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ABSTRACT
This paper describes a general analysis for a cylindrical shell, simply
supported at both ends and subjected to various kinds of surface loadings.
Double Fourier expansion technique is employed to solve the shell equations
and also to express the displacement and loading functions. The applications
and validity of the analysis are shown by two examples, which show good
results. A computer program for the analysis is also attached, which is capable
of analysing a few loading cases at the same time.
NOMENCLATURE
A
E
L
m
M,
n
Nx
P,
e,
Pr.,n
Px,.n
P ,,.,
q
r
Int. J. Pres. Ves. & Piping 0308-0161/87/$03"50 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd,
132
Thickness of cylinder
Mid-surface displacement in the x direction
Displacement coefficient in the x direction
Umn
1)
Mid-surface displacement in the 4' direction
Displacement
coefficient in the 4' direction
l)mn
W
Mid-surface displacement in the radial direction
Displacement coefficient in the radial direction
Wren
Coordinate in the axial direction
X
z
Coordinate in the radial direction
gx, ~ , gx~b Strains
t~x, K4~, Kxgp Curvatures
mvzr / L
2
v
Poisson's ratio
Coordinate in the circumferential direction
4'
u
INTRODUCTION
The cylindrical shell is a c o m m o n and important structural component; it is
widely used and has received more attention than shells of other shapes.
Typical uses of cylindrical shells are mostly seen in chemical process plants
and the gas industry, usually for storing and transmitting fluid or gases. In
the normal operating condition, not only is the cylinder subject to loading by
its own contents, but is also subject to other loadings, such as those that
arise from the attachments, piping connections and supports. These
loadings are usually localised in nature and affect stress distribution mainly
in the immediate area of constraint or load application. During the design
stage, it is essential that the designer should consider all possible loadings on
the cylinder, and find out their effects on the displacements and stresses set
up on the shell wall. Over the years, much work has been done in an effort to
analyse cylindrical shell under various kinds of loading. However, these
analyses often lack generality, and in most cases only a single type of loading
is considered, its analysis being exclusive to that particular type of loading. A
more general analysis has been done by Duthie and Tooth, 1 but in this case
however, only symmetric loadings were considered. In dealing with local
loading problems, design codes such as BS5500 and ASME boiler and
pressure vessel codes provide parametric formulae and curves to obtain
stresses and displacements along the boundary of a loaded area. In such
cases the accuracy of the results depends on the choices of parameters used.
Though their approach is simple, however, it is usually required to
interpolate between curves and at times extrapolate from curves to obtain
results. The above reasons prompted the work described in this paper. The
aim is to present a general analysis for cylindrical shell loaded by various
133
C Y L I N D R I C A L SHELL ANALYSIS
The cylindrical shell equations of Sanders, 2 when expressed in terms of midsurface displacements and surface loadings, can be shown as follows:
L2 L4 L5
L3
L5
L6
=~-
(1)
[P,J
where L's are the differential operators, as defined by Ong and Tooth. 3
134
P.
Px
P
(2)
The unprimed coefficients in eqn (2) refer to patterns symmetric about q~= 0
and the primed coefficients refer to patterns anti-symmetric about 4)= 0.
This provision permits us to describe symmetric or non-symmetric
functions. The origin of the coordinate system is taken at one end of the
cylinder. The prescribed boundary conditions imply that the cylinder is
supported in radial and tangential directions at the ends and the shell is free
to rotate about a tangent to the edge. Although the boundary conditions do
not precisely describe the conditions pertaining to all end closure
configurations, they are sufficient for most problems encountered in
practice, where loadings are remote from the ends. The sign conventions for
displacements, stress resultants, and surface loadings are shown in Fig. 1.
The solution for displacements can be obtained by first dividing
displacement and loading functions into symmetric and anti-symmetric
parts and then substituting each part separately into eqn (1). The resulting
matrix equations will involve only the coefficients of displacements and
loadings. It is to be noted that the Fourier harmonics are uncoupled, that is,
the i-th harmonic does not interact with thej-th harmonic. This is typical of a
linear elasticity problem. The displacement coefficients for the symmetric
and anti-symmetric parts are given below:
Wren]
1.2
x [Pjmn]
(3)
Uran
and
[w-.]
,
/.2
(4)
tv2. ]
135
bX
x NCx
F Me
NQ
(5)
136
where
k=l~(2t/r 2)
and
2-
mT~r
W
U
V
p!
as
(6)
The strain and curvature functions can also be found by the linear strain
displacement relations of Sanders. 2
-- r,~.Z2jF1
r(nZ3j + Zlt)F1
~X
E~
r
"~(,~,Z3j -- nZ2 j)F2
lx/
KO
tCx~
m=
n=0 j=l
(7)
22ZljF1
(n2 Z xj -}- nZ3 t)F1
(32Zaj + n2Zlj + nZ2j)F2
where
F1 = (P j,.. cos nq~ + U~m. sin n~b) sin (mnx/L)
F2 =- (Ptm. sin nq~ -- ~ m . cos n~b)cos (mnx/L)
Once eqn (7) is obtained, the stress and m o m e n t resultants can all be found
through constitutive relations.
137
integration over the surface o f the cylinder eliminates all but one o f the
F o u r i e r coefficients. In this manner, the loading coefficients for the radial,
axial, and circumferential directions can be determined, as given in the
following.
Pr sin (mrcx/L) dx d e
J o
(n = O)
L~
P'rr~,
2'~
(n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
(n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
(n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
Lrt j o .) 0
(n = 0)
(n = 1, 2, 3 . . . . )
l f;;).
lf/ff
Pxr,, - 2Lzt
= ~
Px d x d e
Px cos (mTrx/L) dx d e
(n = m = 0)
(n = O, m = 1, 2, 3 . . . . )
1 CLI2~
P'x,,,,,
= -Px cos n d x d e
Lrt do do
(n = 1, 2, 3 . . . . m = 0)
(n, m = 1, 2, 3 . . . . )
Px sin n d x d e
(m = O)
(m, n = 1, 2, 3 . . . . )
=
=
L~z.)o do
1 ILl2.
Lrc j o .J o
L x j o do
(8)
138
application of eqn (8). The rate of convergence for the loadings and solution
depend on the types ofloadings as well as the vessel dimensions. As a general
guide, taking 100 terms each for the m and n coefficients should be sufficient
for most problems.
Example (1) A cylinder supported at its ends and half-filled with water
For this problem, a solution based on a refined barrel vault theory was made
available by Flugge. The problem was later used by Duthie and Tooth to
verify their theory x and since then it has become a benchmark problem. The
general details of the cylinder and the comparisons of circumferential
bending stress (6M~/t 2) and axial direct stress (Nx/t) distributions with the
139
-~---~.." ~ ~ ' _
x=O
~=0
Patch
"~'~'~d
(degree)
loads
2C or 2d.
xJo
-I
Triangular load
Self-weight
pressure
t1=0
12.7mm
. __
~.
~ d i Q
12190 mm
g[
E = 207GPQ
u=0.3
e = 9.51 E-6 N~mmn
20 t MPO
1S
~ . ~ ~
10
S
0
-S
-10
-1S
Fig. 3.
~:~
1.13 E 6 Nn~2 mm
' l++o
J dio.
t~O00 mm
i'--
P~
,,.I
~..
p = 0.188 MPcz
Ml~
__.--
Computer program
Edge
30
'
20
(BSSSOO)
10
0
z.o x
-I0
-20
-30
i
-SO'
Fig. 4.
141
CONCLUSION
A general theory for a simply end-supported cylinder subjected to various
types of external loadings has been presented. The double Fourier expansion
technique is used for the solution. The analysis will be useful to the stress
analysts or designers who would like to find out the stress and displacement
distributions on the cylinder. The computer program attached is written in
such a way that different types of loadings can be considered and
superposed, which allows users to consider a complex loading case when its
solution is not readily attainable elsewhere.
REFERENCES
Duthie, G. and Tooth, A. S., Local loads on cylindrical shells: a Fourier series
solution, Behaviour of Thin-Walled Structures, ed. J. Rhodes and J. Spence,
Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, 1984, pp. 235-72.
142
APPENDIX 1
Data-file for the program
The layout for the data-file is shown in the following. On the right hand side
is the data-file for the second example. It is listed here as an example.
Job description (Max. 60 chars.)
M,N
Nsys, Nsym, Ncsym
R,E,v,t,L
Nload
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C 6 ]
'Nload'
C1, C2,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 6 I =
M o m e n t 1.13E6 N - m m
50, 50
1,1,2
1250, 186E3, 0.3, 12, 4000
2
1, 0.188, 1900, 0, 100, 13.75
1700, 0, 2300, 0, 50
rOWS
Definitions
M, N =
Nsys = 1
= 2
Nsym = 1
= 2
Ncsym = 1
= 2
g,v
R,t,L
Nload
xl, q l, x2,
step
If C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
=
=
=
=
=
=
143
0, then
Specific weight of shell's material
Magnitude of internal pressure
Specific weight of fluid
Level of fill (in degrees from = 0)
0 (not used)
then
Radial patch
Axial shear patch
Circumferential shear patch
Triangular patch, varying in the x-direction and with vertical
side facing x = 0.
5 Triangular patch, varying in the C-direction and with vertical
side facing = 0.
Magnitude of load
Location of load (x, q~)
Size of load (2c, 2d), see Fig. (2).
The stress and displacement output can be requested from first point (x 1, 4h)
to last point (x 2, 2), in step of 'step' and in the constant x or constant
directions.
Result output
The results are stored in a file called 'output'. It contains the following items
for each requested output point.
(a) Position--{x, )
(b) Displacements--w, u, v
(c) Direct stress-resultants--Nx, N~, Nx~
(d) M o m e n t resultants--Mx, M~, Mx~
(e) Inside and outside axial stresses and strains.
(f) Inside and outside circumferential stresses and strains.
144
APPENDIX
C
C
2: PROGRAM
LISTING
103
NRITE(*,*)
INPUT DATA-FILE NAME'
READ(*,l) FILNM
FORMAT(A20)
OPEN(2,FILE=FILNM,STATUS='OLD')
READ(2,103)
NAME
FORNAT(A60)
READ (2,*) MTERN,NTERM
READ (2,*) NSYS,NSYM,NCSYM
READ (2,*) R,E,W,T,XLEN
READ (2,*) NLCAD
READ (2,*) (CL(I),I=l,NLOAD*6)
READ (2,*) CPl,CP2,CP3,CP4,STEP
N-1
IF (CP2.EQ.CP4) NP=2
CLOSE (UNIT=2)
C
C
C
AXIAL SYMMETRY
NSYM=2, KM=1
NON AXIAL SYMMETRY
NSYM=l, KM=0
KM-1
IF (NSYM.EQ.l) KN=O
GLOBAL CONSTANTS
PI=ASIN(1.0)*2.0
RADIAN=PI/180.0
PI2=PI*PI
Tl=l.O-W
TZ=T*T
A=E*T/(l.O-W*W)
T3=PI*R/XLEN
TI=PI/XLEN
TS=R*R/A
T6=T2/12.0
C
C
40
41
C
780
360
782
330
300
C 4 = 0 . 5 * ( 3 . 0 - W ) *Cl
C 5 = 0 . 1 2 5 " T 1 " (4.0+Cl)
C 6 = 0 . 1 2 5 " (4.0* (i. 0 + V V ) - 3 . 0 * C I * T I )
C 7 = 0 . 1 2 5 " T I * (4.0+9.0"C1)
-PRINT INPUT DATAO P E N (6, F I L E = 'O U T P U T ', S T A T U S = 'N E W ' )
W R I T E (6,780) N A M E
F O R M A T (//5X, A/)
IF (NSYS.EQ.2) W R I T E (6,360)
F O R M A T ( S X , 'STIFFENING E F F E C T O F P R E S S U R E H A S B E E N CONSIDERED')
W R I T E (6,782) M T E R M , N T E R M
F O R M A T ( / 5 X , ' M T E R M = ' , I 4 / 5 X , ' N T E R M =',I4)
W R I T E (6,330)
F O R M A T ( / / 5 X , ' C Y L I N D R I C A L SHELL')
W R I T E (6,300) X L E N , R , T , E , V V
FORMAT(/10X,'LENGTH ='EI2.5,2X,'UNIT'/
&
10X,'RADIUS ='EI2.5,2X,'UNIT'/
&
10X, 'T H I C K N E S S = ', El2.5,2X, 'U N I T '/
&
10X,'YOUNGS MODULUS =',EI2.5,2X,'UNIT'/
&
1 0 X , ' P O I S S O N R A T I O ',F7.3)
C
306
305
343
344
333
C
990
W R I T E (6,306)
F O R M A T (//5X, '* L O A D I N G * ' )
FORMAT(/5X,'SP. WT.=',E12.5,2X,'PRESSURE
=',E12.5/
& 5X,'SP. WT. O F F L U I D = ' , E I 2 . 5 , 2 X , ILEVEL O F FILT-~I,FT.2,'DEG')
F O R M A T ( / 5 X , 'TYPE = R A D I A L P A T C H (1)
A X I A L S H E A R P A T C H (2)'/
&
5X,'
H O O P S H E A R P A T C H (3)
AXIAL TRIANGULAR
(4) '/
&
5X, '
HOOP TRIANGULAR
(5) '//
&5X, 'TYPE' ,4X, 'MAGNITUDE' ,9X, 'X', 1IX, 'PHY' ,8X, '2C' ,8X, '2BETA' )
F O R M A T (7X, I2,2 (2X, El2.5) , 2X, FT. 2,2X, El2.5,2X, FT. 2)
IF (CL(1).EQ.0.0) W R I T E (6,305) (CL(I),I=2,5)
IF (CL(1).NE.0.0) W R I T E (6,343)
DO 333 I = I , N L O A D
J = (I-1) "6+1
IC=CL(J)
IF(IC.EQ.0) G O T O 333
W R I T E ( 6 , 3 4 4 ) IC, (CL(K),K=J+I,J+5)
CONTINUE
IF (STEP.EQ.0.0) ITOL=I
IF (STEP.NE.0.0) T H E N
IF (NP. EQ. I) A I = ( C P 4 - C P 2 ) / S T E P
IF (NP.EQ.2) A I = ( C P 3 - C P I ) / S T E P
ITOL=I. I+AI
E N D IF
DO 990 J = l , 9
EO ( J ) = 0 . 0
DO 990 I = I , I T O L + N T Y P E
R E S (J, I ) = 0 . 0
Z0(3)=0.0
zo(4)=o.o
Po2 (1) =o. o
P02 (2)=00
C
X=CPI
PHY=CP2*RADIAN
STEPI=STEP*HADIAN
C
WRITE(*,*) 'CALCULATIONS
D O 3001 M = I , M T E R M
K=M*NSYM-KM
C8=T3*K
C9ffiC8"C8
AI=I. 0 + C I * C 9 " C 9
A4f-VV*C8
A5=AI*C9-A4*A4
Z0 (i) = C 9 / A 5
Z 0 (2 ) = - A 4 / A 5
zo (5) =1. o/(c7.c9)
IN PROGRESS'
145
146
ZO(6)=Al/A5
Do 3004 1=1,3
3004
PO(I)=O.O
PO2(3)=0.0
CALL PJMN(K,O,NLOAD,CL)
IF (NP.EQ.l) CALL ENO(X,K,EO,ZO,PO,P02,LOAD,9)
DC 3001 N=l,NTERM
NZ=N*N
A11=1.0+C1*(N2+C9)**2+C2*((N2-1)+0.5*C9)
A12=CS*(C3*N2-W)
A13==N*(l.O+N2*Cl)+C4*N*C9
A22=C9+C5*N2
A23=-C6*N*C6
A33=N2*(1.O+Cl)+C7*C9
DEN=All*A22*A33+2.0*Al2*A23*Al3-All*A23*A23
&-A22*A13*A13-A33*A12*A12
Z(l)=(A22*A33-A23*A23)/DEN
2(2)-(A13*A23-A12*A33)/DEN
Z(3)=(A12*A23-A13*A22)/DEN
Z(4)-(A12*A13_All*A23)/DEN
Z(5)= (All*A22-A12*A12)/DEN
Z(6)-(All*A33-A13*A13)/DEN
DO 3003 1=1,3
P(I)=O.O
3003
P2(1)=0.0
CALL PJMN(K,N,NMAD,CL)
li=l
11=-l
IF (Il.EQ.ITOL) GOT0 555
100
IF (NP.EQ.l) THEN
PHI=(L-l)*STEPl+PHY
CALL ENN(X,PHI,K,N,ES,Z,P,P2,LOAD)
ELSE
X=(L-l)*STEP+CPl
CALL ENN(X,PHY,K,N,ES,Z,P,P2,MAD)
CALL ENO(X,K,ES,ZO,PO,P02,,LOAD)
STEPl=T4*K*STEP/N
END IF
Do 900 JC=1,9
DISP(JC,L)=ES(JC)
900
Il=L*2-1
IF (Il.GE.ITOL)
Il=ITOL
Do 500 I=L+l,Il
Al=COS(N*(I-L)*STEP1)*2.0
Ic=2*LiI
DO 30 JC=1,9
DISP(JC,I)=Al*ES(JC)-DISP(JC,IC)
30
500
CONTINUE
L=L*2
GOT0 100
DC 910 J=1,9
555
DO 910 I=l,ITOL
R?%(J,I)=RES(J,I)+DISP(J,I)
910
CONTINUE
3001
C
IF (NP.EQ.l) THEN
Do 930 1=1,9
DC 930 J=l,ITOL
RES(I,J)=RES(I,J)+EO(I)
930
END IF
C
A3=1.OE6/A
A4=PRESS*O.5/(1.0-W*W)
WRITE(*,*)
'WRITE TO OUTPUT FILE'
DO 940 J=l,ITOL
IF (NP.EQ.l) THEN
ANG=CP2+(J-l)*STEP
ELSE
X=CPl+(J-l)*STEP
END IF
940
C
310
311
312
313
314
999
i0
147
148
I0
C
S U B R O U T I N E PJMN(M,N,NLOAD,CL)
IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H,O-Z)
DIMENSION P(3),P0(3),P2(3),P02(3),CL(60)
COMMON/BLK2/T3,T4,PI,RADIAN,T,R,XLEN,NCSYM
2O
COMMON/BLK3/P,P0,P2,P02
DO 20 I=I,NLOAD
J=(I-l)*6+l
IC=CL(J)
AI=CL(J+I)
A2=CL(J+2)
A3=CL(J+3)
A4=CL(J+4)
A5=CL(J+5)
IF (IC.EQ.0.AND.MOD(M,2).EQ.I)
CALL SWP(P, P0,M,N,AI,A2,A3,A4)
IF (IC.NE.0) CALL P A T C H ( I C , A I , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 , M , N )
CONTINUE
RETURN
END
C
C
I0
1
2
4
30
50
500
600
700
60
501
601
701
AM=8.0*(SIN(N*ALP~)*A2-N*COS(N*A~)*AI)/(N*(N*N-I))
P(1)=~*A3
~TURN
END
SUBROUTINE PATCH (KTYPE, Q, B, AFA, CC, BETA1, M, N)
IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H,O-Z)
DIMENSION P(3),P0(3),P2(3),P02(3)
COMMON/BLK2/T3, T4, PI, RADIAN, T, R, XLEN, NCSYM
COMMON/BLK3/P, P0, P2, P02
AFA=AFA*RADIAN
BETAI=BETAI*RADIAN
c=cc/2, o
BETA=BETA1/2.0
IC=0
IF (NCSYM.EQ.I) IC=I
AI=M*T4
A2=AI*B
A3=AI*C
A4=M*PI
GOTO (1,2,1,4,1) KTYPE
IF (CC.EQ.0.0) AM=2.0*SIN(A2)/XLEN
IF (CC.GT.0.0) AM=4.0*SIN(A2)*SIN(A3)/A4
GOTO 30
IF (CC.EQ.0.0) AM=2.0*COS(A2)/XLEN
IF (CC.GT.0.0) AM=4.0*COS(A2)*SIN(A3)/A4
GOTO 30
AM=(COS (A2) * (COS (A3)-SIN(A3)/A3) +SIN(A2)*SIN(A3) ) "2.0/A4
IF (N.EQ.0) GOTO 60
A4=N*AFA
IF (BETAI.EQ.0.0) THEN
A5=Q/(R* PI )
GOTO 50
END IF
AI=2.0*Q/(N*PI)
A2=N*BETA
A 5 = A I * S I N (A2)
IF (KTYPE. EQ. 5) A5=A5/2 0+AI* (SIN (A2)/A2-COS (A2) )
AN=A5*COS (A4)
BN=A5*SIN (A4)
GOTO (500,600,700,500,500) ,KTYPE
P(1) =P(1) +AM*AN
P2 (i) =P2 (i) +IC*AM*BN
RETURN
P (2) =P (2) +AM*AN
P2 (2) =P2 (2) +IC*AM*BN
RETURN
P(3) =P(3) +AM*BN
P2 (3)=P2 (3) -IC*AM*AN
RETURN
IF (BETAI.EQ.O.0) AN0=Q/(2.0*R*Pi)
IF (BETA1. GT. 0.0) AN0=BETA*Q/PI
IF (KTYPE. EQ. 5) ANO=AM0/2.0
GOTO(501,601,701,501,501) ,KTYPE
P0 (i) =PO (1) +AM*AN0
RETURN
P0 (2 )=P0 (2 )+AM*AN0
RETURN
P02 (3) =P02 (3) -IC*AN0*AM
RETURN
END
149