PREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)

Inordertopromotepubliceducationandpublicsafety,equaljusticeforall,abetterinformed
citizenry,theruleoflaw,worldtradeandworldpeace,thislegaldocumentisherebymadeavailableona
noncommercialbasis,asitistherightofallhumanstoknowandspeakthelawsthatgovernthem.
ENDOFPREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)
EUROPEANSTANDARD
NORMEEUROPENNE
EUROPISCHENORM
EN199342
February2007
ICS23.020.0191.010.3091.080.10
SupersedesENV199342:1999
EnglishVersion

Eurocode3DesignofsteelstructuresPart42:
Tanks
Eurocode3

Eurocode3BemessungundKonstruktionvonStahlbautenTeil42:Silos,

CalculdesstructuresenacierPartie4 TankbauwerkeundRohrleitungenTankbauwerke
2:Rservoirs

ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon12June2006.
CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulate
theconditionsforgivingthisEuropeanStandardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.
Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcerningsuchnationalstandardsmaybeobtainedon
applicationtotheCENManagementCentreortoanyCENmember.
ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversionin
anyotherlanguagemadebytranslationundertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguage
andnotifiedtotheCENManagementCentrehasthesamestatusastheofficialversions.
CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Cyprus,Czech
Republic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,
Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Slovakia,Slovenia,
Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom.

ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels
2007CENAllrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreservedworldwideforCEN
nationalMembers.
Ref.No.EN199342:2007:E
1

Contents
Foreword

General

1.1

Scope

1.2

Normativereferences

1.3

Assumptions

10

1.4

Distinctionbetweenprinciplesandapplicationrules

10

1.5

Termsanddefinitions

10

1.6

SymbolsusedinPart4.2ofEurocode3

12

1.7

Signconventions

13

1.8

Units

18

Basisofdesign

19

2.1

Requirements

19

2.2

Reliabilitydifferentiation

19

2.3

Limitstates

19

2.4

Actionsandenvironmentaleffects

19

2.5

Materialproperties

19

2.6

Geometricaldata

20

2.7

Modellingofthetankfordeterminingactioneffects

20

2.8

Designassistedbytesting

20

2.9

Actioneffectsforlimitstateverifications

20

2.10

Combinationsofactions

22

2.11

Durability

22

Propertiesofmaterials

23

3.1

General

23

3.2

Structuralsteels

23

3.3

Steelsforpressurepurposes

23

3.4

Stainlesssteels

23

3.5

Toughnessrequirements

24

Basisforstructuralanalysis

25

4.1

Ultimatelimitstates

25

4.2

Analysisofthecircularshellstructureofatank

25

4.3

Analysisoftheboxstructureofarectangulartank

27

4.4

Equivalentorthotropicpropertiesofcorrugatedsheeting

28

Designofcylindricalwalls

29

5.1

Basis

29

5.2

Distinctionofcylindricalshellforms

29

5.3

Resistanceofthetankshellwall

29

5.4

Considerationsforsupportsandopenings

30

5.5

Serviceabilitylimitstates

33

Designofconicalhoppers

34

Designofcircularroofstructures

34

7.1

Basis

34

7.2

Distinctionofroofstructuralforms

34

7.3

Resistanceofcircularroofs

35

7.4

Considerationsforindividualstructuralforms

35

7.5

Serviceabilitylimitstates

36

Designoftransitionjunctionsatthebottomoftheshellandsupportingringgirders

36

Designofrectangularandplanarsidedtanks

37

9.1

Basis

37

9.2

Distinctionofstructuralforms

37

9.3

Resistanceofverticalwalls

37

9.4

Serviceabilitylimitstates

38

10 Requirementsonfabrication,executionanderectionwithrelationtodesign

38

11 Simplifieddesign

39

11.1

General

39

11.2

Fixedroofdesign

40

11.3

Shelldesign

46

11.4

Bottomdesign

50

11.5

Anchoragedesign

51

AnnexA[normative]

53

Actionsontanks

53

A.l

General

53

A.2

Actions

53

Foreword
ThisEuropeanStandardEN199342,Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructuresPart42:Tanks,
hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC250StructuralEurocodes,theSecretariatof
whichisheldbyBSI.CEN/TC250isresponsibleforallStructuralEurocodes.
ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofaNationalStandard,eitherbypublicationof
anidenticaltextorbyendorsement,atthelatestbyAugust2007,andconflictingNationalStandardsshall
bewithdrawnatlatestbyMarch2010.
ThisEurocodesupersedesENV199342:1999.
AccordingtotheCENCENELECInternalRegulations,theNationalStandardOrganizationsofthe
followingcountriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Cyprus,
CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,
Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Slovakia,

Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom.

BackgroundoftheEurocodeprogramme
In1975,theCommissionoftheEuropeanCommunitydecidedonanactionprogrammeinthe
fieldofconstruction,basedonarticle95oftheTreaty.Theobjectiveoftheprogrammewasthe
eliminationoftechnicalobstaclestotradeandtheharmonisationoftechnicalspecifications.
Withinthisactionprogramme,theCommissiontooktheinitiativetoestablishasetofharmonised
technicalrulesforthedesignofconstructionworkswhich,inafirststage,wouldserveasanalternative
tothenationalrulesinforceintheMemberStatesand,ultimately,wouldreplacethem.
Forfifteenyears,theCommission,withthehelpofaSteeringCommitteewithRepresentativesof
MemberStates,conductedthedevelopmentoftheEurocodesprogramme,whichledtothefirst
generationofEuropeancodesinthe1980s.
In1989,theCommissionandtheMemberStatesoftheEUandEFTAdecided,onthebasisofan
agreement1)betweentheCommissionandCEN,totransferthepreparationandthepublicationofthe
EurocodestotheCENthroughaseriesofMandates,inordertoprovidethemwithafuturestatusof
EuropeanStandard(EN).ThislinksdefactotheEurocodeswiththeprovisionsofalltheCouncils
Directivesand/orCommissionsDecisionsdealingwithEuropeanstandards(e.g.theCouncilDirective
89/106/EEConconstructionproductsCPDandCouncilDirectives93/37/EEC,92/50/EECand
89/440/EEConpublicworksandservicesandequivalentEFTADirectivesinitiatedinpursuitofsetting
uptheinternalmarket).
TheStructuralEurocodeprogrammecomprisesthefollowingstandardsgenerallyconsistingofa
numberofParts:

EN1990

Eurocode0:Basisofstructuraldesign

EN1991

Eurocode1:Actionsonstructures

EN1992

Eurocode2:Designofconcretestructures

EN1993

Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures

EN1994

Eurocode4:Designofcompositesteelandconcretestructures

EN1995

Eurocode5:Designoftimberstructures

EN1996

Eurocode6:Designofmasonrystructures

EN1997

Eurocode7:Geotechnicaldesign

EN1998

Eurocode8:Designofstructuresforearthquakeresistance

EN1999

Eurocode9:Designofaluminiumstructures

1) AgreementbetweentheCommissionoftheEuropeanCommunitiesandtheEuropean

CommitteeforStandardisation(CEN)concerningtheworkonEUROCODESforthedesignofbuilding
andcivilengineeringworks(BC/CEN/03/89).
EurocodestandardsrecognisetheresponsibilityofregulatoryauthoritiesineachMemberState
andhavesafeguardedtheirrighttodeterminevaluesrelatedtoregulatorysafetymattersatnationallevel
wherethesecontinuetovaryfromStatetoState.

StatusandfieldofapplicationofEurocodes
TheMemberStatesoftheEUandEFTArecognisethatEUROCODESserveasreference
documentsforthefollowingpurposes:

asameanstoprovecomplianceofbuildingandcivilengineeringworkswiththeessential
requirementsofCouncilDirective89/106/EEC,particularlyEssentialRequirementNl
MechanicalresistanceandstabilityandEssentialRequirementN2Safetyincaseoffire
asabasisforspecifyingcontractsforconstructionworksandrelatedengineeringservices
asaframeworkfordrawingupharmonisedtechnicalspecificationsforconstructionproducts(ENs
andETAs)
TheEurocodes,asfarastheyconcerntheconstructionworksthemselves,haveadirect
relationshipwiththeInterpretativeDocuments2)referredtoinArticle12oftheCPD,althoughtheyare
ofadifferentnaturefromharmonisedproductstandards3).Therefore,technicalaspectsarisingfromthe
EurocodesworkneedtobeadequatelyconsideredbyCENTechnicalCommitteesand/orEOTAWorking
Groupsworkingonproductstandardswithaviewtoachievingfullcompatibilityofthesetechnical
specificationswiththeEurocodes.
TheEurocodestandardsprovidecommonstructuraldesignrulesforeverydayuseforthedesignof
wholestructuresandcomponentproductsofbothatraditionalandaninnovativenature.Unusualforms
ofconstructionordesignconditionsarenotspecificallycoveredandadditionalexpertconsiderationwill
berequiredbythedesignerinsuchcases.

NationalStandardsimplementingEurocodes
TheNationalStandardsimplementingEurocodeswillcomprisethefulltextoftheEurocode
(includinganyannexes),aspublishedbyCEN,whichmaybeprecededbyaNationaltitlepageand
Nationalforeword,andmaybefollowedbyaNationalAnnex.
2) AccordingtoArt.3.3oftheCPD,theessentialrequirements(ERs)shallbegivenconcreteform

ininterpretativedocumentsforthecreationofthenecessarylinksbetweentheessentialrequirements
andthemandatesforharmonisedENsandETAGs/ETAs.
3) AccordingtoArt.12oftheCPDtheinterpretativedocumentsshall:

a. giveconcreteformtotheessentialrequirementsbyharmonisingtheterminologyandthetechnical
basesandindicatingclassesorlevelsforeachrequirementwherenecessary
b. indicatemethodsofcorrelatingtheseclassesorlevelsofrequirementwiththetechnical
specifications,e.g.methodsofcalculationandofproof,technicalrulesforprojectdesign,etc.
c. serveasareferencefortheestablishmentofharmonisedstandardsandguidelinesforEuropean
technicalapprovals.TheEurocodes,defacto,playasimilarroleinthefieldoftheER1andapart
ofER2.
5

TheNationalAnnexmayonlycontaininformationonthoseparameterswhichareleftopeninthe
Eurocodefornationalchoice,knownasNationallyDeterminedParameters,tobeusedforthedesignof
buildingsandcivilengineeringworkstobeconstructedinthecountryconcerned,i.e.:
valuesand/orclasseswherealternativesaregivenintheEurocode,
valuestobeusedwhereasymbolonlyisgivenintheEurocode.
countryspecificdata(geographical,climatic,etc),e.g.snowmap,
theproceduretobeusedwherealternativeproceduresaregivenintheEurocode.
Itmayalsocontain:
decisionsontheapplicationofinformativeannexes,
referencestononcontradictorycomplementaryinformationtoassisttheusertoapplythe

Eurocode.

LinksbetweenEurocodesandharmonisedtechnicalspecifications(ENsand
ETAs)forproducts
Thereisaneedforconsistencybetweentheharmonisedtechnicalspecificationsforconstruction
productsandthetechnicalrulesforworks4).Furthermore,alltheinformationaccompanyingtheCE
MarkingoftheconstructionproductswhichrefertoEurocodesshouldclearlymentionwhichNationally
DeterminedParametershavebeentakenintoaccount.

AdditionalinformationspecifictoEN199342
EN199342givesdesignguidanceforthestructuraldesignoftanks.
EN199342givesdesignrulesthatsupplementthegenericrulesinthemanypartsofEN19931.
EN199342isintendedforclients,designers,contractorsandrelevantauthorities.
EN199342isintendedtobeusedinconjunctionwithEN1990,withEN19914,withtheother
PartsofEN1991,withEN199316andEN199341,withtheotherPartsofEN1993,withEN1992and
withtheotherPartsofEN1994toEN1999relevanttothedesignoftanks.Mattersthatarealready
coveredinthosedocumentsarenotrepeated.
Numericalvaluesforpartialfactorsandotherreliabilityparametersarerecommendedasbasic
valuesthatprovideanacceptablelevelofreliability.Theyhavebeenselectedassumingthatanappropriate
levelofworkmanshipandqualitymanagementapplies.
Safetyfactorsforproducttypetanks(factoryproduction)canbespecifiedbytheappropriate
authorities.Whenappliedtoproducttypetanks,thefactorsin2.9areforguidancepurposesonly.They
areprovidedtoshowthelikelylevelsneededtoachieveconsistentreliabilitywithotherdesigns.

NationalAnnexforEN199342
Thisstandardgivesalternativeprocedures,valuesandrecommendationsforclasseswithnotes
indicatingwherenationalchoicesmayhavetobemade.ThereforetheNationalStandardimplementing
EN199342shouldhaveaNationalAnnexcontainingallNationallyDeterminedParameterstobeused
forthedesignofbuildingsandcivilengineeringworkstobeconstructedintherelevantcountry.
NationalchoiceisallowedinEN199342through:
2.2(1)
2.2(3)
4) seeArt.3.3andArt.12oftheCPD,aswellasclauses4.2,4.3.1,4.3.2and5.2ofID1.

2.9.2.l(1)P
2.9.2.1(2)P
2.9.2.1(3)P
2.9.2.2(3)P
2.9.3(2)
3.3(3)
4.1.4(3)
4.3.1(6)

4.3.1(8)
7

1General
1.1Scope
1. Part4.2ofEurocode3providesprinciplesandapplicationrulesforthestructuraldesignofvertical
cylindrical
andrectangular
withthefollowingcharacteristics

abovegroundsteeltanksforthestorageofliquidproducts

a. characteristicinternalpressuresabovetheliquidlevelnotlessthan100mbarandnotmore
than500mbar 1)
b. designmetaltemperatureintherangeof50Cto+300C.Fortanksconstructedusing
austeniticstainlesssteels,thedesignmetaltemperaturemaybeintherangeof165Cto
+300C.Forfatigueloadedtanks,thetemperatureshouldbelimitedtoT<150C
c. maximumdesignliquidlevelnothigherthanthetopofthe
tank

cylindricalandrectangular

2. ThisPart4.2isconcernedonlywiththerequirementsforresistanceandstabilityofsteeltanks.
OtherdesignrequirementsarecoveredbyEN14015forambienttemperaturetanksandbyEN
14620forcryogenictanks,andbyEN1090forfabricationanderectionconsiderations.These
otherrequirementsincludefoundationsandsettlement,fabrication,erectionandtesting,
functionalperformance,anddetailslikemanholes,flanges,andfillingdevices.
3. ProvisionsconcerningthespecialrequirementsofseismicdesignareprovidedinEN19984
(Eurocode8Part4Designofstructuresforearthquakeresistance:Silos,tanksandpipelines),
whichcomplementstheprovisionsofEurocode3specificallyforthispurpose.
4. ThedesignofasupportingstructureforatankisdealtwithinEN199311.
5. ThedesignofanaluminiumroofstructureonasteeltankisdealtwithinEN199915.
6. FoundationsinreinforcedconcreteforsteeltanksaredealtwithinEN1992andEN1997.
7. Numericalvaluesofthespecificactionsonsteeltankstobetakenintoaccountinthedesignare
giveninEN19914ActionsonSilosandTanks.Additionalprovisionsfortankactionsaregivenin
annexAtothisPart4.2ofEurocode3.
8. ThisPart4.2doesnotcover:
floatingroofsandfloatingcovers
resistancetofire(refertoEN199312).
9. Thecircularplanformtankscoveredbythisstandardarerestrictedtoaxisymmetricstructures,
thoughtheycanbesubjecttounsymmetricalactions,andcanbeunsymmetricallysupported.

1.2Normativereferences
ThisEuropeanStandardincorporates,bydatedandundatedreference,provisionsfromother
standards.Thesenormativereferencesarecitedattheappropriateplacesinthetextandthepublications
arelistedhereafter.Fordatedreferences,subsequentamendmentsto,orrevisionsof,anyofthese
publicationsapplytotheEuropeanStandardonlywhenincorporatedinitbyamendmentorrevision.For
undatedreferencesthelatesteditionofthepublicationreferredtoapplies.
1) Allpressuresareinmbargaugeunlessotherwisespecified

EN10902 ExecutionofsteelandaluminiumstructuresTechnicalrequirementsforsteelstructures
EN1990

Eurocode:Basisofstructuraldesign

EN1991

Eurocode1:Actionsonstructures

Part1.1:

ActionsonStructuresDensities,selfweightandimposedloadsforbuildings

Part1.2: ActionsonstructuresActionsonstructuresexposedtofire
Part1.3: ActionsonstructuresSnowloads
Part1.4: ActionsonstructuresWindloads
Part4:

Actionsonsilosandtanks

EN1992

Eurocode2:Designofconcretestructures

EN1993

Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures

Part1.1:

Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings

Part1.3: GeneralrulesSupplementaryrulesforcoldformedmembersandsheeting
Part1.4: GeneralrulesSupplementaryrulesforstainlesssteels
Part1.6: GeneralrulesSupplementaryrulesforthestrengthandstabilityofshellstructures
Part1.7: GeneralrulesSupplementaryrulesforplanarplatedstructuresloadedtransversely
Part1.10: Materialtoughnessandthroughthicknessproperties
Part4.1: Silos
EN1997

Eurocode7:Geotechnicaldesign

EN1998

Eurocode8:Designofstructuresforearthquakeresistance

Part4:

Silos,tanksandpipelines

EN1999

Eurocode9:Designofaluminiumstructures

Part1.5: Shellstructures
EN10025

Hotrolledproductsofstructuralsteels

EN10028 Flatproductsmadeofsteelforpressurepurposes
EN10088 Stainlesssteels
EN10149

Specificationforhotrolledflatproductsmadeofhighyieldstrengthsteelsforcoldforming.

Part1:

Generaldeliveryconditions

Part2:

Deliveryconditionsforthermomechanicallyrolledsteels

Part3:

Deliveryconditionsfornormalizedornormalizedrolledsteels

EN13084 Freestandingindustrialchimneys
Part7:

Productspecificationofcylindricalsteelfabricationsforuseinsinglewallsteelchimneysandsteel
liners

EN14015

Specificationforthedesignandmanufactureofsitebuilt,vertical,cylindrical,flatbottomed,above
ground,welded,metallictanksforthestorageofliquidsatambienttemperatures

EN14620 Designandmanufactureofsitebuilt,vertical,cylindrical,flatbottomedsteeltanksforthestorage
ofrefrigerated,liquefiedgaseswithoperatingtemperaturesbetween5Cand165C
ISO1000

SIUnits

ISO3898

BasesfordesignofstructuresNotationGeneralsymbols

ISO8930

GeneralprinciplesonreliabilityforstructuresListofequivalentterms.

1.3Assumptions

1. InadditiontothegeneralassumptionsofEN1990thefollowingassumptionapplies:
fabricationanderectioncomplieswithEN1090,EN14015and14620asappropriate

1.4Distinctionbetweenprinciplesandapplicationrules
1. Seel.4inEN1990.

1.5Termsanddefinitions
1. Thetermsthataredefinedin1.5inEN1990forcommonuseintheStructuralEurocodesandthe
definitionsgiveninISO8930applytothisPart4.2ofEN1993,unlessotherwisestated,butforthe
purposesofthisPart4.2thefollowingsupplementarydefinitionsaregiven:
1.5.1shell.
Astructureformedfromacurvedthinplate.Thistermalsohasaspecialmeaningfortanks:see
1.5.9

1.5.2axisymmetricshell.
Ashellstructurewhosegeometryisdefinedbyrotationofameridionallineaboutacentralaxis.
1.5.3box.
Astructureformedfromanassemblyofflatplatesintoathreedimensionalenclosedform.Forthe
purposesofthisstandard,theboxhasdimensionsthataregenerallycomparableinalldirections.
1.5.4meridionaldirection.
Thetangenttothetankwallatanypointinaplanethatpassesthroughtheaxisofthetank.It
variesaccordingtothestructuralelementbeingconsidered.
1.5.5circumferentialdirection.
Thehorizontaltangenttothetankwallatanypoint.Itvariesaroundthetank,liesinthe
horizontalplaneandistangentialtothetankwallirrespectiveofwhetherthetankiscircularor
rectangularinplan.
1.5.6middlesurface.
Thistermisusedtorefertoboththestressfreemiddlesurfacewhenashellisinpurebendingand
themiddleplaneofafatplatethatformspartofabox.
1.5.7separationofstiffeners.
Thecentretocentredistancebetweenthelongitudinalaxesoftwoadjacentparallelstiffeners.
SupplementarytoPart1ofEN1993(andPart4ofEN1991),forthepurposesofthisPart4.2,the
followingterminologyapplies:
10

1.5.8tank.
Atankisavesselforstoringliquidproducts.Inthisstandarditisassumedtobeprismaticwitha
verticalaxis(withtheexceptionofthetankbottomandroofparts).
1.5.9shell.
Theshellisthecylindricalwallofthetankofcircularplanfonn.Althoughthisusageisslightly
confusingwhenitiscomparedtothedefinitiongivenin
1.5.1
,itissowidelyusedwiththe
twomeaningsthatbothhavebeenretainedhere.Whereanyconfusioncanarise,thealternativeterm
cylindricalwallisused.
1.5.10tankwall.
Themetalplateelementsformingtheverticalwalls,rooforahopperbottomarereferredtoasthe
tankwall.Thistermisnotrestrictedtotheverticalwalls.
1.5.11course.
Thecylindricalwallofthetankisformedmakinghorizontaljointsbetweenaseriesofshort
cylindricalsections,eachofwhichisformedbymakingverticaljointsbetweenindividualcurvedplates.A
shortcylinderwithouthorizontaljointsistermedacourse.
1.5.12hopper.
Ahopperisaconvergingsectiontowardsthebottomofatank.Itisusedtochannelfluidstowards
agravitydischargeoutlet(usuallywhentheycontainsuspendedsolids).
1.5.13junction.
Ajunctionisthepointatwhichanytwoormoreshellsegmentsorflatplateelementsmeet.Itcan
includeastiffenerornot:thepointofattachmentofaringstiffenertotheshellorboxmaybetreatedas
ajunction.
1.5.14transitionjunction.
Thetransitionjunctionisthejunctionbetweentheverticalwallandahopper.Thejunctioncanbe
atthebaseoftheverticalwallorpartwaydownit.
1.5.15shellroofjunction.
Theshellroofjunctionisthejunctionbetweentheverticalwallandtheroof.Itissometimes
referredtoastheeavesjunction,thoughthisusageismorecommonforsolidsstorages.
1.5.16stringerstiffener.
Astringerstiffenerisalocalstiffeningmemberthatfollowsthemeridianofashell,representinga
generatoroftheshellofrevolution.Itisprovidedtoincreasethestability,ortoassistwiththe
introductionoflocalloadsortocarryaxialloads.Itisnotintendedtoprovideaprimaryloadcarrying

capacityforbendingduetotransverseloads.
1.5.17rib.
Aribisalocalmemberthatprovidesaprimaryloadcarryingpathforloadscausingbendingdown
themeridianofashellorflatplate,representingageneratoroftheshellofrevolutionoravertical
stiffeneronabox.Itisusedtodistributetransverseloadsonthestructurebybendingaction.
1.5.18ringstiffener.
Aringstiffenerisalocalstiffeningmemberthatpassesaroundthecircumferenceofthestructure
atagivenpointonthemeridian.Itisassumedtohavenostiffnessinthemeridionalplaneofthe
structure.Itisprovidedtoincreasethestabilityortointroducelocalloads,notasaprimaryloadcarrying
element.Inashellofrevolutionitiscircular,butinrectangularstructuresistakestherectangularform
oftheplansection.
1.5.19basering.
Abaseringisastructuralmemberthatpassesaroundthecircumferenceofthestructureatthe
baseandisrequiredtoensurethattheassumedboundaryconditionsareachievedinpractice.
1.5.20ringgirderorringbeam.
Aringgirderorringbeamisacircumferentialstiffenerwhichhasbendingstiffnessandstrength
bothintheplaneofthecircularsectionofashellortheplansectionofarectangularstructureandalso
normaltothatplane.Itisaprimaryloadcarryingelement,usedtodistributelocalloadsintotheshellor
boxstructure.
11

1.5.21continuouslysupported.
Acontinuouslysupportedtankisoneinwhichallpositionsaroundthecircumferenceare
supportedinanidenticalmanner.Minordeparturesfromthiscondition(e.g.asmallopening)neednot
affecttheapplicabilityofthedefinition.
1.5.22discretesupport.
Adiscretesupportisa
situation
inwhichatankissupportedusingalocalbracketor
column,givingalimitednumberofnarrowsupportsaroundthetankcircumference.
1.5.23catchbasin.
Anexternaltankstructuretocontainfluidthatmayescapebyleakageoraccidentfromthe
primarytank.Thistypeofstructureisusedwheretheprimarytankcontainstoxicordangerousfluids.

1.6SymbolsusedinPart4.2ofEurocode3
ThesymbolsusedarebasedonISO3898:!987.
1.6.1Romanuppercaseletters

areaofcrosssection

A1,A2

areaoftop,bottomflangeofroofcentrering

diameteroftank

Youngsmodulus

heightofpartofshellwalltoliquidsurfacemaximumdesignliquidheight

H0

heightofthetankshell

secondmomentofareaofcrosssection

coefficientforbucklingdesign

heightofshellsegmentorstiffenershearlength

bendingmomentinstructuralmember

axialforceinstructuralmember

Nf

minimumnumberofloadcyclesrelevantforfatigue

verticalloadonroofrafter

radiusofcurvatureofshellwhichisnotcylindrical

temperature

elasticsectionmodulusweight

1.6.2Romanlowercaseletters
a

sidelengthofarectangularopeningintheshell

sidelengthofarectangularopeningintheshellwidthofaplateelementinacrosssection

cp coefficientforwindpressureloading
d

diameterofmanholeornozzle

distanceofouterfibreofbeamtobeamaxis

fy designyieldstrengthofsteel
fu ultimatestrengthofsteel
h

riseofroof(heightofapexofadomeroofabovetheplaneofitsjunctiontothetankshell)heightofeachcourse
intankshell

jointefficiencyfactorstressconcentrationfactorcountofshellwallcourses

heightofshelloverwhichabucklemayform

m bendingmomentperunitwidth
n membranestressresultant
numberofraftersincirculartankroof
p distributedloading(notnecessarilynormaltowall)
pn pressurenormaltotankwall(outward)

12

radiusofmiddlesurfaceofcylindricalwalloftank

wallthickness

w minimumwidthofbaseringannularplate
x

radialcoordinateforatankroof

localverticalcoordinateforatankroofreplacementfactorusedindesignofreinforcedopenings

globalaxialcoordinate

coordinatealongtheverticalaxisofanaxisymmetrictank(shellofrevolution)

1.6.3Greekletters

slopeofroof

inclinationoftankbottomtovertical=/nwherenisthenumberofrafters

partialfactorforactions

partialfactorforresistance

deflection

changeinavariable

Poissonsratio

circumferentialcoordinatearoundshell

directstress

shearstress

1.6.4Subscripts
E

valueofstressordisplacement(arisingfromdesignactions)

athalfspanaction

annular

designvalue

fatigue

insideinwarddirectedcountingvariable

roofcentrering

characteristicvalue

meanvalue

min

minimumallowedvalue

nominalnormaltothewall

outsideoutwarddirected

pressure

radialring

resistance

atsupport

shellwall

meridionalradialaxial

circumferentialtransverseyield

referencevalue

upper

lower

circumferential(shellsofrevolution)

1.7Signconventions

1.7.1Conventionsforglobaltankstructureaxissystemforcirculartanks
1. Thesignconventiongivenhereisforthecompletetankstructure,andrecognisesthatthetankis
notastructuralmember.Carewithcoordinatesystemsisrequiredtoensurethatlocalcoordinates
associatedwithmembersattachedtotheshellwallandloadingsgiveninlocalcoordinatedirections
butdefinedbyaglobalcoordinatearenotconfused.
13

2. Ingeneral,theconventionfortheglobaltankstructureaxissystemisincylindricalcoordinates
(seefigure1.1)asfollows:
Coordinatesystem
Coordinatealongthecentralaxisofashellofrevolution

Radialcoordinate

Circumferentialcoordinate

3. Theconventionforpositivedirectionsis:
Outwarddirectionpositive(internalpressurepositive,outwarddisplacements
positive)
Tensilestressespositive(exceptinbucklingequationswherecompressionis
positive)
4. Theconventionfordistributedactionsonthetankwallsurfaceis:
Pressurenormaltoshell

(outwardpressurepositive)

Pn

Figure1.1:Coordinatesystemsforacirculartank
1.7.2Conventionsforglobaltankstructureaxissystemforrectangulartanks
1. Thesignconventiongivenhereisforthecompletetankstructure,andrecognisesthatthetankis
notastructuralmember.Carewithcoordinatesystemsisrequiredtoensurethatlocalcoordinates

associatedwithmembersattachedtotheboxwallandloadingsgiveninlocalcoordinatedirections
butdefinedbyaglobalcoordinatearenotconfused.
2. Ingeneral,theconventionfortheglobaltankstructureaxissystemisinCartesiancoordinatesx,y,
z,wheretheverticaldirectionistakenasz(seefigure1.2).
3. Theconventionforpositivedirectionsis:
Outwarddirectionpositive(internalpressurepositive,outwarddisplacements
positive)Tensilestressespositive(exceptinbucklingequationswherecompressionis
positive)Shearstresses:see
14

1.7.4

4. Theconventionfordistributedactionsonthetankwallsurfaceis:
Pressurenormaltobox(outwardpositive)p

Figure1.2:Coordinatesystemsforarectangulartank
1.7.3Conventionsforstructuralelementaxesinbothcircularandrectangulartanks
1. Theconventionforstructuralelementsattachedtothetankwall(seefigures1.3and1.4)is
differentformeridionalandcircumferentialmembers.
2. Theconventionformeridionalstraightstructuralelements(seefigurel.3a)attachedtothetank
wall(forbothashellandabox)is:
Meridionalcoordinateforcylinder,hopperandroofattachment

Strongbendingaxis(paralleltoflanges)

Weakbendingaxis(perpendiculartoflanges)

15

Figure1.3:Localcoordinatesystemsformeridionalstiffenersonashellorbox

Figure1.4:Localcoordinatesystemsforcircumferentialstiffenersonashellorbox
16

3. Theconventionforcircumferentialcurvedstructuralelements(seefigurel.4a)attachedtoashell
wallis:
Circumferentialcoordinateaxis(curved)

Radialaxis

Verticalaxis

4. Theconventionforcircumferentialstraightstructuralelementsattachedtoaboxis:
Circumferentialaxis

Horizontalaxis

Verticalaxis

1.7.4Conventionsforstressresultantsforcirculartanksandrectangulartanks
1. Theconventionusedforsubscriptsindicatingmembraneforcesis:
Thesubscriptderivesfromthedirectioninwhichdirectstressisinducedbytheforcefordirect
stressresultants.Formembraneshearsandtwistingmoments,thesignconventionisshownin
Figure1.5.
Membranestressresultants,seefigure1.5:
nx

meridionalmembranestressresultant

circumferentialmembranestressresultantinshells

ny

circumferentialmembranestressresultantinrectangularboxes

nxyornx

membraneshearstressresultant

Membranestresses:
mx

meridionalmembranestress

circumferentialmembranestressinshells

my

circumferentialmembranestressinrectangularboxes

mxyormx

membraneshearstress

2. Theconventionusedforsubscriptsindicatingmomentsis:
Thesubscriptderivesfromthedirectioninwhichdirectstressisinducedbythemoment.For
twistingmoments,thesignconventionisshowninFigure1.5.
NOTE:Thisplateandshellconventionisatvariancewithbeamandcolumnconventions
usedinEurocode3:Parts1.1and1.3.Careneedstobeexercisedwhenusingtheminconjunction
withtheseprovisions.
Bendingstressresultants,seefigure1.5:
mx

meridionalbendingmomentperunitwidth

circumferentialbendingmomentperunitwidthinshells
m
y

circumferentialbendingmomentperunitwidthinrectangularboxes

mxyormx twistingshearmomentperunitwidth

Bendingstresses:
bx

meridionalbendingstress

17

circumferentialbendingstressinshells

by

circumferentialbendingstressinrectangularboxes

bxyorbx

twistingshearstress

Innerandoutersurfacestresses:
six, sox

meridionalinner,outersurfacestress

si, so

circumferentialinner,outersurfacestressinshells

siy,soy

circumferentialinner,outersurfacestressinrectangularboxes

sixy,soxy

inner,outersurfaceshearstressinrectangularboxes

Figure1.5:Stressresultantsinthetankwall(shellsandboxes)

1.8Units
1. PS.I.unitsshallbeusedinaccordancewithISO1000.
2. Forcalculations,thefollowingconsistentunitsarerecommended:

dimensions

: m

mm

unitweight

: kN/m3

N/mm3

forcesandloads

: kN

lineforcesandlineloads

: kN/m

N/mm

pressuresandareadistributedactions

: kPa

MPa

unitmass

: kg/m3

kg/mm3

acceleration

: km/s2

m/s2

membranestressresultants

: kN/m

N/mm

18

bendingstressresultants

: kNm/m

Nmm/mm

stressesandelasticmoduli

: kPa

MPa(=N/mm2)

2Basisofdesign
2.1Requirements
1. PAtankshallbedesigned,constructedandmaintainedtomeettherequirementsofsection2of
EN1990assupplementedbythefollowing.
2. Specialconsiderationshouldbegiventosituationsduringerection.

2.2Reliabilitydifferentiation
1. ForreliabilitydifferentiationseeEN1990.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmaydefineconsequenceclassesfortasksasafunctionofthe
location,typeofinfillandloading,thestructuraltype,sizeandtypeofoperation.
2.

Differentlevelsofrigourshould
beusedinthedesignoftanks,dependingonthe
consequenceclasschosen,thatalsoincludesthestructuralarrangementandthesusceptibilityto
differentfailuremodes.

3. InthisPart,threeconsequenceclassesareusedwithrequirementswhichproducedesignswith
essentiallyequalriskinthedesignassessmentandconsideringtheexpenseandprocedures
necessarytoreducetheriskoffailurefordifferentstructures:consequenceclasses1,2and3.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmayprovideinformationontheconsequenceclasses.The
followingclassificationisrecommended.
ConsequenceClass3:Tanksstoringliquidsorliquefiedgaseswithtoxicorexplosive
potentialandlargesizetankswithflammableorwaterpollutingliquidsinurbanareas.
Emergencyloadingsshouldbetakenintoaccountforthesestructureswherenecessary,see
annexA.2.14.
ConsequenceClass2:Mediumsizetankswithflammableorwaterpollutingliquidsin
urbanareas.
ConsequenceClass1:Agriculturaltanksortankscontainingwater
4. PThechoiceoftherelevantConsequenceClassshallbeagreedbetweenthedesigner,theclient
andtherelevantauthority.

2.3Limitstates
1. ThelimitstatesdefinedinEN199316shouldbeadoptedforthisPart.

2.4Actionsandenvironmentaleffects
1. PThegeneralrequirementssetoutinsection4ofEN1990shallbesatisfied.
2. Becausetheinformationwindloadsonliquidinducedloads,internalpressureloads,thermally
inducedloads,loadsresultingfrompipesvalvesandotheritemsconnectedtothetank,loads
resultingfromunevensettlementandemergencyloadingssetdowninEN1991isnotcomplete
specialinformationisgiveninannexA

2.5Materialproperties

1. ThegeneralrequirementsformaterialpropertiesgiveninEN199311shouldbefollowed.
19

2. Thespecificpropertiesofmaterialsfortanksgiveninsection3ofthisPartshouldbeused.

2.6Geometricaldata
1. ThegeneralinformationongeometricaldataprovidedinEN1990maybeused.
2. TheadditionalinformationspecifictoshellstructuresprovidedinEN199316maybeused.
3. Theplatethicknessesgivenin4.1.2shouldbeusedincalculations.

2.7Modellingofthetankfordeterminingactioneffects
1. PThegeneralrequirementsofEN1990shallbefollowed.
2. Thespecificrequirementsforstructuralanalysisinrelationtoserviceabilitysetoutin5.5,7.5and
9.4shouldbeusedfortherelevantstructuralsegments.
3. Thespecificrequirementsforstructuralanalysisinrelationtoultimatelimitstatessetoutin5.3,
7.3and9.3(andinmoredetailinEN199316)shouldbeapplied.

2.8Designassistedbytesting
1. ThegeneralrequirementssetoutinAnnexDofEN1990shouldbefollowed.

2.9Actioneffectsforlimitstateverifications
2.9.1General
1. ThegeneralrequirementsofEN1990shouldbesatisfied.
2.9.2Partialfactorsforultimatelimitstates
2.9.2.1Partialfactorsforactionsontanks

1. PForpersistentandtransientdesignsituations,thepartialfactorsF.shallbeused.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmayprovidevaluesforthe

partialfactors

F.Table

2.1givestherecommendedvaluesforF.
2. PForaccidentaldesignsituations,thepartialfactorsFforthevariableactionsshallbeused.This
alsoappliestotheliquidloadingofcatchbasins.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmayprovidevaluesforthe

partialfactors

F.Table

2.1givestherecommendedvaluesforF.
3. PPartialfactorsforproducttypetanks(factoryproduction)shallbespecified.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmayprovidevaluesforthepartialfactorsF.Table2.1givesthe
recommendedvaluesforF.
20

Table2.1:Recommendedvaluesforthepartialfactorsforactionsontanksfor
persistentandtransientdesignsituationsandforaccidentaldesignsituation
designsituation

liquidtype

recommendedvaluesforFincase recommendedvaluesforFin
ofvariableactionsfromliquids

caseofpermanentactions

liquidinduced

toxic,explosiveor 1,40

loadsduring

dangerousliquids

operation

flammableliquids 1,30

1,35

otherliquids

1,20

1,35

allliquids

1,00

1,35

allliquids

1,00

liquidinduced

1,35

loadsduringtest
accidentalactions

2.9.2.2Partialfactorsforresistances

1. Wherestructuralpropertiesaredeterminedbytesting,therequirementsandproceduresofEN
1990shouldbeadopted.
2. Fatigueverificationsshouldsatisfysection9ofEN199316.
3. PThepartialfactorsMishallbespecifiedaccordingtoTable2.2.
Table2.2:Partialfactorsforresistance
Resistancetofailuremode

Relevant

Resistanceofweldedorboltedshellwalltoplasticlimitstate,crosssectionalresistance

M0

Resistanceofshellwalltostability

M1

Resistanceofweldedorboltedshellwalltorupture

M2

Resistanceofshellwalltocyclicplasticity

M4

Resistanceofweldedorboltedconnectionsorjoints

M5

Resistanceofshellwalltofatigue

M6

NOTE:PartialfactorsMifortanksmaybedefinedintheNationalAnnex.Forvaluesof
M5,furtherinformationmaybefoundinEN199318.ForvaluesofM6,furtherinformationmay
befoundinEN199319.Thefollowingnumericalvaluesarerecommendedfortanks:

21

M0=1,00

M1=1,10

M2=1,25

M4=1,00

M5=1,25

M6=1,10

2.9.3Serviceabilitylimitstates
1. Wheresimplifiedcompliancerulesaregivenintherelevantprovisionsdealingwithserviceability
limitstates,detailedcalculationsusingcombinationsofactionsneednotbecarriedout.
2. ForallserviceabilitylimitstatesthevaluesofMsershouldbespecified.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmayprovideinformationonthevalueforthepartialfactorfor
serviceabilityMser.Mser=1isrecommended.

2.10Combinationsofactions
1. PThegeneralrequirementsofEN1990shallbefollowed.

2. Imposedloadsandsnowloadsneednotbeconsideredtoactsimultaneously.
3. Reducedwindactions,basedonashortexposureperiod,maybeusedwhenwindisincombination
withtheactionsofthehydrostatictest.
4. Seismicactionsneednotbeconsideredtoactduringtestconditions.
5. Emergencyactionsneednotbeconsideredtoactduringtestconditions.Thecombinationrulesfor
accidentalactionsgiveninEN1990shouldbeappliedtoemergencysituations.

2.11Durability
1. ThegeneralrequirementssetoutinEN1990shouldbefollowed.
22

3Propertiesofmaterials
3.1General
1. Allsteelsusedfortanksshouldbesuitableforweldingtopermitlatermodificationswhen
necessary.
2. Allsteelsusedfortanksofcircularplanformshouldbesuitableforcoldformingintocurvedsheets
orcurvedmembers.
3. Thematerialpropertiesgiveninthissectionshouldbetreatedasnominalvaluestobeadoptedas
characteristicvaluesindesigncalculations.
4. OthermaterialpropertiesaregivenintherelevantReferenceStandardsdefinedinEN199311.
5. Wherethetankmaybefilledwithhotliquids,thevaluesofthematerialpropertiesshouldbe
appropriatelyreducedtovaluescorrespondingtothemaximumtemperaturestobeencountered.
6. Thematerialcharacteristicsatelevatedtemperature(T>100CforstructuralsteelsandT>50C
forstainlesssteels)shouldbeobtainedfromEN130847.

3.2Structuralsteels
1. ThemethodsfordesignbycalculationgiveninthisPart4.2ofEN1993maybeusedforstructural
steelsasdefinedinEN199311,whichconformwithparts2to6ofEN10025.Themethodsmay
alsobeusedforsteelsincludedinEN199313.
2. ThemechanicalpropertiesofstructuralsteelsaccordingtoEN10025or
shouldbetakenfromEN199311orEN199313.

EN10149

3.3Steelsforpressurepurposes
1. ThemethodsfordesignbycalculationgiveninthisPart4.2ofEN1993maybeusedforsteelsfor
pressurepurposesconformingwithEN10028providedthat:
theyieldstrengthisintherangecoveredbyEN199311
theultimatestrainisnotlessthantheminimumvalueforsteelsaccordingtoEN199311
whichhavethesamespecifiedyieldstrength
theratiofu/fyisnotlessthan1,10.
2. ThemechanicalpropertiesofsteelsforpressurepurposesshouldbetakenaccordingtoEN10028.
3. Wherethedesigninvolvesastabilitycalculation,appropriatereducedpropertiesshouldbeused,see
EN199316section3.1.
NOTE:FurtherinformationmaybegivenintheNationalAnnex.

3.4Stainlesssteels
1. ThemechanicalpropertiesofstainlesssteelsaccordingtoEN10088shouldbeobtainedfromEN
199314.
23

2. Guidancefortheselectionofstainlesssteelsinviewofcorrosionactionsmaybeobtainedfrom
appropriatesources.
3. Wherethedesigninvolvesabucklingcalculation,appropriatereducedpropertiesshouldbeused,
seeEN199316.

3.5Toughnessrequirements
3.5.1General
1. Thetoughnessrequirementsshouldbedeterminedfortheminimumdesignmetaltemperature
accordingtoEN1993110.
2. TheminimumdesignmetaltemperatureMDMTshouldbedeterminedaccordingto3.5.2.MDMT
maybeusedinplaceofTed.inEN1993110.
3.5.2Minimumdesignmetaltemperature
1. TheminimumdesignmetaltemperatureMDMTshouldbethelowestoftheminimumtemperature
ofthecontentsorthoseclassifiedintable3.1.
2. ThelowestonedaymeanambienttemperatureLODMATshouldbetakenasthelowestrecorded
temperatureaveragedoverany24hourperiod.Whereinsufficientlycompleterecordsareavailable,
thisaveragetemperaturemaybetakenasthemeanofthemaximumandminimumtemperatures
oranequivalentvalue.
Table3.1:MinimumdesignmetaltemperatureMDMTbasedonLODMAT

24

Lowestonedaymeanambienttemperature

Minimumdesignmetaltemperature

LODMAT

MDMT
10yearsdata

30yearsdata

10CLODMAT

LODMAT+5C

LODMAT+10C

25CLODMAT10C

LODMAT

LODMAT+5C

LODMAT25C

LODMAT5C

LODMAT

4Basisforstructuralanalysis
4.1Ultimatelimitstates
4.1.1Basis
1. Steelstructuresandcomponentsshouldbesoproportionedthatthebasicdesignrequirements
giveninsection2aresatisfied.
4.1.2Platethicknesstobeusedinresistancecalculations
1. Incalculationstodeterminetheresistance,thedesignvalueofthicknessforaplateisthenominal
thicknessspecifiedinEN10025,EN10028

EN10149

orEN10088reducedbythe

maximumvalueofminustoleranceandavalueofcorrosionallowancespecifiedin4.1.3.
4.1.3Effectsofcorrosion
1. Theeffectsofcorrosionshouldbetakenintoaccount.
2. Thecorrosiondependsuponthestoredliquid,thetypeofsteel,theheattreatmentandthe
measurestakentoprotecttheconstructionagainstcorrosion.
3. Thevalueofanallowanceshouldbespecifiedifnecessary.
4.1.4Fatigue
1. PWithfrequentloadcyclesthestructureshallbecheckedagainstthefatiguelimitstate.
2. ThedesignagainstlowcyclefatiguemaybecarriedoutaccordingtoEN199316.
3. IfvariableactionswillbeappliedwithmorethanNfcyclesduringthedesignlifeofthestructure
thedesignshouldbecheckedagainstfatigue(LS4)accordingtosection9ofEN199316.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmayprovidethevalueforthenumberNfofcycles.ThevalueNf
=10000isrecommended.
4.1.5Allowancefortemperatureeffects
1. Theeffectsofdifferentialtemperaturebetweenpartsofthestructureshouldbeincludedin
determiningthestressdistributiondependingupontheultimatelimitstateconsidered.

4.2Analysisofthecircularshellstructureofatank
4.2.1Modellingofthestructuralshell
1. ThemodellingofthestructuralshellshouldfollowtherequirementsofEN199316,butthesemay
bedeemedtobesatisfiedbythefollowingprovisions.
2. Themodellingofthestructuralshellshouldincludeallstiffeners,openingsandattachments.
3. Thedesignshouldensurethattheassumedboundaryconditionsaresatisfied.
25

4.2.2Methodsofanalysis
4.2.2.1General

1. TheanalysisofthetankshellshouldbecarriedoutaccordingtotherequirementsofEN199316.
2. AhigherclassofanalysismayalwaysbeusedthanthatdefinedfortheselectedConsequenceClass.
3. IrrespectiveoftheConsequenceClasschosen,thesimplifieddesigndescribedinSection11maybe
usediftheconditionslistedtherearemet.
4.2.2.2ConsequenceClass1

1. FortanksinConsequenceClass1,membranetheorymaybeusedtodeterminetheprimary
stresses,withfactorsandsimplifiedexpressionstodescribelocalbendingeffectsand
unsymmetricalactions.
4.2.2.3ConsequenceClass2

1. FortanksinConsequenceClass2underaxisymmetricactionsandsupport,oneoftwoalternative
analysesshouldbeused:
a. Membranetheorymaybeusedtodeterminetheprimarystresses,withbendingtheory
elasticexpressionstodescribealllocaleffects.
b. Avalidatednumericalanalysismaybeused(forinstance,finiteelementshellanalysis)as
definedinEN199316.
2. Wheretheloadingconditionisnotaxisymmetric,avalidatednumericalanalysisshouldbeused,
exceptundertheconditionssetoutin(3)and(4)below.
3. Notwithstanding(2),wheretheloadingvariessmoothlyaroundtheshellcausingglobalbending
only(i.e.intheformofharmonic1),membranetheorymaybeusedtodeterminetheprimary
stresses.
4. Foranalysesofactionsduetowindloadingand/orfoundationsettlement,semimembranetheory
ormembranetheorymaybeused.
NOTE:Forinformationconcerningmembranetheory,seeEN199316.Thesemi
membranetheorydescribesthemembranebehaviourininteractionwiththecircumferential
bendingstiffness.
5. Wheremembranetheoryisusedtoanalysetheshell,discreteringsattachedtoanisotropic
cylindricaltankshellunderinternalpressuremaybedeemedtohaveaneffectiveareawhich
includesalengthofshellaboveandbelowtheringof
junction.

,exceptwheretheringisata

6. Wheretheshellisdiscretelystiffenedbyverticalstiffeners,thestressesinthestiffenersandthe
shellwallmaybecalculatedbytreatingthestiffenersassmearedontheshellwall,providedthe
spacingofthestiffenersisnowiderthan

7. Whereverticalstiffenersaresmeared,thestressinthestiffenershouldbedeterminedmaking
properallowanceforcompatibilitybetweenthestiffenerandthewallandthewallstressinthe
orthogonaldirection,accordingto4.4.
26

8. Ifaringgirderisusedabovediscretesupports,compatibilityoftheaxialdeformationbetweenthe
ringandadjacentshellsegmentsshouldbeconsidered.Wheresucharinggirderisused,the
eccentricityoftheringgirdercentroidandshearcentrerelativetotheshellwallandthesupport
centrelineshouldbeincluded.
9. Wherearinggirderistreatedasaprismaticsection(freeofdistortion),theverticalwebsegment
shouldhaveaplateslendernessnotgreaterthanb/t=20.
10. Wherearinggirderisusedtoredistributeforcesintodiscretesupportsandboltsordiscrete
connectorsareusedtojointhestructuralelements,thesheartransmissionbetweentheringparts
duetoshellandringgirderbendingphenomenashouldbedetermined.
4.2.2.4ConsequenceClass3

1. FortanksinConsequenceClass3,theinternalforcesandmomentsshouldbedeterminedusinga
validatedanalysis(forinstance,finiteelementshellanalysis)asdefinedinEN199316.Theplastic
limitstate(LSI)maybeassessedusingplasticcollapsestrengthsunderprimarystressstatesas
definedinEN199316.
4.2.3Geometricimperfections
1. GeometricimperfectionsintheshellshouldsatisfythelimitationsdefinedinEN199316.

2. FortanksinConsequenceClasses2and3,thegeometricimperfectionsshouldbemeasured
followingconstructiontoensurethattheassumedfabricationtolerancehasbeenachieved.
3. Geometricimperfectionsintheshellneednotbeexplicitlyincludedindeterminingtheinternal
forcesandmoments,exceptwhereaGNIAorGMNIAanalysisisused,asdefinedinEN199316.

4.3Analysisoftheboxstructureofarectangulartank
4.3.1Modellingofthestructuralbox
1. ThemodellingofthestructuralboxshouldfollowtherequirementsofEN199317,buttheymay
bedeemedtobesatisfiedbythefollowingprovisions.
2. Themodellingofthestructuralboxshouldincludeallstiffeners,openingsandattachments.
3. Thedesignshouldensurethattheassumedboundaryconditionsaresatisfied.
4. Thejointsbetweensegmentsoftheboxshouldsatisfythemodellingassumptionsforstrengthand
stiffness.
5. Eachpaneloftheboxmaybetreatedasanindividualplatesegmentprovidedthatboth:
a. theforcesandmomentsintroducedintoeachpanelbyitsneighboursareincluded
b. theflexuralstiffnessofadjacentpanelsisincluded.
6. Wherethewallpanelisdiscretelystiffenedbystiffeners,thestressinthestiffenersandinthewall
maybecalculatedbytreatingthestiffenersassmearedontheboxwall,providedthatthespacingof
thestiffenersisnowiderthannst.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmaychoosethevalueofns.Thevaluens=40isrecommended.
27

7. Wheresmearedstiffenersareused,thestressinthestiffenershouldbedeterminedmakingproper
allowanceforeccentricityofthestiffenerfromthewallplate,andforthewallstressinthe
directionorthogonaltotheaxisofthestiffener.
8. Theeffectivewidthofplateoneachsideofastiffenershouldbetakenasnotgreaterthannewt,
wheretisthelocalplatethickness.
NOTE:TheNationalAnnexmaychoosethevalueofnew.Thevalue

new=15

is

recommended.
4.3.2Geometricimperfections
1. GeometricimperfectionsintheboxshouldsatisfythelimitationsdefinedinEN199317.
2. Geometricimperfectionsintheboxneednotbeexplicitlyincludedindeterminingtheinternal
forcesandmoments.
4.3.3Methodsofanalysis
1. Theinternalforcesintheplatesegmentsoftheboxwallmaybedeterminedusingeither:
a. staticequilibriumformembraneforcesandbeamtheoryforbending
b. ananalysisbasedonlinearplatebendingandstretchingtheory
c. ananalysisbasedonnonlinearplatebendingandstretchingtheory.
2. FortanksinConsequenceClass1,method(a)in(1)maybeused.
3. Wherethedesignloadingconditionissymmetricrelativetoeachplatesegmentandthetankisin

ConsequenceClass2,method(a)in(1)maybeused.
4. WheretheloadingconditionisnotsymmetricandthetankisinConsequenceClass2,either
method(b)ormethod(c)in(1)shouldbeused.
5. FortanksinConsequenceClass3,theinternalforcesandmomentsshouldbedeterminedusing
eithermethod(b)ormethod(c)in(1).

4.4Equivalentorthotropicpropertiesofcorrugatedsheeting
1. Wherecorrugatedsheetingisusedaspartofthetankstructure,theanalysismaybecarriedout
treatingthesheetingasanequivalentorthotropicwall.
2. Theorthotropicpropertiesobtainedfromconsideringtheloaddisplacementbehaviourofthe
corrugatedsectionintheorthogonaldirectionsmaybeusedinastressanalysisandinabuckling
analysisofthestructure.Thepropertiesmaybedeterminedasdescribedin4.4ofEN199341.
28

5Designofcylindricalwalls
5.1Basis
5.1.1General
1. Cylindricalshellwallsshouldbesoproportionedthatthebasicdesignrequirementsforthe
ultimatelimitstategiveninsection2aresatisfied.
2. ThesafetyassessmentofthecylindricalshellshouldbecarriedoutusingtheprovisionsofEN
199316.
5.1.2Walldesign
1. Thecylindricalshellwallofthetankshouldbecheckedforthefollowingphenomenaunderthe
limitstatesdefinedinEN199316:
Globalstabilityandstaticequilibrium
LSI:plasticlimit
LS2:cyclicplasticity
LS3:buckling
LS4:fatigue
2. ThecylindricalshellwallshouldsatisfytheprovisionsofEN199316,exceptwherethisstandard
providesalternativesthataredeemedtosatisfytherequirementsofthatstandard.
3. FortanksinConsequenceClass1,thecyclicplasticityandfatiguelimitstatesmaybeignored.

5.2Distinctionofcylindricalshellforms
1. Acylindricalshellwallconstructedfromflatrolledsteelsheetistermedisotropic(see5.3.2ofEN
199341).
2. Acylindricalshellwallconstructedfromcorrugatedsteelsheetswherethetroughspassaroundthe
circumferenceofthetankistermedhorizontallycorrugated(see5.3.4ofEN199341).
3. Acylindricalshellwallwithstiffenersattachedtotheoutsideistermedexternallystiffened
irrespectiveofthespacingofthestiffeners(see5.3.3ofEN199341).

5.3Resistanceofthetankshellwall

1. TheresistanceofthecylindricalshellshouldbeevaluatedusingtheprovisionsofEN199316,
exceptwheretheclausesof5.4containprovisionsthataredeemedtosatisfytheprovisionsofthat
standard.
2. Thejointefficiencyoffullpenetrationbuttweldsmaybetakenasunityprovidedthatthe
requirementsofEN14015orEN14620,asappropriate,aremet.
3. ForothertypesofconnectionthejointdesignshouldbeinaccordancewithEN199318.
29

5.4Considerationsforsupportsandopenings
5.4.1Shellsupportedbyaskirt
1. Wherethecylindricalshellissupportedbyaskirt,thisshouldsatisfytheprovisionsofEN199341.
5.4.2Cylindricalshellwithengagedcolumns
1. Wherethecylindricalshellissupportedwithengagedcolumns,thisshouldsatisfytheprovisionsof
EN199341.
5.4.3Discretelysupportedcylindricalshell
1. Wherethecylindricalshellisdiscretelysupportedbycolumnsorotherdevices,theprovisionsof
EN199341forthisconditionshouldbesatisfied.
5.4.4Discretelysupportedtankwithcolumnsbeneaththehopper
1. TanksdiscretelysupportedwithcolumnsbeneaththehoppershouldsatisfytheprovisionsofEN
199341.
5.4.5Localsupportdetailsandribsforloadintroductionincylindricalwalls
5.4.5.1Localsupportsbeneaththewallofacylinder

1. LocalsupportsbeneaththewallofthecylindershouldsatisfytheprovisionsofEN199341.
5.4.5.2Localribsforloadintroductionintocylindricalwalls

1. LocalribsforloadintroductionintocylindricalwallsshouldsatisfytheprovisionsofEN199341.
5.4.6Openingsintankwalls
5.4.6.1General

1. Whereanopeninginthecylindricalshellwallreducestheloadcarryingcapacityorendangersthe
stabilityoftheshell,theopeningshouldbereinforced.
2. Thisreinforcementmaybeachievedby:
increasingthethicknessoftheshellplate
addingareinforcingplate
thepresenceofanozzlebody.
NOTE:Thedesignagainsttheplasticlimitstate(LSI)generallygovernsintheregionof

highpressureloading(liquidandinternal)whereasstabilityconsiderations(LS3)arelikelyto
controlthedesigninregionswheretheplatethicknessissmallduetolowpressures(upper
courses).
30

5.4.6.2Shellnozzlesofsmallsize

1. Shellnozzleswithoutsidediameterlessthan80mmareclassedasofsmallsize.
2. Reinforcementmaybeomitted,providedthatthethicknessofthewallatthenozzleisnotless
thanthatgivenintable5.1.
Table5.1:Minimumnozzlebodythickness
Outsidediameterdn of

Minimumnominalthicknesstref,n (mm)

Manholeornozzle(mm)

Carbonsteel

Austeniticandausteniticferriticstainlesssteel

dn 50

5,0

3,5

50<dn 75

5,5

5,0

75<dn 80

7,5

6,0

5.4.6.3DesignofshellmanholesandshellnozzlesoflargesizeforLS1

1. Shellmanholesandshellnozzleswithoutsidediametergreaterthan80mmareclassedasoflarge
size.
2. Thedesignmaybeundertakenusingeithertheareareplacementmethodaccordingtoparagraphs
(3)and(4),oralternativelybythemethoddescribedinparagraph(5)and(6).
3. AreinforcementofcrosssectionalareaAshouldbeprovidedintheverticalplanecontainingthe
centreoftheopening,givenby:
A=0,75dtref(5.1)
where:
d

isthediameteroftheholecutintheshellplate

tref isthethicknessrequiredbythedesignforLS1fortheshellplatewithoutopening.

4. ThereinforcingareaAmaybeprovidedbyanyoneoranycombinationofthefollowingthree
methods:
a. Theprovisionofanozzleoramanholebody.Theportionofthebodywhichcanbe
consideredasreinforcementisthatlyingwithintheshellplatethicknessandwithina
distanceoffourtimesthebodythicknessfromtheshellplatesurfaceunlessthebody
thicknessisreducedwithinthisdistance,whenthelimitisthepointatwhichthereduction
begins.
b. Theadditionofathickenedshellinsertplateorareinforcingplate,thelimitof
reinforcementbeingsuchthat1,5d<dn<2d,wherednistheeffectivediameterof
reinforcement.Anoncircularreinforcingplatemaybeusedprovidedtheminimum
requirementsaremet.
c. TheprovisionofashellplatethickerthanrequiredbythedesignforLS1fortheshellplate
withoutanopening.Thelimitofreinforcementisthesameasthatdescribedin(b).

5. Asanalternativetotheareareplacementmethodspecifiedin(3)and(4)thereinforcementmaybe
achievedbyintroducinganozzlebodythatprotrudesonbothsidesoftheshellplatebyanamount
31

notlessthan
.Thismethodshouldnotbeusedunlessthenozzlebodyismore
than100mmfromthebaseringplate.
6. Thethicknessofthenozzlebodyshouldbechosensuchthatthestressconcentrationfactorjdoes
notexceed2,0.Thestressconcentrationfactorjshouldbeobtainedfromfigure5.1usingthe
replacementfactory.Thereplacementfactoryshouldbeevaluatedfrom:

where:
t

istheshellplatethickness

tn

isthenozzlebodythickness

rm

isthemeanradiusofthenozzle(nozzlemiddlesurface)

re

istheexternalradiusofthenozzle

ri

istheinsideradiusofthenozzle.

Figure5.1:Stressconcentrationfactorforbarreltypenozzlereinforcements
5.4.6.4DesignforLS3inthepresenceofshellopenings

1. Theeffectofopeningsonthestabilityofshellsmaybeneglectedprovidedthatthedimensionless
openingsizeissmallerthanmax=0,6,andisgivenby:

where:

32

istheradiusofthecylindricalshellneartheopening

isthethicknessoftheunstiffenedshellwallneartheopening

r0

istheradiusoftheopening.

2. Wheretheopeningisrectangular,theequivalentopeningradiusmaybetakenas:

where:
a

isthehorizontalsidelengthoftheopening

istheverticalheightoftheopening.

3. Wheretheradiusoftheopeningr0 islessthanonethirdoftheradiusrofthecylindricalshell,no
reductionintheassessedbucklingresistanceneedbemadeasaresultoftheopening,providedthat
thecrosssectionalareatakenawaybytheopeningissmallerthanthereinforcementcross
sectionalareaA.Thereinforcementcanbeprovidedaccordingto5.4.6.3(4)orbymeansof
stiffenersinthemeridionaldirection.
4. Ifstiffenersinthemeridionaldirectionareusedtoreinforcetheopening,thecrosssectionofeach
stiffenershouldbereducedtowardstheendstopreventtheformationofbucklesduetostress
concentrationintheshellplatenearthestiffenerends.
5.4.7Anchorageofthetank
1. Theanchorageshouldbeprincipallyattachedtothecylindricalshellandnottothebaseringplate
alone.
2. Thedesignshouldaccommodatemovementsofthetankduetothermalchangesandhydrostatic
pressuretominimisestressesinducedintheshellbytheseeffects.
3. Wherethetankissupportedonarigidanchorage,andissubjecttohorizontalloads(e.g.wind,
impact)theanchorageforcesshouldbecalculatedaccordingtoshelltheory.
NOTE:Itshouldbenotedthattheseforcesmaybelocallymuchhigherthanthosefound
usingbeamtheory.Seeclause(3)ofsection5.4.7ofEN199341.
4. Thedesignofthecylindricalshellforlocalanchorageforcesandbendingmomentsresultingfrom
theanchorageshouldmeettheprovisionsof

199341

5.5Serviceabilitylimitstates
5.5.1Basis
1. Theserviceabilitylimitstatesforcylindricalplatedwallsshouldbetakenas:
deformationsanddeflectionsthatadverselyaffecttheeffectiveuseofthestructure
deformations,deflectionsorvibrationsthatcausedamagetononstructuralelements.
2. Deformations,deflectionsandvibrationsshouldbelimitedtomeettheabovecriteria.
3. Specificlimitingvalues,appropriatetotheintendeduse,shouldbeagreedbetweenthedesigner,
theclientandtherelevantauthority,takingaccountoftheintendeduseandthenatureofthe
liquidstobestored.
33

6Designofconicalhoppers

1. ThedesignofconicalhoppersshouldsatisfytherequirementsofEN199341.

7Designofcircularroofstructures
7.1Basis
7.1.1General
1. Steeltankroofsshouldbesoproportionedthatthebasicdesignrequirementsfortheultimatelimit
stategiveninsection2aresatisfied.
2. Thesafetyassessmentofthesphericalorconicalshellshouldbecarriedoutusingtheprovisionsof
EN199316.
3. Thesafetyassessmentoftheroofsupportingstructureshouldbecarriedoutusingtheprovisionsof
EN199311.
7.1.2Roofdesign
1. Theroofshouldbecheckedfor:
resistancetobuckling
resistanceofthejoints(connections)
resistancetoruptureunderinternalpressure.
2. TheroofplatingshouldsatisfytheprovisionsofEN199316exceptwhere7.3to7.5providean
alternativeapproach.

7.2Distinctionofroofstructuralforms
1. Theroofmayeitherhaveaspherical,aconical,atorisphericaloratoriconicalshape.Wherehigh
internalpressuresoccurabovetheliquidsurface,theshapeshouldpreferablybechosenas
torisphericalortoriconical.
2. Aroofstructureinoneoftheshapesdescribedin(1)mayeitherbeunsupportedorsupportedby
structuralmembers.
3. Theroofsupportingstructureaccordingto(2)maybesupportedbycolumns.
4. Theroofsupportingstructuremaybearrangedbelowtheroofplatingorabovetheroofplating.
5. Theroofplatingmaybe:
a. supportedbytheroofstructurewithoutconnection
b. attachedtotheroofstructure.
6. Wherefrangibilityoftheroofisrequired,type(a)shouldbeused.
34

7. Wheretheroofsupportingstructureisexternal,type(b)shouldbeused.

7.3Resistanceofcircularroofs
1. TheroofplatingshouldsatisfytheprovisionsofEN199316unlessspecialprovisionsaregivenin
7.4.
2. TheroofsupportingstructureshouldsatisfytheprovisionsofEN19931l.
3. Torisphericalandtoriconicalroofsshouldbedesignedtopreventbucklingoftheknuckleregion
underinternalpressure.

7.4Considerationsforindividualstructuralforms
7.4.1Unsupportedroofstructure
1. Unsupportedroofsshouldbeofbuttweldedordoubleweldedlapconstruction.
2. Indoubleweldedlapconstruction,thereductionofresistanceagainstbucklingandtheplasticlimit
stateduetothejointeccentricitiesshouldbetakenintoaccountinthemodelfortheanalysis.
7.4.2Coneordomeroofwithsupportingstructure
7.4.2.1Platedesign

1. Theroofplatingmaybedesignedusinglargedeflectiontheory.
2. Whererooffrangibilityisrequired,roofplatesshouldnotbeattachedtotheinternalroof
supportingstructure.
7.4.2.2Designofthesupportingstructure

1. TheroofsupportingstructureshouldsatisfytheprovisionsofEN199311.
2. Iftheroofplatingisattachedtotheroofsupportingstructureaneffectivewidthofthisplatingmay
betakenaspartofthesupportingstructure.Thiseffectivewidthmaybetakenas16tunlessalarger
valueisconfirmedbyananalysis.
3. Withcolumnsupportedroofs,specialconsiderationshouldbegiventothepossibilityofsettlement
ofthefoundations.
7.4.3Rooftoshelljunction(eavesjunction)
1. Therooftocylinderjunction(eavesjunction)shouldbedesignedtocarrythetotaldownward
verticalloadfromtheroof(deadweight,snow,liveloadandinternalnegativepressure).
2. TherooftocylinderjunctionshouldsatisfytheprovisionsofEN199316.Iftheconditionssetout
in11.1(1)aresatisfied,thesimplifieddesignmethodgivenin11.2.5maybeapplied.
3. ForfrangibleroofdesignthecompressionareaAshouldsatisfythecondition:

35

where:
W isthetotalweightoftheshellandanyframing(butnotroofplates)supportedbytheshellandroof
istheanglebetweentheroofandahorizontalplaneattherooftocylinderjunction.

7.5Serviceabilitylimitstates
1. Theserviceabilitylimitstatesfortankroofsshouldbetakenasfollows:
deformationsanddeflectionsthatadverselyaffecttheeffectiveuseofthestructure
deformations,deflectionsorvibrationsthatcausedamagetononstructuralelements.
2. Deformations,deflectionsandvibrationsshouldbelimitedtomeettheabovecriteria.
3. Specificlimitingvalues,appropriatetotheintendeduse,shouldbeagreedbetweenthedesigner,
theclientandtherelevantauthority,takingaccountoftheintendeduseandthenatureofthe
liquidstobestored.

8Designoftransitionjunctionsatthebottomoftheshellandsupportingring
girders
1. Thedesignoftransitionjunctionsatthebottomedgeandsupportingringgirdersshouldsatisfythe
requirementsofEN199341.
36

9Designofrectangularandplanarsidedtanks
9.1Basis
1. Arectangulartankshouldbedesignedeitherasstiffenedboxinwhichthestructuralactionis
predominantlybending,orasathinmembranestructureinwhichtheactionispredominantly
membranestressesdevelopingafterlargedeformations.
2. Wheretheboxisdesignedforbendingaction,thejointsshouldbedesignedtoensurethatthe
connectivityassumedinthestressanalysisisachievedintheexecution.

9.2Distinctionofstructuralforms
9.2.1Unstiffenedtanks
1. Astructurethatisfabricatedfromflatsteelplateswithoutattachedstiffenersshouldbetreatedas
anunstiffenedbox
2. Astructurethatisstiffenedonlyalongjointsbetweenplateswhicharenotcoplanarshouldalsobe
treatedasanunstiffenedbox.
9.2.2Stiffenedtanks
1. Astructurethatisfabricatedfromflatplatestowhichstiffenersareattachedwithintheplatearea
shouldbetreatedasastiffenedbox.Thestiffenersmaybecircumferentialorverticalor
orthogonal.
9.2.3Tankswithties
1. Tankswithtiesmaybesquareorrectangular.

9.3Resistanceofverticalwalls
9.3.1Designofindividualunstiffenedplates
1. Unstiffenedplatesshouldbedesignedforbendingasatwodimensionalplateundertheactions
fromthestoredliquid,thepressureabovetheliquid,stressesresultingfromdiaphragmaction,and
localbendingactionfromattachmentsorpiping.
9.3.2Designofindividualstiffenedplates
1. Corrugatedortrapezoidalsheetingthatspansinthehorizontaldirectionshouldbedesignedfor
globalbendingundertheactionsfromthestoredliquid,thepressureabovetheliquid,stresses
resultingfromdiaphragmaction,andlocalbendingactionfromattachmentsorpiping.
2. Effectivebendingpropertiesandbendingresistanceofstiffenedplatesshouldbederivedin
accordancewithEN199313.
3. Theinplaneshearstiffnessandshearresistancemaybedeterminedasanalogoustothatofthe

planeplateifthesheetingiscontinuouslyconnectedalongallitsboundariestotheadjacent
members.
37

NOTE:Iftheconnectionisononlypartsoftheverticalboundary(e.g.connectiononlyin
thetroughsofthecorrugationortrapezoidalsheeting),thestressescanincreasedramaticallyand
thestiffnesscandecreasedramatically.Itisassumedthatsuchconstructionswillnotbeused
becauseofrequirementsof

liquidtightness

9.3.3Globalbendingfromdirectactionofthestoredliquidandthepressureabovethe
liquid
1. Horizontalbendingresultingfromthenormalpressureonthewallshouldbeconsidered.Theloads
shouldbesupportedbyeitheronewayortwowaybendingaction.
9.3.4Membranestressesfromdiaphragmaction
1. Thedesignshouldtakeaccountofmembranetensionstressesthatdevelopinthewallsasaresult
ofhydrostaticpressuresonopposingwallsnormaltothewallbeingconsidered.
2. Thedesignshouldalsotakeaccountofmembranecompressionstressesthatcandevelopasaresult
ofwindactingonotherwallsthatareorthogonaltothewallbeingconsidered.
9.3.5Localbendingactionfromattachmentsorpiping
1. Localbendingactionfromattachmentsorpipingshouldbeavoidedasfaraspossible.However,if
thisisnotpossible,acheckshouldbemadeonthelocalstressesanddeformationsnearthe
attachment.

9.4Serviceabilitylimitstates
1. Theserviceabilitylimitstatesforwallsofrectangularsteeltanksshouldbetakenasfollows:
deformationsordeflectionswhichadverselyaffecttheeffectiveuseofthestructure
deformations,deflectionsandvibrationswhichcausedamagetononstructuralelements.
2. Deformations,deflectionsandvibrationsshouldbelimitedtomeettheabovecriteria.
3. Specificlimitingvalues,appropriatetotheintendeduse,shouldbeagreedbetweenthedesigner,
theclientandtherelevantauthority,takingaccountoftheintendeduseandthenatureofthe
liquidstobestored.

10Requirementsonfabrication,executionanderectionwithrelationtodesign
1. ThetankshouldbefabricatedanderectedaccordingtoEN14015orEN14620andexecuted
accordingtoEN1090,asappropriate.
38

11Simplifieddesign
11.1General
1. Thesimplifiedanalysisofthissectionmaybeappliedwhereallthefollowingconditionsare
satisfied:
thetankstructureisoftheformshowninfigure11.1
theonlyinternalactionsareliquidpressureandgaspressureabovetheliquidsurface

maximumdesignliquidlevelnothigherthanthetopofthecylindricalshell
thefollowingloadingscanallbeneglected:thermallyinducedloads,seismicloadings,loads
resultingfromunevensettlementorconnectionsandemergencyloadings
nocourseisconstructedwithathicknesslessthanthatofthecourseaboveit,exceptfor
thezoneadjacenttotheeavesring
thedesignvalueofthecircumferentialstressinthetankshellislessthan435N/mm2
forasphericalroof,theradiusofcurvatureisbetween0,8and1,5timesthediameterof
thetank
foraconicalroof,theslopeoftheroofisbetween1in5and1in3iftheroofisonly
supportedfromtheshell(nointernalsupport)
thedesigngradientofthetankbottomisnotgreaterthan1:100
thebottomisfullysupportedorsupportedbycloselyspacedparallelgirders
thecharacteristicinternalpressureisnotbelow8,5mbarandnotgreaterthan60mbar
thenumberofloadcyclesissuchthatthereisnoriskoffatiguefailure.
2. Thedesignyieldstressthroughoutthischaptershouldbetakenas:
fy,d=fy/M0 (11.1)
where:
fy

isthecharacteristicyieldstrengthofthesteel

M0

accordingtosection2.9.2.2

39

Figure11.1:Tankstructurewithcatchbasin,wheresimplifiedtankdesignisapplicable

11.2Fixedroofdesign
11.2.1Unstiffenedroofshellbuttweldedorwithdoublelapweld
1. Providedthatthemaximumlocalvalueofthedistributeddesignloadisusedin(3)and(5)to

representthedistributedpressureontheroof,possiblenonuniformityofthedistributedloadneed
notbeconsidered.
2. Whereaconcentratedloadisapplied,aseparateassessmentshouldbemadeinaccordancewith
section7.
3. ThestrengthoftheroofunderthedesigninternalpressurepoEdshouldbeverifiedusing:

inwhich:
Rc =r/sinforaconicalroof
where:
j

isthejointefficiencyfactor

po,Ed istheradialoutwardcomponentoftheuniformlydistributeddesignloadontheroof(i.e.the
characteristicvaluemultipliedbythepartialfactoraccordingtosection2.9.2.1)

40

istheradiusofthetankcylindricalshellwall

Rc

istheradiusofcurvaturefortheconicalroof

Rs

istheradiusofcurvatureofthesphericalroof

istheroofplatethickness

istheslopeoftheconicalrooftothehorizontal.

4. Thejointefficiencyfactorshouldbetakenas:
j

1,00forbuttwelds

0,50forlappedjointswithfilletweldsonbothsides.

5. Thestabilityofasphericalroofunderthedesignexternalpressurepi,Edshouldbeverifiedusing:

inwhich:
R0 =Rs
where:
Pi.Ed istheradialinwardcomponentoftheuniformlydistributeddesignloadontheroof(i.e.the
characteristicvaluemultipliedbythepartialfactoraccordingtosection2.9.2.1).

6. ThestabilityofaconicalroofunderthedesignexternalpressurePi,Edshouldbeverifiedaccording
totheprovisionsofsection7.3ofEN199341

textdeleted

11.2.2Selfsupportingroofwithroofstructure
1. Thespecifiedthicknessofallroofplatingshouldbenotlessthan3mmforstainlesssteelsandnot
lessthan5mmforothersteels.

2. Theroofstructureshouldeitherbebraced(see11.2.4)orstructurallyconnectedtotheroofplating.
3. Theroofplatesmaybedesignedusinglargedeflectiontheory.
4. ThedesignoftheroofsupportingstructureshouldsatisfytherequirementsofEN199311.
5. Providedthatthediameterofthetankislessthan60mandthedistributedloaddoesnotdeviate
stronglyfromsymmetryaboutthetankaxis,theproceduredescribedin(6)to(10)maybeusedfor
sphericalroofs.
41

Figure11.2:Tanksphericalroofcoordinates
6. Forsphericalroofsundertheactionofdistributedloadsarisingfromimposedload,snowload,
windload,permanentloadandpressure,themaximumverticalcomponentshouldbetakenasthe
designvaluepv,Edactingeitherupwardsordownwards,withpv,Edtakenasnegativeifitacts
upwards.Thetotaldesignverticalforceperraftershouldbetakenas:
PEd=r2pv,Ed(11.5)
inwhich:
=/n
where:
n

isthenumberofrafters

istheradiusofthetank

pv,Ed isthemaximumverticalcomponentofthedesigndistributedload(seeannexA)includingthedead
weightofthesupportingstructure(downwardpositive)
PEd

isthetotaldesignverticalforceperrafter.

7. ThenormalforceNEdandbendingmomentMEdineachrafterfordesignaccordingtoEN19931
1maybeobtainedfrom:

providedthatthefollowingconditionsaremet:
Pv.Ed1,2kN/m2

(11.18)

42

bk 2hk (11.10)
A1A2(11.11)

inwhich:

where:
h

istheriseofthetankroof,seefigure11.2

istheradialdistancefromthecentrelineofthetank,seefigure11.2

istheverticalheightoftheroofatcoordinatex,seefigure11.2

bk

istheflangewidthofthecentrering,seefigure11.3

hk

istheverticaldistancebetweentheflangesofthecentrering,seefigure11.3

A1

istheareaofthetopflangeofthecentrering,seefigure11.3

A2 istheareaofthebottomflangeofthecentrering,seefigure11.3
Iy

isthesecondmomentofareaoftherafteraboutthehorizontalaxis.

8. IfthesecondmomentofareaoftherafterIyvariesalongthelengthoftherafter(e.g.duetothe
variableeffectivewidthofroofplateswhentheyareconnectedtotherafters)thevalueofIyata
distance0,5rfromthetankaxismaybeusedin(7).
9. Providedthattheconditionsgivenin(7)aresatisfied,thedesignofthecentreringmaybeverified
bycheckingonlyitslowerchordaccordingto(10).
10. Providedthatthereareatleast10uniformlyspacedrafters,thedesignvalueofthememberforce
Nr,EdandbendingmomentMr,Edforthecentralringmaybecalculatedusing:

inwhich:

43

where:
N2,Ed Edisthedesignvalueoftheforceinthelowerchordofthecentrering
NEd

isthedesignvalueoftheforceintherafter

MEd isthedesignvalueofthebendingmomentintherafteratitsinnerend
e0

istheverticaleccentricityoftherafterneutralaxisfromthetopflangeofthecentrering,seefigure
11.3

rk

istheradiusoftheneutralaxisofthecentrering,seefigure11.3.

Figure11.3:Roofcentrering
11.2.3Columnsupportedroof
1. Thespecifiedthicknessofallroofplatingshouldbenotlessthan3mmforstainlesssteelsandnot
lessthan5mmforothersteels.
2. Theroofplatesmaybedesignedusinglargedeflectiontheory.
3. ThedesignoftheroofsupportingstructureshouldsatisfytherequirementsofEN199311.
11.2.4Bracing
1. Iftheroofplatesarenotconnectedtotherafters,bracingshouldbeused.
2. Forroofsexceeding15mdiameter,atleasttwobaysofbracingshouldbeprovided(i.e.twopairsof
adjacentraftersconnectedbytrussmembers).Thesetsofbracedbaysshouldbespacedevenly
aroundthetankcircumference.
44

3. Forbracedroofswithdiameterbetween15mand25m,anadditionalcircumferentialringshould
beprovided.Forbracedroofswithdiameterover25m,twoadditionalcircumferentialringsshould
beprovided.

4. Thebracingshouldbedesignedforastabilisingforceequalto1%ofthesumofthenormalforces
inthestabilisedmembers.
11.2.5Edgeringattheshelltoroofjunction(eavesjunction)
1. Theforceintheeffectiveedgering(areawheretheroofisconnectedtotheshell)shouldbe
verifiedusing:

inwhich:

where:
Aeff

istheeffectiveareaoftheedgeringindicatedinfigure11.4

istheslopeoftherooftothehorizontalatthejunction

pv,Ed isthemaximumverticalcomponentofthedesigndistributedloadincludingthedeadweightofthe
supportingstructure(downwardpositive).

2. Wheretheseparationbetweenadjacentraftersattheirpointsofconnectiontotheedgeringdoes
notexceed3,25m,thestabilityoftheedgeringneednotbeverified.
3. Wherethedesigndistributedloadpv,Edactsupwards,thebendingmomentsintheedgeringmay
beignored.
4. Wheretheseparationbetweenadjacentraftersattheirpointsofconnectiontotheedgeringdoes
notexceed3,25m,andthedesigndistributedloadpv,Edactsdownwards,thebendingmomentsin
theedgeringmaybeignored.
5. Wheretheseparationbetweenadjacentraftersattheirpointsofconnectiontotheedgering
exceeds3,25m,thebendingmomentsintheedgeringaboutitsverticalaxisshouldbetakeninto
accountinadditiontothenormalforceintheringNEd.Thebendingmomentsinthering(positive
valuesinducingtensilestressesontheinsideofthering)shouldbeevaluatedusingthefollowing
expressions.
Attheconnectionoftherafter:

Athalfspanbetweentherafters:

NOTE:Wherepv,Edactsintheupwarddirection,itistakenasnegative,causingachangeof
signinallthenormalforcesandbendingmoments.
45

Figure11.4:Edgeringattheshelltoroofjunction

11.3Shelldesign
11.3.1Shellplates
1. Thecircumferentialnormalstressduetoliquidloadsandinternalpressureshouldbeverifiedin
eachshellcourseusing:

wherethevalueofHredforthejthcourse,denotedbyHred.j,isdeterminedaccordingtoits
relationshipwiththevalueforthecoursebelowit,whichisthe(j1)thcourse:

inwhich:
H=0,30metres
where:

46

isthedensityofthecontainedliquid

istheaccelerationduetogravity

Hj istheverticaldistancefromthebottomofthejthcoursetotheliquidlevel
pEd isthedesignvalueofthepressureabovetheliquidlevel(i.e.thecharacteristicvalue
multipliedbythepartialfactoraccordingto

11.3.2Stiffeningrings

2.9.2.1

).

1. Fixedrooftankswithroofstructuresmaybeconsideredtobeadequatelystiffenedatthetopofthe
shellbytheroofstructure.Aprimaryringneednotbeused.
2. Opentoptanksshouldbeprovidedwithaprimaryringwhichislocatedatornearthetopofthe
uppermostcourse.
3. Iftheloweredgeoftheshelliseffectivelyanchoredtoresistverticaldisplacementstheprimary
stiffeningringmaybedesignedbysatisfyingboththestrengthandthestiffnessrequirementgiven
inclauses(12)to(14)ofsection5.3.2.5ofEN199341.
4. Iftheloweredgeoftheshellisnoteffectivelyanchoredtoresistverticaldisplacementsthe
bucklingassessmentshouldbecarriedoutusingEN199316.
5. Whenstiffeningringsarelocatedmorethan600mmbelowthetopoftheshell,thetankshouldbe
providedwithatopcurbanglewiththefollowingsize:
60605wherethetopshellcoursehasathicknesslessthan6mm
80806wherethetopshellcoursehasathicknessof6mmormore.
Foreitheranglesection,thehorizontallegshouldbenotfurtherthan25mmfromthetop
edgeoftheshell.
6. Therequirementforasecondaryringtopreventlocalbucklingoftheshellshouldbeinvestigated
usingthefollowingprocedure.Theheightoverwhichbucklingoftheunstiffenedshellcanoccur
(measuredfromthetopoftheshellortheprimarywindgirderdownwards)shouldbetakenfrom:

where:
h

istheheightofeachcourseinturnbelowtheedgeringortheprimarywindgirder

isthethicknessofeachcourseinturn

tmin

isthethicknessofthethinnestcourse.

7. Theheightthatmaybetakentobestablewithoutasecondaryringshouldbetakenfrom:

inwhich:
K=1iftheaxialstressx,Edistensile(11.26)
47

wherepEdisthemaximumdesignvalueoftheinwardcomponentofthepressureonthe
shellwall(pressureontheoutside,negativepressureontheinside)and(r/t)istakenatthesame
locationasthedesignvaluex,Edofthecompressiveaxialmembranestress.
NOTE:Theaboveformulascansometimesbeveryconservative(especiallyin
thecaseofveryshortcourses).TheprovisionsofEN199316mayalwaysbeusedto
provideamoreeconomicdesign.
8. Thenonuniformdistributionofpressureqw,Edresultingfromexternalwindloadingoncylinders
(seefigure11.5)may,forthepurposeoftankbucklingdesign,besubstitutedbyanequivalent

uniformexternalpressure:
qeq,Ed=kwqw,max,Ed(11.28)
whereqw,max,Edisthemaximumwindpressure,andkwshouldbefoundasfollows:
kw=l/Cw(11.29)
withCwaccordingtoclause(8)ofsection5.3.2.5ofEN199341.
9. ThepressurepEdtobeintroducedinto11.25followsfrom:
pEd=qeq.Ed+qs,Ed(11.30)
whereqs,Edistheinternalsuctioncausedbyventing,internalpartialvacuumorother
phenomena.

Figure11.5:Transformationoftypicalwindexternalpressureloaddistribution
10. Theproceduresetoutin(7)shouldnotbeusedwheretheaxialstressiscompressiveunlessbothof
thefollowingconditionsaremet:

48

where:
istheheightofthebuckle.ThisisgivenbyHEorthedistancebetweentheadjacentringstiffeners
whicheverisless.

11. IfHEHP,asecondaryringneednotbeused.
12. IfHE>Hp,theheightHEshouldbesubdividedbystiffeningringsequallyspacedatseparationsHp
orlesstopreventbucklingoftheshellwall.Ifmorethanonestiffeningringisnecessary,thevalue
ofKmaybecalculatedseparatelyforeachbaybetweenstiffeningrings,togivedifferentdistances
HPbetweenstiffeningringsaccordingto(7).

13. Ifthethicknessofthecoursetowhichalowerringisattachedisgreaterthantheminimumplate
thicknesstmin,anadjustmentshouldbemadeasfollows.ThedistanceHlower.adjatwhichalower
ringshouldbeplacedbelowtheedgeringorprimaryringshouldbeevaluatedinsteadasusing:

where:
Hlower isthedistancefromtheedgeringortheprimaryringtothesecondaryringpositiontobeadjusted
Htmin isthedistancefromtheedgeringortheprimaryringtothelowerboundaryoftheshellcourseswith
thicknesstmin .

14. Secondaryringsshouldnotbelocatedwithin150mmofacircumferentialtankseam.
15. UnlessamoredetailedassessmentiscarriedoutusingEN199316secondaryringsshouldsatisfy
thefollowingstiffnessrequirement

with

mB

= nextsmallerintegertomB

IR.j

secondmomentofareaofsecondaryringj

maxIR.j maximumvalueofIR.jforallsecondaryrings
49

heightoftheprimaryringorrooftoshelljunctionabovethebottomedge

aj

distancefromsecondaryringjtothenextsecondaryringbelowortothebottomedgeifthereis
nosecondaryringbelow

aj+1

distancefromsecondaryringjtothenextsecondaryringaboveortotheprimaryringorroofto
shelljunctionifthereisnosecondaryringabove

tj

meanvalueoftheshellthicknessalongthedistanceaj

min(ajtj) minimumvalueofajtjalongtheheightH
r

radiusofthetankshell

pj.Ed

negativedesignpressureatthesecondaryringj

11.3.3Openings
1. Openingsandmountingsshouldbedesignedaccordingto5.4.6.

11.4Bottomdesign

1. Thedesignofthebottomplateshouldtakecorrosionintoaccount.
2. Bottomplatesshouldbelapweldedorbuttwelded.ForweldingdetailsseeEN14015orEN14620,
asappropriate.
3. Thespecifiedthicknessofthebottomplatesshouldnotbelessthanspecifiedintable11.1excluding
corrosionallowance.Largervaluesshouldbeusedifrequiredtoresistupliftduetotheinternal
negativepressure,unlessaminimumguaranteedresidualliquidlevelisusedtoassistinresisting
thisuplift.
Table11.1:Minimumnominalbottomplatethickness
Material

Lapweldedbottoms

Buttweldedbottoms

Carbonsteels

6mm

5mm

Stainlesssteels

5mm

3mm

4. Bottomplatessupportedbyparallelgirders(elevatedbottoms)maybedesignedascontinuous
beamsaccordingtosmalldeflectiontheory.Ifthedeformationofthecrosssectionofthe
supportinggirdersduetothelateralloadisnegligible(e.g.concretebeams,hollowsections,beams
withheavyflanges),thespanofthecontinuousbeamrepresentingtheplatemaybetakenasthe
distancebetweenadjacentedgesofthesesupportingmembers,insteadofthedistancebetweenthe
centrelinesofthesupportingmembers.
5. Bottomsfortanksgreaterthan12,5mdiametershouldhaveabasering(intheformofanannular
plate)thatsatisfiesthestrengthandtoughnessrequirementsontheshellcoursetowhichtheyare
attached.Thisbaseringshouldhaveaminimumnominalthicknesstaexcludingcorrosion
allowanceobtainedfrom:
ta=ts/3+3mmbutnotlessthan6mm(11.37)
wheretsisthethicknessoftheattachedshellcourse.
50

NOTE1:Thisminimumthicknessofbottomplatemayleadtotheformationofaplastic
hingeintheannularplate,avoidingalternatingplasticityinthewelddetailatthebottomofthe
shellwall.However,itshouldbenotedthatthisminimumplatethicknessmayalsoleadtoupliftof
theouteredgeoftheannularplate,withconsequentpotentialforcorrosion.
NOTE2:Whereaxialforcesdevelopinthetankshell,theannularplatemustbedesignedto
distributetheseaxialforcesintothefoundation.
6. Theinnerpartofthebaseringannularplateshouldnothaveanexposedwidthwlessthanthe
limitingvaluewa,obtainedfrom:

where:
H isthemaximumdesignliquidheight.
wa istheminimumexposedwidth(distancefromtheinneredgeoftheannularbaseplatetotheinneredge
oftheshellplate).
ta isthethicknessoftheannularplate,takingaccountofthecorrosionallowance.

isthedensityofthecontainedliquid.

istheaccelerationduetogravity.

7. Theradialseamsconnectingannularplatestoeachothershouldbefullpenetrationbuttwelded.
Forweldingdetails,seeEN14015orEN14620,asappropriate.
8. Thedistancefromtheouteredgeoftheshellplatetotheouteredgeofthebottomplatesorbase
ringannularplateshouldnotbelessthan50mm.
9. Theattachmentofthelowestcourseoftheshellplatetotheannularplatesorbottomsketchplates
shouldbecontinuousfilletweldsonbothsidesoftheshellplate.
10. Thethroatthicknessforeachfilletweldshouldbegreaterthanorequaltothethicknessofthe
annularplateorofthesketchplate,exceptthattheyshouldnotexceed10mmandwheretheshell
platethicknessislessthanthesketchplateorannularplatethickness,theyshouldnotexceedthe
appropriatevaluegivenintable11.2.
Table11.2:Filletweldthroatthicknessifshellplateisthinnerthansketchplateor
annularplate
Shellplatethickness,t

Filletweldthroatthickness

t<5mm

2,0mm

t=5mm

4,5mm

t>5mm

6,0mm

11.5Anchoragedesign
1. Tankanchorageshouldbeprovidedforfixedrooftanks,ifanyofthefollowingconditionscan
causethecylindricalshellwallandthebottomplateclosetoittoliftoffitsfoundations:
51

a. Upliftofanemptytankduetointernaldesignpressurecounteractedbytheeffective
corrodedweightofroof,shellandpermanentattachments
b. Upliftduetointernaldesignpressureincombinationwithwindloadingcounteractedbythe
effectivecorrodedweightofroof,shellandpermanentattachmentsplustheeffectiveweight
oftheproductalwayspresentinthetankasagreedbetweenthedesigner,theclientandthe
relevantauthority.
c. Upliftofanemptytankduetowindloadingcounteractedbytheeffectivecorrodedweightof
roof,shellandpermanentattachments
d. Upliftofanemptytankduetoexternalliquidcausedbyflooding.Insuchcasesitisnecessary
toconsidertheeffectsuponthetankbottom,tankshelletc.aswellastheanchoragedesign.
Forthischeck,theupliftforcesduetothewindloadmaybecalculatedusingtheassumption
thatthetankshellhasarigidcrosssection(beamtheory).Thisassumptionimpliesthatlocaluplift
canoccur.Incaseswherenolocalupliftcanbeallowed,amoresophisticatedanalysisisrequired.
2. Anchoragepointsshouldbespacedevenlyaroundthecircumferenceofthetank,insofarasthisis
possible.
3. ThedesignoftheholdingdownboltsorstrapsshouldmeettherequirementsofEN199311.The
minimumcrosssectionalareafortheholdingdownboltsorstrapsshouldbe500mm2.If
corrosionisanticipated,aminimumcorrosionallowanceof1mmshouldbeadded.
4. Theanchorageshouldbeprincipallyattachedtotheshellwall.Itshouldnotbeattachedtothe
bottomplatealone.
5. Thedesignoftheanchorageshouldaccommodatemovementsofthetankduetothermalchanges
andhydrostaticpressureandminimiseanystressesinducedintheshell.

6. Thedesignoftheshellforlocalanchorageforcesandbendingmomentsresultingfromthe
anchorageshouldmeettherequirementsof5.4.6and5.4.7ofEN199341.
7. Noinitialtensionshouldbeappliedtotheholdingdownboltorstrap,toensurethatitwillbecome
effectiveonlyifanupliftforcedevelopsintheshellofthetank.
NOTE:Iftheholdingdownboltsorstrapsarenotpretensioned,themaximumupliftforces
inthemunderwindloadwillbereduced,sothatthecalculationdescribedin(1)willbeapplicable.
Inaddition,areductionwilloccurinthestressesinducedbyrestraintofradialmovementsdueto
thermalchangesandhydrostaticpressure.
52

AnnexA
Actionsontanks
[normative]

A.1General
1. ThedesignshouldtakeaccountofthecharacteristicvaluesoftheactionslistedinA.2.1toA.2.14.
2. Thepartialfactorsonactionsaccordingto2.9.2.1andtheactioncombinationrulesaccordingto
2.10shouldbeappliedtothesecharacteristicvalues.

A.2Actions
A.2.1Liquidinducedloads
1. Duringoperation,theloadduetothecontentsshouldbetheweightoftheproducttobestored
frommaximumdesignliquidleveltoempty.
2. Duringtest,theloadduetothecontentsshouldbetheweightofthetestmediumfrommaximum
testliquidleveltoempty.
A.2.2Internalpressureloads
1. Duringoperation,theinternalpressureloadshouldbetheloadduetothespecifiedminimumand
maximumvaluesoftheinternalpressure.
2. Duringtest,theinternalpressureloadshouldbetheloadduetothespecifiedminimumand
maximumvaluesofthetestinternalpressure.
A.2.3Thermallyinducedloads
1. Stressesresultingfromrestraintofthermalexpansionmaybeignoredifthenumberofloadcycles
duetothermalexpansionissuchthatthereisnoriskoffatiguefailureorcyclicplasticfailure.
A.2.4Deadloads
1. Thedeadloadsonthetankshouldbeconsideredasthoseresultingfromtheweightofall
componentpartsofthetankandallcomponentspermanentlyattachedtothetank.
2. NumericalvaluesshouldbetakenfromEN199111.
A.2.5Insulationloads
1. Theinsulationloadsshouldbethoseresultingfromtheweightoftheinsulation.

2. NumericalvaluesshouldbetakenfromEN199111.
A.2.6Distributedliveload
1. ThedistributedliveloadshouldbetakenfromEN199111unlessotherwisespecified.
53

A.2.7Concentratedliveload
1. TheconcentratedliveloadshouldbetakenfromEN199111unlessotherwisespecified.
A.2.8Snow
1. TheloadsshouldbetakenfromEN199113.
A.2.9Wind
1. TheloadsshouldbetakenfromEN199114.
2. Inaddition,thefollowingpressurecoefficientsmaybeusedforcircularcylindricaltanks,seefigure
A.I:
a. internalpressureofopentoptanksandopentopcatchbasin:cp=0,6.
b. interna]pressureofventedtankswithsmallopenings:cp=0,4.
c. wherethereisacatchbasin,theexternalpressureonthetankshellmaybeassumedto
reducelinearlywithheight.
3. Duetotheirtemporarycharacter,reducedwindloadsmaybeusedforerectionsituationsaccording
toEN199114.
A.2.10Suctionduetoinadequateventing
1. TheloadsshouldbetakenfromEN199114.
A.2.11Seismicloadings
1. TheloadsshouldbetakenfromEN19984,whichalsosetsouttherequirementsforseismic
design.
A.2.12Loadsresultingfromconnections
1. Loadsresultingfrompipes,valvesandotheritemsconnectedtothetankandloadsresultingfrom
settlementofindependentitemsupportsrelativetothetankfoundationshouldbetakeninto
account.Pipeworkshouldbedesignedtominimiseloadingsappliedtothetank.
A.2.13Loadsresultingfromunevensettlement
1. Settlementloadsshouldbetakenintoaccountwhereunevensettlementcanbeexpectedduringthe
lifetimeofthetank.
A.2.14Emergencyloadings
1. Theloadsshouldbespecifiedforthespecificsituationandcanincludeloadingsfromeventssuch

asexternalblast,impact,adjacentexternalfire,explosion,leakageofinnertank,rollover,overfill
ofinnertank.
54

FigureA.1:Pressurecoefficientsforwindloadingonacircularcylindricaltank
55