Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
"The creation of safe and attractive walking and cycling environments in towns and cities is a necessary
condition for success and is central to improving them for shoppers, visitors, workers, and residents
alike. In other words, quite apart from pro-walking and pro-cycling arguments based on sustainability,
the environment, health, community cohesion, or social inclusion, there is a strong business case for
improving walking and cycling conditions."
Dr. Rodney Tolley1
Conference Director of Walk21
Problem Overview
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQLVWKHVHFRQGODUJHVWKRXVHKROGH[SHQVH
LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'ULYLQJDQHZHUVHGDQLQFRVW
DQDYHUDJHDQQXDODPRXQWRISHUPLOHZKLOH
GULYLQJDQ689FRVWSHUPLOH2
(DFKDGGLWLRQDOFDULQDKRXVHKROGEXGJHWUHGXFHVWKDW
KRXVHKROGVPRUWJDJHFDSDFLW\E\DERXW
UHGXFLQJDFDUDGGVEDFNWKDWPXFKPRUWJDJHFDSDFLW\
+RXVHKROGVLQDXWRPRELOHGHSHQGHQWFRPPXQLWLHVKDYH
IHZZD\VWRUHGXFHWKHLUWUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWVLQUHVSRQVHWR
XQH[SHFWHGHYHQWVVXFKDVMREORVVHVDQGIXHOSULFHVSLNHV
7KHPRUWJDJHFROODSVHWRRNSODFHRQWKHDXWR
GRPLQDWHGVXEXUEDQIULQJHZKLOHZDONDEOHFRPPXQLWLHV
ZKHWKHULQWKHFLW\RUWKHVXEXUEVKHOGWKHLUYDOXH
)LJXUH$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJLQ\HOORZ
LQ0LQQHDSROLV6W3DXOZLWKRXW
)DFWRULQJ,Q7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&RVWV
Source: Center for Neighborhood
Technology. H+T Affordability Index
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH&HQWHUIRU1HLJKERUKRRG7HFKQRORJ\
&17KRXVLQJGRHVQRWTXDOLI\DVDIIRUGDEOHLIWKHFRVWV
RIKRXVLQJSOXVWUDQVSRUWDWLRQH[FHHGRIKRXVHKROG
LQFRPH 7KHIDUWKHU\RXJHWIURPWKHXUEDQFRUHWKH
PRUHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWVLQFUHDVHGXHWRVSUDZOORQJHU
FRPPXWHGLVWDQFHVDQGIHZHURSSRUWXQLWLHVWRZDONELNH
RUXVHWUDQVLW7KHPDSRI0LQQHDSROLVLQ)LJXUHVKRZV
DIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJZLWKRXWIDFWRULQJLQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWV
7KLVPDSSODFHVDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJLQ\HOORZSULPDULO\LQ
WKHVXEXUEDQDUHDV:KHQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWVDUHIDFWRUHG
LQWRKRXVLQJH[SHQVHVDVGHSLFWHGRQWKHPDSLQ)LJXUH
WKHQXPEHURIDIIRUGDEOHQHLJKERUKRRGVLVPXFKVPDOOHU
DQGIRXQGSULPDULO\LQFHQWUDOQHLJKERUKRRGV
)LJXUH$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJLQ
\HOORZLQ0LQQHDSROLV6W3DXOZLWK
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&RVWV)DFWRUHG,Q
Source: H+T Affordability Index, Center
for Neighborhood Technology
7ROOH\5RGQH\*RRGIRU%XVLQHVV%HQHWVRI0DNLQJ6WUHHWV0RUH:DONDEOHDQG&\FOLQJ)ULHQGO\+HDUW)RXQGDWLRQ
KWWSZZZKHDUWIRXQGDWLRQRUJDX6LWH&ROOHFWLRQ'RFXPHQWV*RRGIRU%XVLQHVV),1$/B1RYSGI
$$$&RVWRI2ZQLQJDQG2SHUDWLQJ9HKLFOHLQ86,QFUHDVHG$FFRUGLQJWR$$$V<RXU'ULYLQJ&RVWV6WXG\
KWWSQHZVURRPDDDFRPFRVWRIRZQLQJDQGRSHUDWLQJYHKLFOHLQXVLQFUHDVHGSHUFHQWDFFRUGLQJWRDDD(V(\RXUGULYLQJ
FRVWV(VWXG\
)UHHGPDQ5REHUW:DONDEOH/LYLQJ0DNHV6WULGHVRealtorMag1DWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI5HDOWRUV1RYHPEHU
KWWSUHDOWRUPDJUHDOWRURUJQHZVDQGFRPPHQWDU\FRPPHQWDU\DUWLFOHZDONDEOHOLYLQJPDNHVVWULGHV
/HLQEHUJHU&KULVWRSKHU%:DON'RQW'ULYHWRWKH5HDO(VWDWH5HFRYHU\KWWSZZZEURRNLQJVHGXXSIURQWSRVWVUHFRYHU\OHLQEHUJHU
&HQWHUIRU1HLJKERUKRRG7HFKQRORJ\7UXH$IIRUGDELOLW\DQG/RFDWLRQ(IFLHQF\+7$IIRUGDELOLW\,QGH[KWWSZZZKWDLQGH[RUJ
,ELG
1DWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI5HDOWRUV6PDUW*URZWK3URJUDP6PDUW*URZWKLQWKHVW&HQWXU\&ODVVQG
KWWSZZZUHDOWRURUJSURJUDPVVPDUWJURZWKSURJUDPVPDUWJURZWKLQWKHVWFHQWXU\FODVV
&HQWHUIRU1HLJKERUKRRG7HFKQRORJ\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQG&RPPXQLW\'HYHORSPHQWKWWSZZZFQWRUJWFG
/HLQEHUJHU&KULVWRSKHU%:DON'RQW'ULYHWRWKH5HDO(VWDWH5HFRYHU\%URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQKWWSZZZEURRNLQJVHGXXSIURQWSRVWVUHFRYHU\OHLQEHUJHU
Benefits of Walking
Fact Sheets
Health
Safety
Transportation
Social Equity
Economic
Walking as a Solution
&RPPXQLWLHVWKDWGHYHORSDFFRUGLQJWRVPDUWJURZWK
SULQFLSOHVZKLFKLQFOXGHZDONDEOHVWUHHWQHWZRUNVFRVWOHVV
IRULQGLYLGXDOVWROLYHLQDQGFRVWOHVVIRUORFDOJRYHUQPHQWV
WRDGPLQLVWHU
/RFDWLRQHIFLHQWQHLJKERUKRRGVZLWKZDONDEOH
VWUHHWVDFFHVVWRWUDQVLWDQGDYDULHW\RIDPHQLWLHV
KDYHORZHUKRXVHKROGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWVWKDQ
LQHIFLHQWQHLJKERUKRRGVGR 7KLVDELOLW\WRFXWEDFNRQ
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWVDOORZVIRUJUHDWHUUHVLOLHQF\DQGORZHU
IRUHFORVXUHUDWHV
&UHDWLQJDZDONDEOHHQYLURQPHQWFDQLPSURYHDQDUHDV
HFRQRP\
5HWDLOHUVVRPHWLPHVIDYRUDXWRPRELOHDFFHVVRYHU
QRQPRWRUL]HGDFFHVVHJZLGHUVLGHZDONVELNHODQHV
DQGWUDIFFDOPLQJEHFDXVHWKH\DVVXPHGULYHUV
VSHQGPRUHWKDQWKRVHZKRWUDYHOE\RWKHUPRGHV,Q
PDQ\XUEDQDUHDVKRZHYHUPRVWFXVWRPHUVDUULYHE\
ZDONLQJF\FOLQJRUWDNLQJWUDQVLW$OWKRXJKGULYHUVWHQGWR
VSHQGPRUHSHUWULSSHGHVWULDQVDQGF\FOLVWVVKRSPRUH
IUHTXHQWO\DQGVSHQGPRUHSHUFDSLWDRYHUDPRQWKRUD
\HDU
$:DVKLQJWRQ'&VWXG\FRQFOXGHGWKDWZDONDEOH
FRPPHUFLDOOHDVHVZHUHKLJKHUWKDQKLJKTXDOLW\
VXEXUEDQVSDFHDQGKDGDPXFKORZHUYDFDQF\UDWH
YV
0RUHZDONDEOHVLWHVFRPPDQGKLJKHUSURSHUW\YDOXHV
2QDSRLQWVFDOHDSRLQWLQFUHDVHLQZDONDELOLW\
LQFUHDVHVSURSHUW\YDOXHVE\WR:LWKLQDW\SLFDO
86PHWURSROLWDQUHJLRQDRQHSRLQWLQFUHDVHLQ
:DONVFRUHLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDWRLQFUHDVHLQ
KRPHYDOXHV
Additional Resources
7RGG/LWPDQ9LFWRULD7UDQVSRUW3ROLF\,QVWLWXWH
ZZZYWSLRUJ
&KULVWRSKHU%/HLQEHUJHU%URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQ
ZZZFKULVOHLQEHUJHUFRP
7DEOH6PDUW*URZWKDQG+RXVHKROG$IIRUGDELOLW\,PSDFWV
Source: Todd Litman, Evaluating Criticism of Smart Growth, 2012
+ DVV.ODX&DUPHQ&UDPSWRQ*UDKDP%HQMDUL5DELD(FRQRPLF,PSDFWRI/LJKW5DLO7KH5HVXOWVRI8UEDQ$UHDV,Q)UDQFH*HUPDQ\8.DQG1RUWK$PHULFD
Environmental & Transport PlanningKWWSHWSKDVVNODXFRXN
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ$OWHUQDWLYHVDQG6FKDOOHU&RQVXOWLQJ&XUELQJ&DUV6KRSSLQJ3DUNLQJDQG3HGHVWULDQ6SDFHLQ6R+R
ZZZWUDQVDOWRUJOHVQHZVURRPUHSRUWVVRKRBFXUELQJBFDUVSGI
6]WDELQVNL)UHG%LNH/DQHV2Q6WUHHW3DUNLQJDQG%XVLQHVV$6WXG\RI%ORRU6WUHHWLQ7RURQWRV$QQH[1HLJKERXUKRRG7KH&OHDQ$LU3DUWQHUVKLS
ZZZFOHDQDLUSDUWQHUVKLSRUJSGIELNHODQHVSDUNLQJSGI
0DODWHVW $VVRFLDWHV9LFWRULD5HJLRQDO5DSLG7UDQVLW6XUYH\RI%XVLQHVVHV3URSHUW\2ZQHUVDQG&XVWRPHUV%&7UDQVLW
ZZZWUDQVLWEFFRPYUUWGLVSOD\SGI%XVLQHVVB6XUYH\B5HVXOWVSGI
&RUWULJKW-RH:DONLQJWKH:DON+RZ:DONDELOLW\5DLVHV+RPH9DOXHVLQ86&LWLHV&(2VIRU&LWLHVZZZFHRVIRUFLWLHVRUJOHV:DONLQJ7KH:DONB&(2VIRU&LWLHVSGI