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1. Research Methods
1. Cross-Sectional Research
1. Uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables may change
over the life span
2. Produces quick results
3. May be affected by historical events or cultural trends
2. Longitudinal Research
1. Examines one group of participants over time
2. Time consuming
3. Precisely measures the effects of development on a specific group
2. Prenatal Influences on Development
1. Genetics
1. Determine which abilities we are born with
1. ex: process of developing motor skills
2. Teratogens
1. Can cause harm if ingested by the mother
1. they can pass through the placenta barrier
2. Alcohol
1. FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome)
1. mental retardation
2. malformed skull
3. caused by heavy drinking during pregnancy
2. fetal alcohol effect
2. Permissive
1. dont set clear guidelines for their children
2. rules are constantly changed
3. rules are usually not enforced
4. easy to get away with almost anything
3. Authoritative
1. set consistent standards for their children
1. reasonable and explained
2. encourage their childrens independence
3. praise as often as they punish
4. Children produced
1. authoritative parents
1. more socially capable
2. perform better academically
2. permissive parents
1. emotional control problems
2. more dependent
3. authoritorian parents
1. less trusting
2. more withdrawn from peers
5. Stage Theories
1. Continuity vs. Discontinuity
1. Continuity
1. develop at a steady rate from birth to death
2. Discontinuity
1. development happens in fits and the rate is variable
2. stage theories
1. discontinuous theories of development
2. Sigmund Freud
1. We develop through four psychosexual stages
1. sexual (to Freud)
1. how we get sensual pleasure from the world
2. if we fail to resolve a significant problem in our lives in one of these stages,
we become fixated in the stage
1. remain preoccupied with behaviors associated with that stage
2. Oral stage
1. infants seek pleasure through their mouths
1. put many objects into mouth
2. fixation
1. overeating, smoking, childlike dependence on things and people
3. Anal stage
1. develops during toilet training
2. fixation
1. retentive- overly controlling
2.
4. Phallic stage
1. babies realize their gender
2. Oedipus complex and Electra complex
3. fixation
1. problems in relationships
5. Latency stage
1. period of calm
2. low psychosexual energy
3. most psychologists dont regard it as a separate stage
4. age 6- puberty
6. Genital stage