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Working at Height

&
Fall Protection Safety

Working at Heights
If only I was
wearing a safety
harness !!

Why even good workers


ignore fall protection ?
Theyre in a hurry.

They dont think a situation is dangerous


enough to require it.
They think theyre experienced enough to

avoid injury.

Introduction Fall Hazards


Falls hazards are present at most every workplace and
many workers are exposed to these hazards daily.

Falls are the number one cause of fatalities in the


construction industry accounting for approximately 56%
of all fatalities.
Any walking / working surface can be a potential fall
hazard, whether a worker can fall from an elevation or
simply fall from the same surface they are walking.

Fall Hazards at Construction Sites


Fall hazards can
construction site:

be

found

Building structures
Exterior construction areas
Scaffolds
Stairs
Ladders
All Open and excavated pits.

on

every

Common Workplace Mistakes

Common Workplace Mistakes

Common Workplace Mistakes

Common Workplace Mistakes

Common Workplace Mistakes

Common Workplace Mistakes

Common Workplace Mistakes

Common Workplace Mistakes

Common Workplace Mistakes

Common Workplace Mistakes

What is Work At Height ?


Work at height is work in any place, where a person could be
injured if they fell from that place.
Access and egress to a place of work can also be work at
height. Work conditions 6 feet or more above lower level
require the use of fall protection.

Regardless of height, fall protection must be used when


working above:
Dangerous equipment.
Sharp objects.
Piercing objects.

Examples of Work At Height


Examples of work activities that are classified as working at
height include :
Working on a flat roof.
Working from a ladder.
Working near or adjacent to fragile materials.

Working at ground level adjacent to an open excavation.


Working in excavated pits below ground level.

Working at Heights Spot the Hazards

1.

Operatives not wearing safety helmets

2.

No edge protection to roof nothing to stop materials


falling off

3.

Roof ladder not long enough

4.

Access ladder tied to gutter

5.

Ladder leaning on gutter

6.

Access ladder too short

7.

Manual handling

8.

Unprotected skylight

9.

Operative kneeling on fragile roof materials

10.

Operative not wearing sensible clothing

11.

Loose tools in bag liable to fall out onto persons below

12.

Carrying tools up ladder. Only one hand


available to steady operative on the ladder

13.

No safe access onto roof

3 Dangerous Attitudes
that Lead to Fatal Fall
1. I Dont Work Very High.
2. I Have Good Balance

3. Ill Catch Myself


Any of these things could result in an otherwise
balanced worker plummeting to their death.

How long does it take to fall?

Fall Speed Vs. Reaction Time


In 1 second your body
will fall 16 feet

Travel distance in
0.5 seconds = 4 feet

Good body reaction


time= 0.5 seconds

By the time you react your body will be


4 feet below where you were standing

What is Fall Protection ?


Fall protection is the backup system
planned for a worker who could loose

his balance at height, in order to control


or eliminate injury potential.

Hierarchy of Fall Protection


It

is

generally

governing

accepted

bodies

that

by
the

hierarchy of fall protection should


provide

the

considering

starting
what

point

type

of

protection system is required.

for
fall

Hierarchy of Fall Protection


1. Eliminate the risk
Avoid work at height where possible or locate plant and
equipment in safe locations where there is no risk of a fall.

Hierarchy of Fall Protection


2. Guard the hazard
When working at height is essential, ensure that workers are not
exposed to unnecessary risks, consider providing a parapet or
guardrail to eliminate the fall hazard.

(Guard the Hazard)

Hierarchy of Fall Protection


3. Protect the worker
Where it is not possible to eliminate the risk of falling, use a

suitable fall protection system to minimise the consequences of a


fall. This can be achieved with a fall arrest or fall restraint system.

Types of Work Equipment


Collective Fall arrest
Guardrails
Working platforms (scaffolds/MEWPS etc)
Nets/Airbags

Personal Fall Protection systems


Ladders

Nets

Air Bags

Scaffolding

Edge Protection

Mobile Elevating Work Platform(M.E.W.P )


.

Protect
the
worker

Types of Fall Protection


What are the two physical forms of fall
protection?
Fall prevention. This is a structure that
limits a fall to the level the worker is on.
Fall arrest. This is equipment that limits

injuries in case of a fall.

Protect the worker


Types of Protection:

Fall Restraint System

Fall Restraint System


Fall Restraint system prevents people from reaching a
fall hazard through a tie off system.
This system allow a person access to conduct their
duties but prevent them from reaching a point where a
fall could occur.

Restraint systems are generally positioned more than


2 mtrs from the hazard. This is because common

practice is for the worker to be connected to the


system by a fixed length 1.5 m lanyard.

Fall Arrest System

Fall Arrest System


A fall arrest system provides maximum freedom
of movement for workers to conduct their duties.
In doing so it allows them to reach the point
where a fall could occur, such as the edge of a
roof for gutter maintenance.
However, in the event of a fall, the fall will be
arrested and so allow the person to either effect
a self-rescue or be rescued.

Fall Arrest System

Fall Positioning System

Fall Positioning System


A positioning system restrains the elevated

worker, preventing him from getting into a


hazardous position where a fall could occur,
and also allows hands-free work.
This system holds the worker in place while
keeping his hands free to work.

Fall Suspension System


This equipment raises and
lowers and also supports the
worker

while

allowing

hands-free work environment.


This

suspension

system

components are not designed

to arrest a free fall, a backup


fall arrest system should be

used in conjunction with the


suspension system.

Fall Suspension System

Vertical Lifeline

Horizontal Lifeline

Retractable Lifeline

To Summarize on Fall Protection

Different
Fall
Hazards

Slips
Slips happen where there is too
little friction or traction between the
footwear and the walking surface.
Common causes of slips are:
Wet or oily surfaces.
Occasional spills.

Weather hazards.
Mats flooring or other walking

surfaces that do not have same


degree of traction in all areas.

Trips
Trips happen when your foot collides
(strikes, hits) an object causing you to
lose the balance and, eventually fall.
Common causes of tripping are:
Obstructed view.
Poor lighting.

Clutter in your way.


Uncovered cables.

Uneven (steps, thresholds)


walking surfaces.

Falls
Falls usually take place
from one level to another.
Falls are of Two types:

Fall at same level


Fall to lower level

Swing Fall Hazard


The

farther

you

move

sideways from your anchor


point, the greater the chance
of swinging if you fall. This is
known

as

the

"pendulum

effect."
And the more you swing, the

greater the force with which


you'll strike columns, walls, or

other objects in your path.

Swing Fall Hazard

Bottoming Out
Bottoming out occurs when a
falling worker hits a lower level,
the ground, or some other hazard
before the fall is fully arrested.
This

occurs

when

Total

Fall

Distance is greater than the


distance from the work surface to

the next level, the ground, or


some other hazard below.

Ladder Safety
(Only Highlights Presentation on Ladder Safety
shall be discussed Separately).

Ladder Safety

No matter how quickly a job can be done,


there is always time to fall

UNSAFE

SAFE

Ladder Hazards
Broken or defective ladders.
Ladders on slippery or uneven surfaces.
Ladder rungs or shoes that have mud or grease on them.

Carrying tools or materials up or down a ladder.


Using metal ladders near live electrical parts.
Portable ladders not 3 feet above landing surface.
Overreaching when working from a Ladder.
Not Securing Ladder correctly.
Improper usage.
Standing on the top two steps of a stepladder.

Ladder Safety

Safe use of Ladders

Scaffolding Safety
(Only Highlights Presentation on scaffolding
Safety shall be discussed Separately).

Scaffolding
What is a Scaffold?
An elevated, temporary
work platform.
A

temporary

structure

used to support people


and

material

in

the

construction or repair of
buildings and other large
structures.

Scaffolding Hazard
Fall From Scaffolding.
Being Struck by Collapsing of Scaffold.
Contact with Overhead Line through Scaffold.
Bad planking.
Struck by falling objects.

Common Mistakes in Scaffolding


Bad planking giving way

Common Mistakes in Scaffolding


Poor Scaffolding. (A section of scaffolding

balances precariously on a plank of wood).

Common Mistakes in Scaffolding


The danger posed to workers by planking that has

been overloaded.

Common Mistakes in Scaffolding


Disaster waiting to Happen

Common Mistakes in Scaffolding


Access Ladder not provided for climbing

Common Mistakes in Scaffolding


No Scaffolding at all !!!!!!

General Scaffolding Arrangements

Tips on Scaffolding Safety


Scaffold must be sound, rigid and sufficient to carry its own weight plus four
times the maximum intended load without settling or displacement.
Scaffold must be erected on solid footing. Unstable objects, such as barrels,
loose bricks or concrete blocks must not be used to support scaffolds or

planks.
Scaffold must be equipped with guardrails, mid-rails and toe-boards.
Scaffolds must be at least 10 feet from electric power lines at all times.

Scaffold platforms must be tightly planked with scaffold plank grade


material or equivalent.
Scaffold can be accessed by using ladders and stairwells but not by climbing
the braces.

General principles of safety when


working at height
Fall of materials:
Preventive measures should be taken against the fall of workers and
tools or other objects or materials.

Openings:
All openings through which workers are liable to fall should be kept
effectively covered and indicated in the most appropriate manner.

Buying and issuing PPE are not enough ...


Training workers to use them is not enough ...
Supervision and inspection are essential!

Dos -Work At Height

Don'ts -Work At Height

To Conclude
A fall is a fall.

Once it

happens, there will be no


dramatic life-saving fingertip

catch by your co-worker like


you see in the movies.
Falls

can

happen

and,

unfortunately, do happen.

Conclusion
Every single person who has died from a fall in which the victim
was not utilizing provided fall protection most likely believed one
of the myths above. Otherwise, knowing the potential result of
their actions, why would they have chosen to forego it?

Wear your fall protection, because


nobody can defy the laws of gravity.

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