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PROCESSING
Sanjay K. GHOSH
Professor of Civil Engg
IIT ROORKEE
email: scangfce@iitr.ernet.in
scanghosh@yahoo.co.in
detection,
identification
classification
measurement
Evaluate the significance of physical and cultural
objects, their patterns and spatial relationship.
Representation of Data.
Photograph
Image
The data is in digital form
where
the
area
is
subdivided into equal size
picture elements or pixels.
The
information
is
collected
in
narrow
wavelength range referred
as a BAND
COMPARISON
VISUAL ANALYSIS
Single band or as FCC
Subjective
Slow
Analyst Bias
DIGITAL ANALYSIS
Multi Image
Objective
Fast with many options
Free of Analyst bias
Primary Elements
Stereoscopic Parallax
Size
Spatial Arrangement of Tone
& Color
Shape
Texture
Pattern
Based on Analysis
Primary Elements
of Height
Shadow
Site
Contextual Elements
Association
Supervised classification
Training areas
the
analyst
identifies
homogeneous representative
samples of the different
surface cover types
To determine the numerical
"signatures
Once the computer has
determined the signatures for
each class, each pixel in the
image is compared to these
signatures and labeled as the
class
it
most
closely
"resembles" digitally
Unsupervised classification
reverse
of
supervised
classification
Spectral classes are grouped
first
Then matched to information
classes
the analyst specifies how
many groups or clusters
It is iterative in nature
not completely without
human intervention
Comparison
Pixel 1
Pixel 2
Pixel 2
Land
Pixel 3
Pixel 4
Pixel 3
Water
(a)
Water
Land
Pixel 4
Water
Land
(b) Hard
classification
Pixel 1
Pixel 2
Pixel 1
Pixel 2
Pixel 3
Pixel 4
Pixel 3
Pixel 4
(ii) Land
(i) Water
1
(c)
Fraction Image
xi = f j Mij + ei
j=1
10
= 1
j =1
11
12
(
i=1 j =1
ij
)m xi v j
2
A
(i
j
j =1
ij )
i= 1
13
net s = xi Wis
Typically, a supervised
neural network consists of
three layers; an input
layer, a hidden layer and
an output layer.
The input layer receives
the data (i.e., the multispectral remote sensing
image data).
Band1
Class 2
Band2
Class 3
Band3
Class 4
Band4
Class 5
s
j
14
15
where is the output from the sth hidden layer unit, and is a gain
parameter that controls the connection weights between the hidden
layer unit and the output layer unit .
Outputs from the hidden units are multiplied with the connection
weights, and are summed to produce the output of the j th unit in the
output layer
O j = O sWsj
where Oj is the network output for the j th output unit (i.e., the land
cover class) and Wsj is the weight of the connection between sth hidden
layer unit and j th output layer unit.
E = 0 .50 (T j O j ) 2
j =1
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Band 1
0
Band 2
1
Band 3
0
Band 4
0
Input Layer
Input Layer
Output Layer
Parameter
/ issue
Comment
Number
of hidden
unit & layers
Learning
algorithm
Learning
parameters
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Data input
and scaling
Number of
training
iterations
When/how to There is a need to ensure that the network has learnt to correctly
terminate
identify class membership from the training data but is not
training
overtraining and so has acceptable generalization ability. How is this
to be assessed? Should verification sets be used?
Initial weights The initial weight settings of the pre-trained network can significantly
influence network performance. Typically, these are generally set
randomly, but within what range?
CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY
ASSESSMENT
The accuracy assessment is a critical step in any mapping process, and
thus is an essential component that allows a degree of confidence to
be attached to maps for their effective use.
Traditionally, the accuracy of classification has been assessed using
error matrix based measures.
Here, each pixel in the image is assumed pure, containing one class
per pixel on the ground.
Thus, in essence, the continuum of variation found in the landscape is
divided into a finite set of classes such that pixels representing these
classes became pure, and the error matrix based measures may be
used.
However, these classes become less separable as the class mixture
increases, and therefore, the error matrix based measures may be
inappropriate.
Alternate accuracy measures are, therefore, sought to evaluate the
accuracy of soft classification which represents the class mixture in a
meaningful way.
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CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY
ASSESSMENT
Euclidean distance
L1 distance
the cross-entropy
correlation coefficients
fuzzy error matrix (FERM)
All these measures may be treated as indirect methods of
assessing the accuracy of soft classification because the
accuracy evaluation is interpretative rather than a
representation of actual value as denoted by the traditional
error matrix based measures.
Correlation Coefficient CC
The correlation coefficient CC may also be used to indicate the
accuracy on individual class basis estimated from a soft classification
output and a soft reference data.
The higher the correlation coefficient, the higher is the classification
accuracy of a class.
CC =
Cov ( 1 ij , 2 ij )
ij
ij
where
Cov( 1 ij , 2 ij ) is the covariance between the two distributions (i.e. the soft classified
ij
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THANK
YOU
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