Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Contents..................................................................................................................... 1
Hypothesis.................................................................................................................. 1
Steps of Hypothesis.................................................................................................2
Types of errors in hypothesis test..............................................................................3
Z-test .........................................................................................................................3
Z-test (one tail)........................................................................................................3
Z-test (two tail)........................................................................................................4
Z- test formula............................................................................................................4
Significance of Level...................................................................................................4
Р-Value:...................................................................................................................... 4
t test...........................................................................................................................5
t test (one tail)........................................................................................................5
t test (two tail).........................................................................................................6
Degree of freedom.....................................................................................................6
Two sample t-test.......................................................................................................6
Independent Measurement (two independent samples).............................................6
Related Measurement (two related Samples).............................................................7
Hartley's test or F-Max test.........................................................................................8
Z test for hypothesis for the proportion:-....................................................................8
Hypothesis test for variance (ANOVA)........................................................................8
One factor ANOVA................................................................................................... 8
Two factor ANOVA...................................................................................................9
Correlation.................................................................................................................. 9
Nature of relationships............................................................................................9
Regression.................................................................................................................. 9
Inference for ρ (rho)................................................................................................. 10
Hypothesis
Procedure for deciding if a null hypothesis should be accepted or rejected in favor of
an alternate hypothesis. A statistic is computed from a survey or test result and is
analyzed to determine if it falls within a set acceptance region. If it does, the null
hypothesis is accepted otherwise rejected.
Steps of Hypothesis
STEP 1: State the null hypothesis H0 and the alternative hypothesis H1.
To do a significance test, you need 2 hypotheses:
H0, Null Hypothesis: the statement being tested, usually saying
As “no effect” or “no difference”.
H1, Alternative Hypothesis: the statement we hope is
True in its place of H0
α= .05
STEP 3: Calculate
Put the values of there test the formulas they will show the reject H0 and
not reject H0
STEP: 4
If you reject H0, your results are significant.
If you do not reject H0, your results are not significant.
Types of errors in hypothesis test
Z-test
The `Z-test` is a statistical test used in inference which determines if the difference
between a sample mean and the population mean is large enough to be statistically
significant.
If our alternative hypothesis is less then μ, rejecting the null hypothesis of only for
large values of the sample mean, it is then called one-tailed
α=0.05
Z-test (two tail)
α=0.05
Z- test formula
Significance of Level
The significance level of a test is the probability that the test statistic will reject the
null hypothesis when the hypothesis is true.
The confidence coefficient, 1-α is the probability that you will not reject the null
hypothesis H₀ when is true and should not be rejected.
Р-Value:
The р-value is the probability of getting a test statistic equal to or more extreme
then the sample result, given that the null hypothesis H₀ is true. If the р-value is low
then H₀ must go.
t test
Formula (σ unknown)
A statistical test involving means of normal populations with unknown standard deviations;
small samples are used, based on a variable t equal to the difference between the mean of the
sample and the mean of the population divided by a result obtained by dividing the standard
deviation of the sample by the square root of the number of individuals in the sample.
A statistical test in which the critical region consists of all values of a test statistic that are less
than a given value or greater than a given value, but not both known as one-tail test.
t test (two tail)
A statistical test in which the critical region consists of those values of a test statistic less than a
given value as well as those values greater than another given value. Also known as two-tail test.
The two-tailed test is a statistical test used in inference, in which a given statistical
hypothesis, H0 will be rejected when the value of the statistic is either sufficiently
small or sufficiently large.
Degree of freedom
Those value which can be vary. The formula of degree of freedom is df = n-1
This test is called two sample t-test because it has two types
In this test only two steps are different from simple t-test.
H₀: μ₁ = μ₂ = 0
H₁:μ₁ = μ₂ ≠ 0
2. Calculations
H₁: μD ≠0
2. Calculations
Here X is a D
t = MD – μD/ SMD
SMD = S²/n
S² = SS/df
SS = (X-M) ²
Hartley's test or F-Max test
We use this for testing the homogeneity of variance. Homogeneity of variance
means both populations should have same variance. The meaning of same variance
is the temperature of both classes should be same.
If the value of F-Max comes greater than critical value then it means it has larger
effect and the assumption is not fine. It cannot be comparable but if the value
comes smaller than critical value then it is comparable or near to comparable and
the assumption is fine.
In the z test for hypothesis for the proportion if the number of successes and
the number of failures are at least five, the sampling distribution of a
proportion approx follows a standardize normal distribution .
Z = p – π/ π ( 1- π/n
Correlation
In simple word correlation means relationship between two or more variables. As a
students of business if we want to know the relationship of productivity and working
hours we will use correlation because correlation will tell us that how strong
relationship is present between these two variables. It is also known as linear
relationship between variables. The coefficient of correlation is always lies between
-1 and +1.
The formula of correlation which tells us the nature of relationship between two or
more variables is given below
r = Ssxy/ SsxxSSyy
Nature of relationships
If value comes in +1 then it is perfect positive relation and if near to +1 e.g. +0.79
or 0.89 then it is near to perfect positive relation
Regression
It is an analysis which is used to find the magnitude of change in one
variable due to another varable. There are two types of regression one is
single regression and the other is multiple regression.
In single regression there are two two categories ne is linear and the other is
non linear. We will disscuss just single linear regression. It is also called
linear relationship.
The equation of linear relationship is given below. This equation is also called least
square method. Scattered diagram is used for represent the linear relationship.
Y = a + bx
In above equation Y is dependent variable while X is independent variable. The
change in dependent variable(Y) comes due to change in independent variable(X). a
is a Y intercept which means that points where lines touches the most in straight
path.
T = r n-2/ (1-r²)