mode shape

(b) second mode shape

(c) Third mode shape

(d) Fourth mode shape

(a) First mode shape

(b) second mode shape

(c) Third mode shape

(d) Fourth mode shape

TABLE: Frequency of the material analyzed up to 100Hz


Specimen

GF-E

GF-PP

CF-E

Mode Shape

Natural Frequency (Hz)


ANSYS
Experiment

Storage Modulus E (GPa)


ANSYS
Experiment

I
II
III
IV

1.9301
7.3176
9.7360
13.733

1.855
8.00
9.846
14.22

2.769
1.01
0.23
0.11

2.51
1.21
0.23
0.12

I
II
III
IV

1.913
5.733
9.6281
13.588

1.9104
6.40
9.90
12.799

1.14
0.26
0.11
0.06

1.14
0.32
0.10
0.05

I
II
III
IV

1.7270
5.1793
8.7048
12.295

1.73
5.120
8.00
11.81

3.62
0.84
0.30
0.15

3.66
0.82
0.25
0.14

Following Table shows the values for the loss factor (tan ) of all specimens considered.
damping results obtained for composite materials studied
Specimen

Inertia (m)4

E (Gpa)

Tan

E (Gpa)

E (Gpa)a

GE

3.2510-11

12.05

0.0681

0.822

16.19

GPP

1.3310-10

11.55

0.051

0.586

8.75

CE

1.6610-11

50.54

0.095

4.806

14.48

calculated by composite micromechanics approach

Anti-roll stabilizer bars for four wheelers. Fatigue life


of the stabilizer bars was estimated for qualification.

The study deals with modeling, analysis and performance


evaluation of 5kW DC generator assembly. The complete solid
model of the generator with its accessories was modelled using
Pro-Engineer. This paper deals with the structural analysis of
the DC generator casing to find stress and deflection in the
generator casing due to load factor of 9g to which it is
designed. The effect of vibration of generator casing and
hollow shaft with mounting are investigated through detailed
finite element analysis. The bending and torsional natural
frequencies of the hollow shaft are estimated to find the critical
speeds. Torsional frequency of the hollow shaft is estimated by
considering the mass moment of inertias of the rotating masses.
For critical speed analysis of the hollow shaft, it is considered
as simply supported beam with the required masses and
inertias. Then the influence of the critical speeds due to the
casing stiffness is found out analyzing the casing with the shaft
together.

Maximum deflection of the generator will be 4.761 microns, with-in limits !

A stress of about 6.756 MPa is much lesser than the Yield Stress of the material

Mode shape corresponding to the flexural critical speed (54,972 rpm)


(using solid element TET10 approximation)

The lecture introduced the subject `Introduction to


Finite
Element Analysis (FEA) to the
undergraduate audience. The basics, different
approaches and the formulations were outlined in
the lecture. Emphasis was laid on solving
structural, mechanical and multiphysics problems.
Understanding the material behaviour that is a
prerequisite to the correct modelling of
the
problem was also discussed. Some engineering
applications of the FE approach as investigated by
the speaker were illustrated for the benefit of the
student society and to enable them to appreciate
the depth of the subject field and take it up as their
career .

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi