UFES / CCHN / DLL CURSOS DE LNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE

PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

CERTIFICAO DE PROFICINCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

INSCRIO N XXXXXX
PROVA DE PROFICINCIA - MESTRADO

LEIA ATENTAMENTE AS INFORMAES A SEGUIR:

1.

A habilidade avaliada ser: LEITURA;

2.

O TEMPO total disponvel para a realizao da prova de 3 (trs) horas;

3.

O uso de DICIONRIO(s) somente ser permitido aos candidatos portadores dos mesmos.
O emprstimo entre candidatos no ser permitido.

4.

O CADERNO DE QUESTES e a FOLHA DE RESPOSTAS devero constar o nmero de

inscrio conforme seu COMPROVANTE DE INSCRIO. Ambos devem estar em ordem.
Caso contrrio, o candidato dever notificar IMEDIATAMENTE o aplicador da prova;

5.

A FOLHA DE RESPOSTAS no pode ser dobrada, amassada ou rasurada;

6.

As respostas das questes dos TEXTOS sero redigidas em PORTUGUS;

7.

Ser considerado REPROVADO o candidato que:

- utilizar, durante a realizao das provas, de rdios gravadores; headphones; telefones
celulares ou fontes de consultas;
- ausentar-se da sala em que se realizam as provas levando consigo o CADERNO DE
QUESTES e/ou a FOLHA DE RESPOSTAS;

8.

O RASCUNHO para respostas est devidamente identificado e NO SER CONSIDERADO

como resposta oficial.

9.

Para a redao oficial das repostas na FOLHA DE RESPOSTAS dever ser resguardado no
mnimo 30 (trinta) minutos finais do tempo total. Ao terminar, o candidato entregar o
CADERNO DE QUESTES e a FOLHA DE RESPOSTAS ao aplicador.

10.

Para aprovao, o candidato dever alcanar no mnimo 70% de compreenso dos textos
fornecidos, conforme critrios especificados no edital.

Datas do processo no Centro de Lnguas:

Resultado do teste:

22/07/2011

Interposio de recursos: 25 a 26/07/2011

Reposta aos recursos e resultado final: 29/07/2011

UFES / CCHN / DLL CURSOS DE LNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE

PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL
CERTIFICAO DE PROFICINCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

INSCRIO N XXXXXX
HABILIDADE: LEITURA
De acordo com as informaes dos textos, responda as perguntas seguintes:
TEXTO 1 EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON GROUNDWATER
A popular misconception is that all water that moves through the soil will be purified naturally and
will emerge from the ground in a pristine condition. Unfortunately, there are limits to what soil can
remove, and groundwater pollution is becoming an increasing concern throughout the world.
The agricultural community is becoming more aware of the connection between agricultural
practices and groundwater pollution. Many states have begun working with dairy owners and
farmers to develop farm management plans that restrict fertilizer applications to periods of active
plant growth, which helps prevent groundwater pollution by sequestering nitrate into growing
vegetation. These farm plans also include surface water pollution prevention techniques such as
restricting animal access to stream banks, setting maximum animal density goals, requiring
manure-holding ponds, and revegetating riparian (stream side) areas.
Other potential sources of groundwater pollution include leaking underground storage tanks, solid
waste landfills, improperly stored hazardous waste, careless disposal of solvents and hazardous
chemicals on ground surfaces, and road salts and deicing compounds. Many of the current U.S.
Superfund sites (see Chap. 17, Solid and Hazardous Waste Law) are concerned with the cleanup
of materials that have contaminated, or have the potential to contaminate, groundwater.
QUESTO 1
Que ideia popular e errnea mencionada no primeiro pargrafo?
QUESTO 2
O que o Estado e os agricultores vm fazendo para combater a poluio das guas
subterrneas?
QUESTO 3
Quais so as fontes potenciais de poluio das guas subterrneas?

TEXTO 2 WASTE PROCESSING AND HANDLING

Waste processing and handling are key concerns as a hazardous waste begins its journey from
the generator site to a secure long-term storage facility. Ideally, the waste can be stabilized,
detoxified, or somehow rendered harmless in a treatment process similar to the following:
Chemical Stabilization. In this process, chemicals are mixed with waste sludge, the mixture is
pumped onto land, and solidification occurs in several days or weeks. The result is a chemical nest
that entraps the waste, and pollutants such as heavy metals may be chemically bound in insoluble
complexes. Asphalt-like compounds form cages around the waste molecules, while grout and
cement form actual chemical bonds with the trapped substances. Chemical stabilization offers an
alternative to digging up and moving large quantities of hazardous waste, and is particularly
suitable for treating large volumes of dilute waste. Proponents of these processes have argued for
2

UFES / CCHN / DLL CURSOS DE LNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE

PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL
CERTIFICAO DE PROFICINCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

INSCRIO N XXXXXX
building roadways, dams, and bridges with a selected cement as the fixing agent. The adequacy of
the containment offered by these processes has not been
documented, however, as long-term leaching and defixation potentials are not well understood.
Volume Reduction. Volume reduction is usually achieved by incineration, which takes advantage
of the large organic fraction of waste being generated by many industries, but may lead to
secondary problems for hazardous waste engineers: air emissions in the stack of the incinerator
and ash production in the base of the incinerator. Both by-products of incineration must be
addressed in terms of risk, as well as legal and economic constraints (as must all hazardous waste
treatment, for that matter). Because incineration is often considered a very good method for the
ultimate disposal of hazardous waste, we discuss it in some detail later in this chapter.
Degradation. Methods that chemically degrade some hazardous wastes and render them less
hazardous exist. Chemical degradation is a form of chemical detoxification. Waste-specific
degradation processes include hydrolysis, which destroys organophosphorus and carbonate
pesticides, and chemical dechlorination, which destroys some polychlorinated pesticides.
Biological degradation generally involves
incorporating the waste into the soil. Landfarming, as it has been termed, relies on healthy soil
microorganisms to metabolize the waste components. Landfarming sites must be strictly controlled
for possible water and air pollution that results from overactive or underactive organism
populations.
QUESTO 4
Quais os problemas potenciais de cada um destes mtodos de processamento de
resduos?

TEXTO 3

PRODUCT SYSTEM LIFE EXTENSION

Extending the life of a product can directly reduce environmental impact. In many cases, longerlived products save resources and generate less waste because fewer units are needed to satisfy
the same need. Doubling the life of a product translates into a pollution prevention of 50% in
process transportation and distribution and a waste reduction of 50% at the end of the products
life. Understanding why products are retired helps designers to extend the product system life.
Reasons why products are no longer in use include technical obsolescence, fashion obsolescence,
degraded performance or structural fatigue, (caused by normal wear over repeated use),
environmental or chemical degradation and damage caused by accident or inappropriate use.
QUESTO 5
Como o sistema de extenso de vida til de um produto pode reduzir o impacto ambiental?
QUESTO 6
Quais so as razes apontadas para o fim da vida de um produto?

TEXTO 3.1 REMANUFACTURABILITY

Remanufacturing is an industrial process that restores worn products to like-new condition. In a
factory, a retired product is first completely disassembled. Its usable parts are then cleaned,
refurbished, and put into inventory. Finally, a new product is reassembled from both old and new
parts, creating a unit equal in performance and expected life to the original or currently available
alternative. In contrast, a repaired or rebuilt product usually retains its identity, and only those parts
3

UFES / CCHN / DLL CURSOS DE LNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE

PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL
CERTIFICAO DE PROFICINCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

INSCRIO N XXXXXX
that have failed or are badly worn are replaced. Industrial equipment or other expensive products
not subject to rapid change are the best candidates for remanufacturing. Designs must be easy to
take apart if they are to be remanufactured. Adhesives, welding, and some fasteners can make this
process impossible. Critical parts must be designed to survive normal wear. Extra material should
be present on used parts to allow refinishing. Care in selecting materials and arranging parts also
helps to reduce excessive damage during use. Design continuity increases the number of
interchangeable parts between different models in the same product line. Common parts make
remanufacturing products easier.
QUESTO 7
Em que consiste a remanufatura como estratgia de fim de vida de um produto?

TEXTO 4

GAS HYDRATES

Currently, below the worlds oceans and permafrost lurks a deadly threat gas hydrates. These
are a mixture of water and methane, which is sustained as a solid at very low temperatures and
very high pressures. These gas hydrates are a solid composed of a cage of water molecules,
which hold individual molecules of methane and other gases. The methane comes from decaying
organic matter found deep in ocean sediments and in soils beneath permafrost. These gas hydrate
reservoirs are extremely unstable, as a slight increase in temperature or decrease in pressure can
cause them to destabilize and thus pose a major risk. The impacts of global warming include the
heating up of both the oceans and the permafrost, which could cause the gas hydrates to break
down, pumping out huge amounts of methane into the atmosphere. Methane is a very strong
greenhouse gas, 21 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. If enough were released it would
raise temperatures even more, releasing even more gas hydrates producing a runaway
greenhouse effect. There are 10,000 gigatonnes of gas hydrates stored beneath our feet
compared with only 180 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide currently in the atmosphere.
QUESTO 8
Os hidratos de gs submarino representam que ameaa?

TEXTO 5
FUKUSHIMA, THREE MILE ISLAND AND CHERNOBYL
It is already possible to outline key differences that set the current Fukushima situation apart from
the 1979 Three Mile Island emergency near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and the disaster in
Chernobyl, Ukraine, that took place seven years later.
Accident Cause At this point in the Fukushima disaster the tsunami appears to be the immediate
culprit, since the plants shut down as they were designed to do following the earthquake. When the
tsunami hit an hour later, it damaged the site infrastructure, he said. So while the earthquake had
cut the reactors' external power supply, which is needed to keep coolant pumps doing their job, the
tsunami killed the diesel backup generators needed to provide power for the cooling system.
Batteries provided power for only up to eight hours. Mobile generators were brought in to take
over. Still, it's too early to know for sure what sequence of events led to what outcome, said David
Lochbaum, who directs the Union of Concerned Scientists' Nuclear Safety Program and has
worked at three nuclear plants in the United States similar to the General Electric plants in Japan.
According to the 1979 Kemeny Commission report on Three Mile Islandthe definitive document
of that disaster"equipment failures initiated the event," but "operator error" was the "fundamental
cause of the accident." Emergency cooling systems were shut down, with dire consequences.
Three Mile Island would have been a "relatively insignificant incident," the commission found, if the
4

UFES / CCHN / DLL CURSOS DE LNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE

PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL
CERTIFICAO DE PROFICINCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

INSCRIO N XXXXXX
plant operators (or those who supervised them) had kept the emergency cooling systems on
through the early stages of the accident.
At the Chernobyl reactor in Ukraine, an "ill-conceived, badly executed safety test" initiated the
disaster, said Wilmshurst. A sudden surge of power triggered a steam explosion that ruptured the
reactor vessel, according to a recent report from the United Nations. This allowed "further violent
fuel-steam interactions that destroyed the reactor core and severely damaged the reactor building."
Radiation Containment Like the Three Mile Island plant, the Fukushima reactors have three
barriers designed to prevent radiation leakage, including metal cladding surrounding the nuclear
fuel, a reactor pressure vessel, and the primary containment vessel. Chernobyl lacked a
containment vessel, said Wilmshurst. Once radiation is released into the environment, it can
contaminate vast areas. "Contamination levels are not linear," said Lochbaum. "Further away you
don't necessarily get lower doses," he explained. Among other factors, prevailing winds can
influence what areas are affected. In the Chernobyl accident, some areas 100 miles away from the
facility had radiation levels higher than areas just 10 or 20 miles away. Ultimately, the radiation
released as a result of Three Mile Island was not high enough to present detectable health effects
in the general population. That accident rated as a level 5 of 7 on the International Nuclear Event
Scale, an "accident with wider [than local] consequence." At Chernobyl, a level 7 "major accident,"
radiation exposure affected thousands of people. Initially, Japanese officials rated the nuclear
disaster at Fukushima as a Level 4 on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). The event
has since been elevated to a Level 7, a major accident, the highest on the INES. This change of
rating for the Fukushima incident was a result of the amount of radiation leaked into the
environment since the crisis began on March 11. The amount of radiation released from
Fukushima could potentially result in far-reaching health and environmental risks.
In the United States, the average radiation dose from natural background and man-made sources,
such as medical procedures and consumer products, is 620 millirems (mrem) per year, according
to the NRC. One millisievert (mSv) is equal to 100 millirems. The Chernobyl accident caused acute
radiation sickness in 134 of the 600 workers who were at the site on the morning of the initial
explosion and received high doses of radiation80,000 to 1.6 million mrem, From a public health
perspective, Chernobyl's greatest impact was an epidemic of thyroid cancer (more than 6,000
cases so far) among children and adolescents exposed to radiation, often by drinking
contaminated cow's milk.
QUESTO 9
Quais so as diferenas entre os desastres nucleares de Fukushima, Three Mile Island e
Chernobyl no que diz respeito causa e conteno dos acidentes e suas consequncias?

UFES / CCHN / DLL CURSOS DE LNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE

PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL
CERTIFICAO DE PROFICINCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

INSCRIO N XXXXXX
RASCUNHO

UFES / CCHN / DLL CURSOS DE LNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE

PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL
CERTIFICAO DE PROFICINCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

INSCRIO N XXXXXX
RASCUNHO

UFES / CCHN / DLL CURSOS DE LNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE

PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL
CERTIFICAO DE PROFICINCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

INSCRIO N XXXXXX
RASCUNHO

UFES / CCHN / DLL CURSOS DE LNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE

PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL
CERTIFICAO DE PROFICINCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

INSCRIO N XXXXXX
RASCUNHO

UFES / CCHN / DLL CURSOS DE LNGUAS PARA A COMUNIDADE

PROGRAMA DE PS-GRADUAO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL
CERTIFICAO DE PROFICINCIA EM LINGUA INGLESA
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL

INSCRIO N XXXXXX
RASCUNHO

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