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Abstract: This paper is the first of two companion papers on the evaluation of the level of protection offered by ductile and
nominally ductile reinforced concrete structures in Canada. In this paper, the seismic behaviour of two half-scale reinforced
concrete moment resisting frames is investigated by shake table tests. In the second paper, the experimental results obtained
from the shake table tests are compared with the results generated from inelastic time-history dynamic analyses. Each frame
had two bays and two storeys with overall dimensions of 5 m in width and 3 m in height. The first structure was designed as a
ductile frame according to current Canadian standards; and the second structure incorporated only nominally ductile details.
Two levels of intensity were retained for the historical ground motion used in the tests. The first level was representative of
the design earthquake considered; the amplitudes were doubled for the second intensity. The ductile structure performed well
during both tests. The frame with nominal ductility performed well during the first test, but was on the verge of collapse after
the second test. Based on these experimental results, recommendations are presented to harmonize the seismic protection of
ductile and nominally ductile reinforced concrete frames in Canada.
Key words: moment resisting frames, earthquakes, reinforced concrete, seismic, shake table.
Rsum : Cet article est le premier de deux sur lvaluation du niveau de protection sismique des ossatures noeuds rigides
en bton arm au Canada. Cet article prsente les rsultats dessais sur table vibrante de deux ossatures noeuds rigides,
chelle une-demie, en bton arm. Les rsultats exprimentaux sont compars aux prdictions danalyses dynamiques
non-linaires dans le deuxime article. Chaque ossature tait compose de deux traves et de deux tages ayant cinq mtres de
largeur et trois mtres de hauteur. La premire structure consistait en une conception ductile selon les normes Canadiennes
actuelles. La deuxime structure incorporait des dtails darmature en vue de lui assurer une ductilit nominale. Deux niveaux
dintensit ont t retenus pour lexcitation historique la base. Le premier niveau tait reprsentatif du sisme de calcul
utilis, alors que les amplitudes furent doubles pour le deuxime niveau dintensit. Lossature ductile sest bien comporte
durant les deux essais. Lossature ductilit nominale sest bien comporte pour le sisme de calcul, mais tait prs de la ruine
la suite du deuxime essai. En se basant sur ces rsultats exprimentaux, des recommandations sont prsentes afin
duniformiser la protection sismique dossatures ductiles et ductilit nominale en bton arm au Canada.
Mots cls : bton arm, ossatures, sismique, table vibrante, tremblements de terre.
Introduction
The seismic design lateral loads and the level of seismic reinforcement detailing to be incorporated in a reinforced concrete
moment resisting framed structure in Canada depend on its
available ductility capacity. In ductile moment resisting
frames, the design lateral loads are reduced significantly, but
high ductility capacity is ensured by strict detailing requireReceived April 10, 1997.
Revised manuscript accepted August 25, 1997.
A. Filiatrault. EPICENTRE Research Group, cole
Polytechnique, Universit de Montral Campus, P.O. Box 6079,
Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
. Lachapelle. Calculatec Inc., 4455 St-Hubert Street,
Montreal, QC H3L 4M3, Canada.
P. Lamontagne. Shector Barkacki Shemie & Associates, 1550
deMaisonneuve Boulevard W., Montreal, QC H3G 1N2,
Canada.
Written discussion of this article is welcomed and will be
received by the Editor until August 31, 1998 (address inside
front cover).
Can. J. Civ. Eng. 25: 331341 (1998)
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Parameters
Assumptions
Service loads
V = 19 kN (R = 2)
V = 9 kN (R = 4)
Tributary width = 3 m
Gravity loads applied as concentrated loads from transverse joists at the 1/3 and 2/3
spans of the beams and at the beam-column joints
Rigid links incorporated for computing internal forces at the columns faces
Rigid links removed for computing lateral deflections
40% of gross inertia used for the beams and 70% of gross inertia used for the columns
V=
VeU
R
where Ve is the required base shear if the structure would remain elastic under the design earthquake, U is a calibration
factor equal to 0.6, and R is a force reduction factor which
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Fig. 1. Test structures: (a) structure with nominal ductility (R = 2) and (b) ductile structure (R = 4). (All dimension are in millimetres.)
db
[2]
for R = 2
for R = 4
Since the standard 10M bars used as longitudinal reinforce 1998 NRC Canada
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Material
Properties
Longitudinal reinforcing
steel
Experimental results
Preliminary system identification tests
The dynamic characteristics of the model frames were estimated from impact tests and from free vibration tests. For the
impact tests, each frame was excited manually by repetitive
horizontal hammerings at the top floor. A dedicated ambient
vibration analysis software (Experimental Dynamic Investigations 1993) was used to determine the natural periods of the
structure from power spectral density plots of the absolute
floor horizontal displacement records. In the free-vibration
tests, the structure was excited manually at its first natural
period. When a steady-state response was obtained, the input
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Fig. 4. Accelerogram for the N04W component of the ground motion recorded in Olympia,Washington, during the April 13, 1949, Western
Washington earthquake.
concrete moment resisting frames as specified in the 1995 edition of the NBCC (0.36 s for storey height of 4 m). The applied
loading in the tests was, therefore, representative of actual field
conditions. The fundamental period of the ductile structure (R =
4) was shorter because of the increased lateral stiffness caused
by larger columns required to satisfy the weak beams strong
columns design philosophy. First modal damping ratios of
3.3% and 3.0% were measured for the R = 2 and the R = 4
frame, respectively. These values are typical for reinforced
concrete framed building structures.
Shake table performance
One critical aspect of shake table testing is the ability of the
electronic control system to reproduce accurately the desired
ground motion input. Figure 5 compares the absolute acceleration response spectra, at 5% damping, of the accelerogram of
Fig. 4 (desired signal) with the response spectra of the acceleration time-histories recorded on the shake table (feedback
signal). These results were obtained from the tests on the R =
2 structure (intensities 1 and 2).
As discussed later, the natural period of the test frames
varied between 0.28 and 0.76 s at various stages of testing. For
this period range, the mean difference between the desired and
the feedback spectral values is 8.5% for the first intensity, and
2.8% for the second intensity. For the same period range, the
maximum absolute difference is 16.6%. Considering the severe inelastic response of the structures during the seismic
tests, the shake table performance can be considered adequate.
General behaviour and cracking patterns
Figure 6 illustrates the cracking patterns for both structures
after each test. The ductile structure (R = 4) behaved, during
both tests, according to the capacity design philosophy promoted by the Canadian concrete standard. The structure had
reserve ductility at the end of the second test. Plastic hinges
and flexural cracking occurred in the beams, near the column
faces, and at the base of the first floor columns. No crack was
observed in the columns below and above the beam-column
joints. During the first test (intensity 1), column cracking was
concentrated at the base of the central column. This column
was stiffer than the exterior columns and attracted most of the
s =
emax
ey
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Fig. 5. Absolute acceleration response spectra, at 5% damping, of the reference and feedback shake table acceleration time-histories from the
tests on the R = 2 structure.
gitudinal bars, below the first floor beam-column joints, remained in the elastic range of the steel.
For the second intensity, however, the distribution of strain
ductility is very different for the two frames. For the ductile
structure (R = 4), the cross sections exhibiting inelastic behaviour were the same as for the first intensity. Only the maximum
strains increased in each cross section. For the structure with
nominal ductility (R = 2), the longitudinal bars in the first floor
columns, below the beam-column joints, experienced significant inelastic tensile strains. Again, it is clear that a complete
column-sway mechanism had formed in the first floor.
Peak response parameters
Table 3 shows the peak response parameters recorded during
the seismic tests on the two structures. The National Building
Code of Canada (NBCC 1995) limits the inelastic inter-storey
drift at 2% of the storey height for a building of normal importance. The ductile structure (R = 4) meets this requirement
under the design level earthquake (intensity 1) and slightly
exceeds it during the second test at twice the ground motion
amplitudes. This reserve stiffness exhibited by the ductile
structure is due to the application of the capacity design concept, which causes the columns to increase in size and stiffness
to meet the weak beams strong columns design philosophy.
The structure with nominal ductility also respects the interstorey drift requirement for the first test. During the second
test, however, the formation of a plastic column-sway mechanism in the first floor caused a very large inter-storey drift
(4.67%) in the first floor. This level of deformations would be
detrimental to nonstructural and architectural elements of a
real building.
The floor acceleration amplification for both structures varies between 1.23 and 4.30, which is typical of lightly damped
systems under ground motion excitations. The amplifications
during the second test are less than those during the first one.
This result is expected, as severe inelastic deformations in the
structures during the second test cause the structural damping
to increase. Also, amplifications exhibited by the frame with
nominal ductility are less than the amplifications in the ductile
structure. The nominally ductile frame experiences more severe inelastic deformations than the ductile frame, thereby increasing the damping and limiting the acceleration amplification.
Although the ductile structure was designed for a level of
lateral loads much smaller than the structure with nominal ductility, it developed larger base shear coefficients. This phenomenon is, again, a result of capacity design. Even if smaller
seismic lateral loads were used for the design of the ductile
structure, the strength of the columns far exceeds the effects
of the factored loads to respect the weak beams strong columns design philosophy. As a result, the lateral strength developed by the ductile structure is larger than that by the
structure with nominal ductility.
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Table 3. Peak response parameters recorded.
Peak value
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Intensity 1
Fundamental
period (s)
Intensity 2
Parameter
R=2
R=4
R=2
R=4
1.98
1.58
4.67
2.74
1.28
1.44
1.75
2.23
1.50
2.19
1.23
1.55
2.63
4.30
1.60
2.45
0.39
691
0.55
694
0.47
272
0.64
284
Span of first floor beams (2500 mm) over peak vertical deflection.
The results are similar for both structures. After the first
test, the fundamental period of each structure has increased by
a factor of 1.5. The corresponding decrease in lateral stiffness
is more than 50%. At the end of the second test, the fundamental period of each structure had more than doubled, thereby
reducing the lateral stiffness by more than 75%. These results
are significant when considering the behaviour of real buildings to aftershocks or future earthquakes.
The first modal damping ratio varies between 3.0% and
4.8% for both structures. These values are typical of reinforced
concrete structures at levels of excitation causing yielding in
the reinforcing steel.
Hysteretic behaviour
The global hysteretic behaviour of each structure, in terms of
base shear top floor relative displacement loops, is presented
in Fig. 8. The experimental base shear time-histories were obtained by the summation of the inertia forces at each floor.
Therefore, the effects of damping forces were neglected in the
base shear calculation.
During the first test (intensity 1), two different effective
lateral stiffness values can be distinguished from the slope of
the hysteresis loops. The first slope corresponds to the stiffness
of the structures when cracking and some modest inelastic
deformations have occurred. The second slope, exhibiting the
largest inelastic excursions, corresponds to the inelastic shear
deformations of the beam-column joints coupled with large
flexural inelastic deformations. These deformations of the
joints are accompanied by the diagonal cracking described earlier. This phenomenon can be observed for both structures, but
is particularly significant for the structure with nominal ductility (R = 2), for which the joint regions are not as confined
by the transverse reinforcement as the joints in the ductile
structure (R = 4).
For the second test, the hysteresis loops of the ductile structure are stable with no significant pinching. Pinching can be
observed, however, for the structure with nominal ductility.
Also indicated in Fig. 8, are the maximum displacement
ductility factors, , achieved by each structure. The yield dis-
First mode
damping ratio
Lateral
stiffness ratio
Testing stage
R=2
R=4
R=2
R=4
R=2
R=4
Before intensity 1
After intensity 1
After intensity 2
0.36
0.55
0.76
0.28
0.44
0.55
0.033
0.037
0.042
0.030
0.039
0.048
1.00
0.43
0.22
1.00
0.40
0.26
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the assistance of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
and the Fonds pour la formation de chercheurs et laide la
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Filiatrault et al.: I
References
Clough, R.W., and Penzien, J. 1993. Dynamics of structures. 2nd ed.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
CSA. 1994. Design of concrete structures for buildings. Standard
CAN-A23.3-94, Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale, Ont.
Experimental Dynamic Investigations. 1993. U2 & V2 manual. Vancouver, B.C.
Filiatrault, A., DAronco, D., and Tinawi, R. 1994. Seismic shear
demand of ductile cantilever walls: a Canadian code perspective.
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(3): 363376.
Filiatrault, A., Tremblay, R., Thoen, B.K., and Rood, J. 1996. A second generation earthquake simulation system in Canada: descrip-
341
tion and performance evaluation (on CD ROM). Eleventh World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Acapulco, Mexico.
Filiatrault, A., Lachapelle, E., and Lamontagne, P. 1998. Seismic performance of ductile and nominally ductile reinforced concrete moment resisting frames. II. analytical study. Canadian Journal of
Civil Engineering, 25(2): this issue.
Heidebrecht, A.C. 1995. Insights and challenges associated with determining seismic design forces in a loading code. Bulletin of the
New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, 28:
224246
Heidebrecht, A.C. 1996. Major issues affecting the seismic design of
building structures in Canada. Proceedings of the 1st Structural
Specialty Conference, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering,
Edmonton, Alta., pp. 775798.
Lachapelle, E. 1997. tude du comportement sismique dune ossature
ductilit nominale (R = 2). M.A.Sc. thesis, Department of Civil
Engineering, cole Polytechnique, Universit de Montral Campus, Montreal, Que.
Lamontagne, P. 1997. tude du comportement sismique dune ossature ductile (R = 4). M.A.Sc. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, cole Polytechnique, Universit de Montral Campus,
Montreal, Que.
NBCC. 1995. National building code of Canada. Associate Committee on the National Building Code, National Research Council of
Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
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