Moral

Reasoning
Theories on Moral Reasoning
Religion/Islamic Perspective

 THINKING

PROCESS
WHAT IS RIGHT /WRONG
DILEMMA
CONSEQUENCES
WEIGH IT

 ECONOMIC
ETHICAL
4

COMPONENTS OF MR
MORAL SENSITIVITY
MORAL JUDGEMENT
MORAL MOTIVATION
MORAL CHARACTER

 CAN

SEE AN ETHICAL DILEMMA

IF WE DO THIS HOW WILL IT AFFECCT
OTHERS?

 GIVEN

A SITUATION, ONE CAN JUDGE, REASON

CORRECTLY WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IN THE
SITUATION

 PERSONAL

COMMITMENT TO MORAL ACTION

ACCEPTING

OUTCOME

THE RESONSIBILITY FOR THE

 COURAGEOUS

PERSISTENCE IN NOT TAKING

THE EASY WAY OUT

HOW

DO WE DECIDE>MORAL DILEMMA
USE SOME KIND OF GUIDELINE:DIFFICULT
SITUATIONS WE MAY FACE IN OUR
LIVES/CAREERS

 INFORMATIONAL ACCESS
YOU

ACCESS A COLLEAGUES EMAIL AND FINDS

THAT YOUR COLLEAGUE HAS BEEN STEALING
COMPANY INFORMATION AND LEAKING IT TO
RIVALS

 Proponents

to classical utilitarianism: English

philosophers John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) and
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832).
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics
holding that the proper course of action is
the one that maximizes overall "happiness".
The moral worth of an action is determined
only by its resulting outcome.
Criticism against utilitarianism??

 How

do one codify ones personal

inclinations? There is no universal standards
of right and wrong!
Happiness cannot be measured or quantified.
Impractical: we cannot calculate the effects
for all individuals (either because the large
number of individuals involved or because of
uncertainty).
Insufficiency of scope: other values are not
considered, e.g. life, friendship and
knowledge

 Immanuel
Good

Kant (1724-1804).

Will
One could act morally, and for this to be the
case we must be free. That there must be a
God and life after death, otherwise morality
would make no sense.
There are universal laws of morality
We should not break these laws because of
emotions

The tawheed concept, i.e. submit to the oneness

of God.
Muslims are the khalifah (i.e. vicegerent) to
Allah; all their activities are ultimately
accountable to Allah.
Believe in the life hereafter
All concerned parties within the organisation and
its business operation should exercise and
promote basic Islamic values, such as:
trustworthiness1, justice2 and transparency3.

Based on the Islamic revelation, for example, Quran (8: 27): O ye who believe! Betray
not the trust of God and the Apostle, nor misappropriate knowingly things entrusted to
you.
Based on the Islamic revelation, for example, Quran (49: 9): Then make peace between
them with justice, and be fair: for Allah loves those who are fair (and just).
Based on the Islamic revelation, for example, Quran (2: 282): O you who believe! When
ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligations in a fixed period of
time, reduce them to writing. Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties.

 The

Islamic concepts of adalah (social

justice) and ihsan (beneficence) provide the
rationale for corporations to promote an
ethical and socially oriented method of
financing.
Inappropriate for corporations to aim at
solely maximisation of profit.
Corporations should assume the duties and
liabilities of fulfilling the aims arising from
the legal ownership of the shareholders;
protecting the interests of other
stakeholders.