DEFINITION

The air change and movement within buildings for the

purpose of comfort and processes used in the enclosed
space.

The provision of a supply of outdoor air to a room or

space by natural or mechanical means, in a quantity
sufficient for the needs of the occupants.

PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION

BODY
ODOURS

Removal of High Concentrations

BACTERIA

EXCESS
HEAT

CARBON
DIOXIDE
WATER
VAPOURS

DUST

FUMES &
SMOKE
(toxic)

PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION

Efficient Ventilation

AIR

DRY

FRESH

PURE

COMFORTABLE

PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION

Comfort

COMBINATION OF

Correct
Oxygen
Content (
21% of air
volume)

Correct
Relative
Humidity (30%
- 70% RH)

Correct Air
Movement (air
velocity
condition
0.15m
0.5m/sec.)

Correct
Temperature
(5C lower
than room
temperature )

VENTILATION METHODS

NATURAL

Components integral
with construction
Bricks
Louvres
Openable Windows

MECHANICAL

Electrically Driven
Fans

REASONS FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATION

1. In densely populated space

Inadequate air supply

Inadequate quality air

Difficulty in controlling natural ventilation

2. Natural ventilation is impossible

3. Heat Liberation
4. Moisture Liberation
5. Removal of odours

6. Removal of poisonous fumes

7. High heat of moisture gain
8. Need a clean atmosphere

Mechanical Inlet and Extract

Combined

MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
SYSTEMS

Natural Inlet and Mechanical

Extract

Mechanical Inlet and Natural

Extract

NATURAL INLET AND

MECHANICAL EXTRACT

Principle

The stale air is extracted with the use of

exhaust fan and fresh air replace the stale
air naturally

Extract Ventilation to a Lecture Theatre

COMMERCIAL

RESIDENTIAL

KITCHEN
HOOD

EXHAUST
FAN IN THE
TOILET

MECHANICAL INLET AND

NATURAL EXTRACT

Principle

The air being forced in by the inlet fan

which create a positive pressure within the
space, the existing stale air will be forced
out through the openings.

Mechanical Inlet

Supply Fan

Window

CLINIC

Fresh Air Distribution System

Diffuser

Filter

Supply Fan

MECHANICAL INLET

Advantage

The fan greater power of the inlet to shape

the character of the ventilation or shaping
the airflow pattern through a space.

MECHANICAL INLET AND

EXTRACT COMBINED

Use both intake

and extract fan

Optimum
controlled of air distribution

MECHANICAL INLET AND

EXTRACT COMBINED

Principle

Such systems are said to be balanced in

that the relative powers of the intake and
extract fans are adjusted to give a slight
positive or negative pressure in the space.

MECHANICAL INLET AND

EXTRACT COMBINED
Application for the Hospital Ward
Extract Fan

Window
Supply
Fan

HOSPITAL

MECHANICAL INLET AND

EXTRACT COMBINED
Application for an Office Space

Supply Fan

Window
Extract
Fan

OFFICE

MECHANICAL INLET AND

EXTRACT COMBINED
A Fan Room for the Ventilation of a Basement Parking Area
Air Supply to
Basement
Parking Area
Filter
Grille
Ducting

Airflow

Electric Motor

(Ductwork to distribute the supply air)

MECHANICAL INLET AND

EXTRACT COMBINED

Internal Pressure

Adjusted

Ratio of incoming and extracted air is being

controlled.

MECHANICAL INLET AND

EXTRACT COMBINED
Example Extract system is higher for the kitchen
and washing area

MECHANICAL INLET AND

EXTRACT COMBINED
HOSPITAL WARD
Activities produce odour
or polluted air.
Negative pressure
required within the
space.
Extract system 10% to
20% higher than the
supply system.

VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
Air Volume Requirements
Type of Space
Factory
Open-plan office
Shops
Department store
Supermarket
Theatre
Cafeteria
Dance hall
Hotel bedroom
Laboratories
Private offices
Residential
Cocktail bar
Function room
Luxury residential
Restaurant/commercial dining room
Boardroom
Executive office
Conference room

Recommended m/hour per person

18-30

30-43

43-65

65-90

Recommended m/hour per m of floor area

Corridors
Domestic kitchen
Commercial kitchen
Sanitary accommodation

5
36
72
36

VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
Air Change Rate
Accommodation
Offices above ground
Offices below ground
Factories large, open
Factories/industrial units
Workshops with unhealthy fumes
Fabric manufacturing/processing
Kitchens above ground
Kitchens- below ground
Public lavatories
Boiler accommodation/plant rooms
Foundries
Laboratories
Hospital operating theatres
Hospital treatment rooms
Restaurants
Smoking rooms
Storage/warehousing
Assembly halls
Classrooms
Domestic habitable rooms
Lobbies/corridors
Libraries

Air Changes per hour

2-6
10-20
1-4
6-8
20-30
10-20
20-40
40-60
6-12
10-15
8-15
10-12
<20
<10
10-15
10-15
1-2
3-6
3-4
Approx. 1
3-4
2-4

VENTILATION RATE

Influencing Factors

Air Movement

Pollution
Body Odour

MECHANICAL VENTILATION
EQUIPMENT
FAN

DIFFUSERS
FILTERS

DUCTWORK

FAN

TYPES

Propeller

Axial Flow

Centrifugal

Wall-mounted Propeller Fan

Axial-flow Fan

Centrifugal Fan

FAN SELECTION

Depend on factors:
The volume of air to be handled.
The resistance to the blades during rotation
The permittable noise level
The comfortable level of the ventilated area
The implications to the design of the ductwork depend
on the capability of a fan.

FILTERS

PURPOSE

SUSPENDED
PARTICLES

TO REMOVE

SUSPENDED
CONTAMINANTS

ODOURS

DUCTWORK

GALVANISED STEEL
(most
common material)
ALUMINIUM

Other Metals (e.g.

Copper)

MATERIALS

uPVC

FLEXIBLE
FABRICS
POLYPROPYLENE
RESIN-BANDED
GLASS FIBRE

DUCTWORK

CIRCULAR

CROSS-SECTIONS
SHAPE

More efficient
less frictional
resistance to
airflow
SQUARE

RECTANGULAR
More
convenience
easily fitted
into building
fabric