Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
MALE BODYBUILDERS
DANIEL A. HACKETT, NATHAN A. JOHNSON,
AND
BY
CHIN-MOI CHOW
INTRODUCTION
1609
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Subjects
METHODS
Experimental Approach to the Problem
1610
ergogenic aids currently used by competitive male bodybuilders and to assess the veracity of the anecdotal claims.
the
Number of sets per exercise, RMs used per set, recovery time
between sets, and weekly aerobic training volume for the
OFF and PRE phases were compared to determine significant differences in responses. This was analyzed with the
Wilcoxon signed rank test using the Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences (SPSS version 12.0, Chicago, IL, USA).
Statistical significance was accepted at p , 0.05. All values
are expressed as mean 6 SD.
RESULTS
Of the 127 respondents, 73 reported competing in amateur
competitions (drug testing not always implemented) and 54
TM
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
the
TM
| www.nsca.com
1611
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Resistance training
Number of exercises per muscle group
Number of sets per exercise
Repetition maximums (RM) per set
Categories
Responses (%)
23
45
67
12
34
56
46
79
1012
3060
61120
121180
1.6
74.0
24.4
4.7
52.8
42.5
23
49.1
27.9
1.5
68.6
29.9
Seventy-six
percent
of
respondents reported performing 45 exercises per
muscle group during the PRE
Aerobic exercise
phase, which was similar to
Weekly volume (min)
3059
51.7
6089
10.6
the OFF phase (74.0%). There
90120
1.7
was a significant difference in
the reported number of sets
per exercise between the
OFF and PRE phases (p ,
0.001, Figure 1). There was
a reduction in the number of respondents who reported
respondents, 44.3% performed 12 sessions per week at low
undertaking 56 sets per exercise in the OFF phase and
to moderate perceived intensities. Running (68.8%), crossan increase in the number reporting 34 sets in PRE phase.
trainer (elliptical trainer) (61.2%), walking (53.7%), and
There was also a significant difference between the OFF
cycling (39.9%) were the most popular types of aerobic
and PRE phases in the reported number of repetitions
exercises used. The majority of respondents (51.7%) accrued
(hence load) (p , 0.001, Figure 2) and recovery time
between 30 and 60 minutes of aerobic exercise per week
between sets and exercises (p , 0.001, Figure 3). For the
during this phase (Table 2).
reported number of repetitions, there was a reduction in
The elite bodybuilders reported performing 45 exercises
the number of respondents who reported undertaking
per muscle group, with 45 sets per exercise of 612RM
79RM and an increase in the number reporting 1015RM
during the OFF phase. Some sessions in the OFF phase
in the PRE phase. For recovery time between sets and
involved lifting of heavier loads with lower repetitions
(15RM). Recovery between sets and exercises ranged from
61 to 180 seconds, depending on the exercise and intensity
used. No aerobic exercise was reportedly performed by the
elite bodybuilders during the OFF phase.
The majority of respondents (83.2%) reported using
advanced overload techniques for most but not all sessions
and with only certain exercises. The most popular exercises
used for advanced overload techniques were the biceps curl
(84.2%), triceps push down (73.3%), chest fly (65.3%), lateral
raise (62.8%), calf raise (61.8%), lat pull down (56.7%), leg
extension (43.1%), and leg press (42.3%). The advanced
overload techniques most commonly used among competitive bodybuilders were pyramids (i.e., progression from
lighter loads with greater repetitions to heavier loads with
fewer repetitions in subsequent sets) (64.6%), supersets (i.e., 2
exercises performed in succession without rest) (60.6%),
forced repetitions (i.e., after reaching concentric failure, a spotFigure 1. Number of sets per exercise during the off-season (OFF) and
ter assists the lifter in performing additional repetitions)
pre-competition (PRE) (6 weeks before) phases. OFF vs PRE phase is
significantly different (p , 0.001).
(50.4%), partial repetitions (i.e., repetitions performed over
a portion of the full range of movement) (45.7%), and negatives
Recovery between sets and exercises (s)
1612
the
TM
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
the
TM
| www.nsca.com
exercises, there was a reduction in the number of respondents who reported using 61180 seconds and an increase in
the number reporting 3060 seconds in the PRE phase.
Aerobic exercise was performed by 85.0% of respondents
during the PRE phase, with 59.2% performing $5 sessions
per week (31.7% of respondents competing in natural competitions) and 37.9% performing 24 sessions per week
(21.4% of respondents competing in natural competitions).
There was a significant difference in the reported aerobic
exercise volume between the OFF and PRE phases
(p , 0.001, Figure 4). There was an increase in the number
of respondents who reported undertaking 120 to 150+ minutes
per week in the PRE phase. The intensity reported for aerobic
exercise was most commonly perceived as low to moderate.
Types of aerobic exercises used were jogging/running (74.6%),
cross-trainer (elliptical trainer) (64.5%), walking (53.2%), and
cycling (38.2%).
During the first half of the PRE phase, the elite bodybuilders
used the same resistance training practices as in the OFF
phase; however, during the last 2 weeks of the PRE phase, less
Figure 3. Recovery time between sets and exercises during the offseason (OFF) and pre-competition (PRE) (6 weeks before) phases. OFF
vs PRE phase is significantly different (p , 0.001).
1613
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
DISCUSSION
The aim of this study was to investigate the training practices
of competitive male bodybuilders. We used a survey to
examine whether training practices were in agreement with
the ACSM recommendations for muscular hypertrophy and
whether there was a major shift in the self-reported training
practices between the OFF and PRE phases. Of the 127 male
bodybuilders (73 amateur and 54 natural bodybuilders) who
completed the survey and 2 elite bodybuilders (natural
bodybuilding world champions), the group results showed
that self-reported training practices were in general agreement
with the ACSM recommendations for muscular hypertrophy
during the OFF phase, confirming our original hypothesis.
However, training practices significantly changed during the
PRE phase, where there was an increase in the number of
respondents who reported: undertaking 34 sets per exercise
at the expense of 56 sets per exercise, an increase in the
number reporting 1015RM per set from 7 to 9RM per set,
and an increase in the number reporting 3060 seconds vs.
.61 seconds recovery between sets and exercises. Before
competition, there was a tendency for respondents to reduce
training volume and intensity away from that which would
maximize hypertrophy. Furthermore, aerobic exercise volume
increased in the PRE vs. OFF phase with the majority of
respondents undertaking 120150+ minutes per week at this
time, confirming our original hypothesis. During the OFF
phase, the majority of respondents reported undertaking
3059 minutes of aerobic exercise. Training practices reported
during the OFF and PRE phases were generally similar
between competitive bodybuilders and our subgroup of elite
bodybuilders. Steroid use was high among the amateur bodybuilders, whereas dietary supplementation was used by all
respondents (protein, creatine, and branch chain amino acids
the most popular) in agreement with our original hypotheses.
Increases in muscle mass following a resistance training
program are apparently accounted for by myofibrillar hypertrophy (i.e., increase of sarcomeres and myofibrils added in
parallel) (22,31). Additionally, some researchers have suggested that increases in muscle mass may partly be the result
of an increase in fiber number (1), although evidence in
human subjects is lacking (17,19). Muscular hypertrophy is
dependent on numerous hormones (e.g., testosterone,
growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, and cortisol)
and cytokines (e.g., hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin
(IL)-5, IL-6, fibroblast growth factor, and leukemia inhibitory
factor) responses (30). The greatest acute elevations of anabolic hormones such as testosterone, growth hormone, and
insulin-like growth factor tend to be produced following
resistance exercise protocols high in volume and moderate
to high in intensity (13,21), which is similar to the training
practices reported from our survey.
1614
the
TM
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
the
TM
| www.nsca.com
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
The results of this study show the rigorous training practices
used by bodybuilders preparing for competition. Despite the
reported resistance training practices generally in agreement
with the ACSM recommendations for increasing muscular
hypertrophy, there is a lack of research evidence to support
the use of advanced overload techniques. These techniques
may be effective for enhancing muscular hypertrophy;
however, confirmation is needed to create specific guidelines
for their use. Another common resistance training practice
unfounded is the use of higher repetitions with short recovery
between sets for increasing muscular definition. Considering
that muscle definition is a combination of muscle size and
subcutaneous adipose tissue in that area, using lower loads to
VOLUME 27 | NUMBER 6 | JUNE 2013 |
1615
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful for help with statistics from Dr. Rob
Heard. No funding was received for the study and there was
no conflict of interest from the results of this study among
the authors.
REFERENCES
1. Antonio, J and Gonyea, WJ. Role of muscle fiber hypertrophy and
hyperplasia in intermittently stretched avian muscle. J Appl Physiol
74: 18931898, 1993.
2. Bell, G, Syrotuik, D, Martin, T, Burnham, R, and Quinney, H. Effect
of concurrent strength and endurance training on skeletal muscle
properties and hormone concentrations in humans. Eur J Appl
Physiol 81: 418427, 2000.
3. Bompa, TO, Di Pasquale, MG, and Cornacchia, L. Serious Strength
Training. Champaign, IL: Human kinetics, 2003.
4. Boroujerdi, SS and Rahimi, R. Acute GH and IGF-1 responses to
short vs long rest period between sets during forced repetitions
resistance training system. S Afr J Res Sport Phys 30: 3138, 2008.
5. Buresh, R, Berg, K, and French, J. The effect of resistive exercise rest
interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with
training. J Strength Cond Res 23: 6271, 2009.
6. Burke, DG, Chilibeck, PD, Davidson, KS, Candow, DG, Farthing, J,
and Smith-Palmer, T. The effect of whey protein supplementation
with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance
training on lean tissue mass and muscle strength. Int J Sport Nutr
Exerc Metab 11: 349364, 2001.
7. Dunford, M and Doyle, JA. Nutrition for Sport and Exercise. Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth, 2012.
12. Kleiner, SM, Bazzarre, TL, and Litchford, MD. Metabolic profiles,
diet, and health practices of championship male and female
bodybuilders. J Am Diet Assoc 90: 962967, 1990.
13. Kraemer, WJ, Aguilera, BA, Terada, M, Newton, RU, Lynch, JM,
Rosendaal, G, McBride, JM, Gordon, SE, and Hakkinen, K.
Responses of IGF-I to endogenous increases in growth hormone
after heavy-resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 79: 13101315, 1995.
14. Kraemer, WJ, Patton, JF, Gordon, SE, Harman, EA, Deschenes, MR,
Reynolds, K, Newton, RU, Triplett, NT, and Dziados, JE. Compatibility
of high-intensity strength and endurance training on hormonal and
skeletal muscle adaptations. J Appl Physiol 78: 976989, 1995.
15. Kraemer, WJ and Ratamess, NA. Fundamentals of resistance
training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc
36: 674688, 2004.
16. Lambert, CP and Flynn, MG. Fatigue during high-intensity
intermittent exercise. Application to bodybuilding. Sports Med 32:
511522, 2002.
17. MacDougall, JD, Sale, DG, Elder, GC, and Sutton, JR. Muscle
ultrastructural characteristics of elite power-lifters and bodybuilders.
Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 48: 117126, 1982.
18. Manore, M, Thompson, J, and Russo, M. Diet and exercise strategies
of a world-class bodybuilder. Int J Sport Nutr 3: 7686, 1993.
19. McCall, GE, Brynes, WC, Dickinson, A, Pattany, PM, and Fleck, SJ.
Muscle fiber hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and capillary density in college
men after resistance training. J Appl Physiol 81: 20042012, 1996.
20. McLester, J, Bishop, P, and Guilliams, ME. Comparison of 1 day
and 3 days per week of equal-volume resistance training in
experienced subjects. J Strength Cond Res 14: 273281, 2000.
21. Ostrowski, K, Wilson, GJ, Weatherby, R, Murphy, PW, and
Lyttle, AD. The effect of weight-training volume on hormonal output
and muscular size and function. J Strength Cond Res 11: 148154, 1997.
22. Paul, AC and Rosenthal, N. Different modes of hypertrophy in
skeletal muscle fibers. J Cell Biol 156: 751760, 2002.
23. Perez-Guisado, J. Athletic performance: Muscle glycogen and
protein intake. Apunts Medicina de lEsport 43: 142151, 2008.
24. Perry, PJ, Lund, DC, Deninger, MJ, Kutscher, EC, and
Schneider, J. Anabolic steroid use in weightlifters and bodybuildersAn
internet survey of drug utilization. Clin J Sport Med 15: 326330, 2005.
25. Peterson, M, Rhea, MR, and Alvar, BA. Applications of the doseresponse for muscular strength development: A review of meta-analytic
efficacy and reliability for designing training prescription. J Strength
Cond Res 19: 950958, 2005.
26. Pope, HG, Kanayama, G, and Hudson, JI. Risk factors for illicit
anabolic-androgenic steroid use in male weightlifters: A crosssectional cohort study. Biol Psychiatry 71: 254261, 2012.
27. Ratamess, N, Alvar, B, Evetoch, TK, Housh, TJ, Kibler, WB,
Kraemer, WJ, and Triplett, T. Progression models in resistance
training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41: 687708, 2009.
28. Rnnestad, BR, Nygaard, H, and Raastad, T. Physiological elevation
of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training
adaptation. Eur J Appl Physiol 111: 22492259, 2011.
29. Schoenfeld, B. The use of specialized training techniques to
maximize muscle hypertrophy. Strength Cond 33: 6065, 2011.
10. Hickson, JJ, Johnson, TE, Lee, W, and Sidor, RJ. Nutrition and the
pre-contest preparations of a male bodybuilder. J Am Diet Assoc 90:
264267, 1990.
33. Too, D, Wakayama, EJ, Locati, L, and Landwer, GE. Effect of a precompetition bodybuilding diet and training regimen on body
composition and blood chemistry. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 38: 245, 1998.
1616
the
TM
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
the
TM
| www.nsca.com
35. Volek, JS, Ratamess, NA, Rubin, MR, Gomez, AL, French, DN,
McGuigan, MM, Scheett, TP, Sharman, MJ, Hakkinen, K, and
Kraemer, WJ. The effects of creatine supplementation on muscular
performance and body composition responses to short-term
resistance training overreaching. Eur J Appl Physiol 91: 628637,
2004.
36. Willoughby, DS, Stout, JR, and Wilborn, CD. Effects of resistance
training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on
1617
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.