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Vitamins
Improve immunity
Prevent ilnesses
Slower aging
Soluble in aqueous
solutions
Watersoluble
vitamins
Used as cofactors by
many enzymes
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Are A, D, E, and K.
D
E
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Thiamine
Influences sacharide metabolism
Helps against tiredness
Is destroyed by severe washings
of rice and vegetables
Severe deficiency leads to beriberi
Sources: yeasts, cereals,rice,
liver, legumes
80
30%
H3C
N
N
H
O
D-Ribitol
CH2 CH CH CH CH2 OH
OH OH OH
CH3 OH O
HO CH2 C
CH3
CH C N CH2
H
CH2 C OH
Pyridoxine
Aminoacids and protein
metabolism
Cure of anemy
Formation of red blood
cells
Sources: meat, fish,
liver, vegetables, cerals,
yolk, legumes
Cyanocobalamin
Formation of red
blood cells
Maintenance of
neuro tissue
Cure of neuro
diseases, anemia
Sources: dairy
products, meat,
poultry, sea
products
CH2OH
O
HO
CHOH
OH
Vitamin C
Hormone, collagen
synthesis
Infection resistance, cure
of cuts
Hypervitaminosis:
addiction, diarrhea
Hypovitaminosis: scurvy
Source: fruits,vegetables
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is obtained from meats and
beta-carotenes in plants.
Beta-carotenes are converted by liver
enzymes to vitamin A (retinol).
H3C
CH3
CH3
Beta-carotene
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH2OH
Retinol (vitamin A)
21
Retinol
Cancer cure and prevention
Skin, eyes, genital glands
Provitamin changes to A vitamin in
liver
Sources: liver, egg yolks, dairy
products
provitamin: carrots, pepper, spinach,
yellow fruits
22
Vitamin D
Vitamin D (D3):
Is synthesized in skin
exposed to sunlight.
Regulates the
absorption of
phosphorus and calcium
during bone growth.
Deficiency can result in
weakened bones.
Sources include cod
liver oil, egg yolk, and
enriched milk.
Vitamin D
Calciferols
the sun vitamin (UV rays)
regulation of calcium metabolism
sources: yeasts, fish, yolks, dairy products
25
Vitamin E
Is an antioxidant in cells.
May prevent the oxidation of
unsaturated fatty acids.
Is found in vegetable oils, whole grains,
and vegetables.
CH3
HO
CH3
H3C
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Vitamin E
Tocoferols
Antioxidant (lipid protection)
improves immunity
Cures muscle, heart and skin diseases,
burns
Sources: green vegetables, vegetable oil,
corn, eggs, bread, dairy products, peas,
beans
Vitamin K
Vitamin K1 in plants has a saturated side
chain.
Vitamin K2 in animals has a long
unsaturated side chain.
Vitamin K2 is needed for the synthesis of
zymogens for blood clotting.
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)
CH3
CH3
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)
Vitamin K
Blood clotting
Higher need by newborns, people with
liver diseases, or fat malabsorbtion
Sources: green fruits and vegetables,
tomatoes, soy, beef liver, yolks, wheat,
butter, cheese
29
Daily values:
Vitamin:
A (retinol)
1-3
B1 (thiamine)
30 - 200
B2 (riboflavin)
25 - 200
B3 (niacin, niacinamid)
30 - 100
B5 (Pantothenic acid)
20 - 500
B6 (pyridoxine)
10 - 15
B12 (Cynocobalamine)
5-8
H (Biotin)
300 - 5000
C (Ascorbic acid)
2 - 12 g
D (cholecalciferol)
10
E (tokoferol)
400 - 2000
80
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