ISSN 2321 9149

Research Article

IJAEES (2014) Vol.2, No.1, 51-62

International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences

MAGNETOSONIC WAVES IN THE TURBULENT

IONOSPHERIC PLASMA
George Jandieri I, Oleg Kharshiladze II, Zhuzhuna Diasamidze III, Mzia Diasamidze IV
I

Georgian Technical University, Georgia (jandieri@access.sanet.ge)

II

III

Tbilisi State University, Georgia (o.kharshiladze@mail.ru)

Batumi ShotaRustaveli State University, Georgia (zhuzhuna.diasamidze@gmail.com)

IV

Batumi State Maritime Academy, Georgia (mzia.diasamidze@gmail.com)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------ABSTRACT: Peculiarities of the magnetosonic waves in weakly-ionized ionospheric E-region with randomly varying spatialtemporal turbulent plasma parameters are considered. Statistical characteristics: variances of both the directional fluctuations
causing curvature of the phase surface and frequency fluctuations leading to the broadening of the temporal power spectrum
of scattered magnetosonic waves are investigated analytically and numerically. Energy exchange between fast and slow
magnetosonic waves, and turbulent plasma is analyzed on the bases of the stochastic transport equation using the ray (- optics)
approximation.Experimental data have been used in numerical calculations for the anisotropic Gaussian correlation function
of the density fluctuations. It is shown that the energy balance between magnetosonic wave-nonstationary medium is different
in the direction of the wave propagation and perpendicular plane leading to the compression and stretching of the ray tubes.

KEYWORDS: Ionosphere, magnetosonic waves, fluctuations, statistical characteristics, energy exchange.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------1. INTRODUCTION: The wavy processes in the upper atmosphere have both, hydrodynamic and electromagnetic nature.
In the first class of waves belong thesonic (acoustic), gravitational and MHD (Alfven and magnetosonic) waves, while the
second class of waves contains planetary Rossby waves and magnetogradient waves. The general dispersion equation was
derived for the magnetosonic, magneto-gravity and electromagnetic planetary waves in the ionospheric E- and F- regions
(1). In the ionosphere geomagnetic field generates small and medium-scale MHD waves. Magnetosonic waves are
appeared by the elasticity of the geomagnetic lines of force, they are fast waves (with the propagation velocity more than 1

km s 1 ) and short-period (of the order of 5-20 min). The ionospheric observations reveal the electromagnetic perturbations
in the ionospheric E - region known as the slow MHD waves (2). These waves are insensitive to the spatial in
homogeneities of the Coriolis and Ampere forces and are propagated in the ionospheric medium more slowly than the
ordinary MHD waves. Observations show (3) that during earthquakes, man-made explosions, magnetic storms, launching
of space crafts, worldwide networks of ionospheric and magnetic observatories (located approximately along one latitude)
in the E region (70-150km) of ionosphere besides the well-known wave modes the large-scale ( ~103 104 km)
ionospheric wave disturbances of electromagnetic nature are clearly registered propagating along the parallel around the
Earth with high (supersonic) speeds (higher than 1 km s 1 ) and having periods from several minutes to several hours. For
the E-region the plasma component behaves like a passive impurity [(4),(5)]. The neutrals completely drag ions and the
ionospheric friction between neutrals and ions can be neglect [(1),(6)]. Therefore velocity of the neutral component
H0 / 4 M Nn is much lower than velocity of the plasma component H 0 / 4 M N , where M is mass of ion (or
molecule), N n and N denote concentrations of the neutral particles and charged particles of the ionospheric plasma,
respectively, H 0 is the geomagnetic field.
The features of low-frequency waves in the homogeneous magnetized plasma are well studied using the wellknown deterministic methods, however little attention is devoted to the investigation of the statistical characteristics of
MHD waves in the turbulent plasma flows. It was established that statistical moments of these waves substantially depend
on a type of waves (7). Therefore propagation of MHD waves in the turbulent plasma flows is of practical interest. Some
peculiarities of the statistical characteristics of MHD waves in a randomly inhomogeneous plasma using the freezing-in
turbulence approximation have been investigated (8), however in the ionospheric E-region this condition is not fulfilled.
Stochastic wave equation of the dynamo field is obtained for investigation of the statistical characteristics of
MHD waves in a weakly-ionized ionospheric E-region. The influence of the spatial-temporal fluctuations of plasma

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52

density on the second-order statistical moments is investigated in the ray (-optics) approximation using the perturbation
method. The mean energy flux densities are calculated for both fast magnetosonic (FMS) and slow magnetosonic
(SMS) waves growing or decreasing due to the parametric energy exchange with plasma flow. It was shown that FMS and
SMS waves have positive and negative mean energy flux, respectively. Energy balance between magnetosonic wave and
turublent plasma flow in the forward and perpendicular directions lead to the compression and stretching of the ray tubes.
2. DISPERSION EQUATION FOR THE MAGNETOSONIC WAVES: Neglecting Rossby and acoustic-gravity
waves we will interested in only perturbations having electromagnetic nature. It is well-know that these wave modes
disappear if quasi-static and quasi-geostrophic conditions are fulfilled (9). Linearized equation of motion taking into
account Halls effect has the following form V / t [ jH0 ] / c (1), where V and H0 are vectors of the fluid velocity
M N n , c is the speed of light. Limiting ourselves to the moderate and high
and magnetic field,
n
pl
n

H0z ez , current density j and generalized Ohms law beyond 80 km can be written as (1):

latitudes, H0
c2
4 Va2

w
,
t

1
i

w
t

(1)

where: w [V H0 ] / c is the dynamo field; H0 / H0 is the unite vector along the geomagnetic field i
is
modified by the ionization degree cyclotron frequency of ions, in the E (70150km) and F (150600km) regions
N / N n ~ (10 8 10 4 ) 1 is plasma ionization rate,
e H0 z / M c is the cyclotron frequency of ions, e denote
electron, i
i n is modified by the ionization rate collision frequency of ions with neutrals
i n . Consequently, we
naturally come to the consideration of slow (in the electrodynamics sense) long-period MHD waves in the ionosphere.
Using D E 4 i j /
neglecting displacement current, in the MHD approximation for the low-frequency wave
processes we obtain:

(1 i s)
Here R

i.

c2
Va2

iR w ,

c2
(1 R i s) 1 .
Va2

Generally slow MHD waves in the ionosphere will suffer dispersion due to Halls effect (

absorption due to ionic damping i 0 .

In the ionospheric E-region the neutrals completely drag ions. Using Maxwells
rot rot E
(4 / c 2 ) j / t , at w ~ exp(ikx x ikz z i t ) in the frequency band
i the wave equation is

0) and
equation

w
Va2 rot rot w i R Va2 rot rot [w ]
t2

(2)

where: Va
VA and VA H0 / 4 M N are the velocities of the Alfven wave in the neutral and plasma components
of the ionosphere, respectively. The last term takes into account the Halls effect. For small-scale and medium-scale
processes neglecting latitudinal variations of the geomagnetic field we obtain the dispersion equation (1)
2

Va2 k z2 ) (

Va2 k 2 )

Va4
2
i

k z2 k 2

(3)

where k 2 k x2 k z2 describes very slow, long-period MHD waves in the ionospheric E-region. If k z2
for the magnetosonic wave we get:

Va k x 1

Va2 k z2

(4)

2
i

length of dispersion caused by the Halls effect. At

s

Va kz

1/2

From Eq. (4) follows that the characteristic horizontal wavelength

k x2 and

( 2 Va ) /

exists, determining the characteristic

magnetosonic wave undergoes weak dispersion, and at

the dispersion is strong. From Eq. (4) also follows that at small k z frequency of the magnetosonic wave
Va k x increases linearly with kx .
0

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53

Moreover the features of the fast and slow weakly damping planetary-scale electromagnetic waves (with a
wavelength of 103 or more), generating in both the E- and F- layers of the ionosphere by the permanently acting factor
latitude variation of the geomagnetic field have been considered in (10). It was shown that four normal modes: small-scale
inertial waves, atmospheric whistles (helicons), fast large-scale electromagnetic planetary waves and slow Rossby-type
waves are exist in the E- region of the ionosphere. Modified small-scale slow Alfven waves, fast large-scale
electromagnetic planetary waves and ordinary slow planetary Rossby waves must be generated in the F- region of the
ionosphere.These waves having a weather forming nature propagate eastward and westward along the parallels cause
substantial disturbances of the geomagnetic field (up to ten nT). The fast waves have phase velocities (15) km s 1 and
frequencies (10 1 10 4 ) s 1 , the slow waves propagate with velocities of the local winds with frequencies (10 4 10 6 )
3
104 km), when
s 1 and are generated in the E- region of the ionosphere at 0
0 , for large-scale processes ( L ~ 10
latitude variation of the geomagnetic field H0 is not negligible, electromagnetic analogy of slow planetary Rossby waves

are (11):

c I
kx ,
4 eN
where: 2

1 3 sin 2
r0

cHp
H

4 eN

(e / M c) H0 ,

7.3 10

(5)

kx
5

s 1 , r0 is the Earths radius,

value of geomagnetic field strength on the equator,

is the colatitude,

2 H p sin

/2

/ r0 , H p

3.2 10 5 T is the

geographical latitude.

450 in the interval of heights (90 150) km phase velocity of waves

/ kx vary from 4 to 1.4 km s 1 at night, and from 400 to 800 m s 1 in the daytime. Periods are in the interval of

Numerical calculations show that at

CH

(1.56) h in the daytime and (412) min at night. Perturbation of the geomagnetic field of these waves is 8 and 80 nT. The
ground-based and satellite observations verify [(12),(13)] the presence of slow (with phase velocities equal to local winds
3

velocities) long period (a few days and more) and large-scale waves (with wavelength ~10 10 km) in the E- layer of
the ionosphere at any seasons of the year. Ionospheric observations at the middle latitudes of the E-layer verify the
existence of fast, large-scale electromagnetic perturbations [(14),(15)]. They propagate along the latitude circles of the
Earth with velocities from a few hundred m s 1 to a few tens of km s 1 . Their periods vary in the interval from a few
minutes to a few hours, with a wavelength of the order of a km or more, and amplitude of tens of hundred nT. These
waves have mainly zonal character and are revealed especially by a world-wide network of ionospheric and
magnetospheric observatories during earthquakes, magnetic storms and artificial explosions [(16),(17)]. Hence, in the
dispersion Eqs. (4) and (5) is the same - linear dependence of frequency
on the wave vector kx .
3. SECOND ORDER STATISTICAL MOMENTS OF THE MAGNETOSONIC WAVES IN THE TURBULENT
/ t and the wave vector
PLASMA: Using the dispersion equations (4) and (5) the instant frequency (r, t )

k (r, t ) k s
, eikonal equation for low-frequency magnetosonic waves in the ray (optics) approximation (18)has
the following form [8]:

(k V0 )

Va k

(6)

Upper and lower signs correspond to the FSM wave (phase velocity / k V0 ) and SMS wave (phase velocity
/ k V0 ); the group velocity is Vgr V0 Va s , the mean constant macroscopic velocity of a turbulent plasma flow V0
substantially exceeds the root-mean-square velocity of turbulent mixing V0

V12

; V1 (r, t ) represents small

turbulent pulsations of the macroscopic velocity. Vector V0 is directed along the external magnetic field B0 locating in
the XZ plane (principle plane) of the Cartesian coordinate system having angle of inclination
with respect to the Z
V1 Va .
axis. We suppose that density fluctuations of the neutral particles exceed velocity pulsations 1 N1 Nn
Frequency and wave number of the magnetosonic waves with smooth fluctuating plasma parameters satisfy the conditions
1 ( l and T are characteristic spatial-temporal scales of plasma
[(19)-(20)]: k0 l 1 , 0 T 1 and 0 l / V0
irregularities). Velocity and density of the neutral particles can be expressed as sum of the regular and fluctuating
components which are slowly varying random functions of the spatial coordinates and time: V(r, t ) V0 V1 (r, t ) ,

Jandieri, G. et al,/ International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol.2, No. 1

54

Nn (r, t ) N0

N1 (r, t ) . Should be mentioned that in the turbulent plasma flow, contrary to the Alfven wave, directional
fluctuations of the group velocity of magnetosonic wave and, hence, the unit vector s lead to the compression and
stretching of the ray tubes caused by the amplitude fluctuations [(19),(20)]. Substituting phase (r, t )
0 (r, t )
1 (r, t ) (
1
0,
0
0 t k0 z is the regular phase) into Eq. (1), we obtain stochastic transport equation for the phase
fluctuation [8]:
1

(Vgr

where: k0

N1
N0

1
k0 Va 0 cos
2

1)

(7)

/ V2 , V2 Vgr z V0 cos

Va 0 , Va 0

B0 /

4 N 0 M . This equation easily solved using method of

characteristics:
L

(8)

m d z N1 ( x , y, z , t )
1 (r , t )
0

where: x x ( L z ) V0 sin / V2 , t t ( L z ) / V2 , m
k0 / 2 N0 ,
V2 / Va0 , L is a distance covered by the
magnetosonic wave in the turbulent plasma.Knowledge of the variance of the phase fluctuation allows estimating
attenuation of the amplitude of an incident wave in the turbulent plasma caused by the energy transformation from the
2
mean field to the scattered one using the well-known formula (20): E
E0 exp(
/ 2) (E0 is the mean amplitude
1
of a plane monochromatic wave generating in the plane Z 0 ). Curvature of the phase surface is characterized by
s12x
( 1 / x) 2 / k02 . Both statistical
fluctuations of the unit vector s perpendicular to the wave front:
characteristics

s1x2

and

2
s1y

determine the angle-of-arrival of scattered waves at the observation XY plane.For

/l

meter and decimeter waves the ratio

2
1

scintillations is small

1,

is the wavelength, scattered angle

2
1

/ l at small

1 (21).

2
The variance of an instant frequency
determines the broadening of the temporal power spectrum easily
1
measuring by experiment. For the normalized variance of the frequency fluctuations we obtain:
2
1
2
0

q2 L

where: q

2 V2 N 0

WN (

x ,0,

z,

(9)

, WN (, ) is the arbitrary correlation function of electron density fluctuations,

x and

are

distances between observation points in theXY plane, perpendicular to the wave propagation; density fluctuations are
statistically homogeneous and stationary random functions with the zero mean value.
The most important problem of wave propagation in nonstationary medium is the energy balance between the
wave and nonstationarymedium.It is well known [(7),(18)] that neglecting dissipation processes in the ray(-optics)
ln ( E / E0 ) may be derived from the
approximation transport equation for the wave amplitude E or log-amplitude
condition of the existence of adiabatic invariant ratio of the energy of thewave packet to its frequency. The solution of
E 2 Vgr [(22),(23)].In this case transport
this problem is based on the calculation of the mean energy flux density S
equation can be written as[(8),(18)]:

( E 2 ) div(Vgr

E2 )

E2 .

(10)

k V0 )
c2 (
is the
xx
2
2
Va
component of dielectric permittivity obtaining for a moving plasma applying method presenting in (23). Fluctuating
parameters in the Eq. (10) for the magnetosonic waves have the following form:
Here:

2
xx ) is the coefficient between the energy flux density and E (18),

Jandieri, G. et al,/ International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol.2, No. 1

k
k

k0

k1

(k 0

k 1 )2

1 (r, t )

c 2 (1 )
N1 (r, t ) ,
V22 N0

c2
N 0 V22

1 (r , t )

N1 (r, t )
,
t

55

(11)

At first we consider energy balance between the magnetosonic wave and turbulent plasma flow in the direction of
an incident wave propagation (along the Z- axis); vector s is located in the XZ is theplane. Unit vector and energy flux
E 2 Vgr
S0
S 1
S 2 . Substituting this expression into transport Eq. (10) for
density we introduce as: S
the log-amplitude we obtain:
1

b1
V2 V0 sin

(r, t )

dz

N1 ( x , y, z , t ) ,

(12)

where:

x ( z z ) V0 sin V2 1 ,

Sz

b1 V0 sin (1 2 3 ) / 4 N0 . Integral is taken along characteristics: x

t (z z ) / V2 . Taking into account that Sz 1 0 for the mean energy flux density,

Sz 0

Sz

we

obtain:

E02

Sz 0

2 c2
,
Va 0

Sz

E02

c2 L b
V23 N 02 2

WN (

x ,0,

z,

(13)

) (1 2 3 ) , x
where: b (2
z (V0 sin / V2 ) ,
z / V2 .Low-frequency FMS wave has positive energy, SMS
negative anergy. Negative sign of the energy is connected with the thermodynamic equilibrium of plasma caused by both
anisotropy of the task and nonstationarity of turbulent plasma parameters. Growth of the energy flow along the Z-axis
means the energy transfer from medium to the wave and vice versa or causes due to quasinonlinear effects.
In the plane perpendicular to the incident wave propagation forthelog-amplitude of the magnetosonic wave we
get:
1
2

1 (r , t )

d z div s1 ( x , y , z , t ) , s1
0

k1
k0

k0
2 N0

N1 ( x2 , y,

2 , t2 )

(14)

t2 t ( z 2 ) / V2 , k0
Integral is taken along characteristics: x2 x ( z 2 ) V0 sin / V2 ,
0 / V2 .Using the
dispersion equation (6), we find : k z1 ( 1 k x1 V0 sin ) / V2 ; X- component of the unit vector fluctuation in the second
order approximation has the following form:

sx

k x1 1
k02 V2

V0
sin
V2

s 2x1

(15)

Calculating these statistical characteristics and using the expressions:

k1 (r, t )
k x1 1
k02 V2
s 2x1

k0
2 N0

dz

L
2 N 02
k x21
k02

d kx d k y d

V2
L
2 N 02

and taking into account

E02 (2 c 2

d kx d k y d

Sx

N1 ( x , y, z , t ) ,

k x WN k x , k y ,

V0 sin
V2

V2

k x2 WN k x , k y ,

V2

kx ,

V0 sin
V2

kx ,

(16)

0 , we obtain the mean energy flux density in the in the XY plane:

Sx

Sx0

Sx

S x0
/ Va 0 V2 ) V0 sin . These expressions are valid for arbitrary spectral function WN (k, ) of the electron
density fluctuations.
Analyses show that the energy flux density in the XY planewould be more or less than in the direction of an
incident wave propagation leading to the compression and stretching of the ray tubes. Hence, parametric energy exchange
of the magnetosonic waves in the turbulent plasma substantially depend on: the regular velocity of plasma flow, ionization

Jandieri, G. et al,/ International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol.2, No. 1

56

degree and Alfven velocity in the ionospheric E- region, characteristic spatial-temporal scales and anisotropy factor of
plasma irregularities, angle of magnetosonic waves propagation and the angle of inclination of prolate plasma
irregularities with respect to the external magnetic field. Energy of the FMS wave decreases while for SMS wave
increases. This is well-known effect that can be explained by the negative energy density of slow wave (24).
4. NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS: Observations of ionospheric irregularities detected by radio wave sounding of the
lower E-region (altitudes near 100 km) have shown (25) that the speeds and horizontal spatial scales of the dominant
irregularities ranged between 30 and 160 m s 1 and between 10 and 75 km, respectively; with the corresponding average
values being near 80 m s 1 and 30 km. The mean drift speed in the E- regionof ionosphere is of an order 100-150 m s 1
depending on geomagnetic activity. Below 110 km drift velocity coincides with the wind speed; above 130 km ionized
component driftstowards the direction of an external magnetic field. In the plane perpendicular to ageomagnetic lines of
forcedrift speed by an order of magnitude is less than a speed of the wind [(26),(27)].
Large-scale irregularities in the ionospheric E- region with horizontal linear scales of the order of ten and hundred
kilometer (150-200 km) exist as sporadic formations.They generated due to wavy movements of an internal waves.Small
scale irregularities having spatial scalesfrom 5 m up to 100 m appearing due to the dynamic processes were observed by
rocket experiments [(21)-(28)]. Inhomogeneous structure of the ionosphere is investigated (27) using the space diversity
5 is not connected with the
techniques. Observations have shown that anisotropy factor of large-scale irregularities at

10 vice versa. Velocities of irregularities movement is in the range of 40 160 m s 1 ;the

geomagnetic field (27), at

most probable drift speed is ~ 100 m s 1 that is an agreement with other experimental data. The variance of concentration
2
N

N12

/ N 02 was measured using pulse and radio-astronomical methods (29). Observations of the -region have
2
N

shown that characteristic linear scale of irregularities is about 1-2 km and

~ 10

10

(29).

Analytical and numerical calculations will be carried out for anisotropic Gaussian correlation function of the
density fluctuations[(30)]:
2
N

WN (k , )

(sin 2

Here: p1

cos

/2

l2 l T
16

exp

p1

0)

cos2

k x2 l 2

k y2 l 2

p2

k z2 l 2
4

2 2

) sin 2

1 (1

T2
4

p3 k x k z l 2

cos2

2
0

, p2

(17)

(sin 2

2
0

.This function contains anisotropy factor of plasma irregularities

transverse linear scales of plasma irregularities) and inclination angle

external magnetic field, T is the characteristic temporal scale.

cos 2

0)

l /l

(ratio of the longitudinal and

, p3

1)sin

of prolate irregularities with respect to the

30 m s 1 , Va0 50 m s 1 ,

Numerical calculations have been carried out for scattered FMS wave ( V0

c0 V0 / Va 0 0.6 ) and SMS wave ( V0 100 m s 1 , Va0 50 m s 1 , c0

2 ) in the turbulent plasma flow. Substituting

(17) into (9)and using (8), for the variance of the phase fluctuationsand the normalized broadening of the temporal
2
/ 02 ) in the polar coordinate system ( kx k cos , k y k sin ) we obtain:
spectrum (
1
2
1

where:

2
N

L ( 0 T )2
l|| 8

(1 p2 G

G 2 M S2
2

M S2 )1/2

2
5

2
N

L 1
l|| 4

p1

p2

sin

G 2 M S2
2

4 p3

3
0

2
5

sin ,

G 2 M S2
2
0

1
p2
2

2
5

cos 2

(18)
2

sin

p3

, MS

(c0 cos

1) 1 ,

Jandieri, G. et al,/ International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol.2, No. 1
1/2
4

3
2
0

M S2

2
5

2
4

cos 2

sin 2
2

,G

57

l / Va 0 T is the parameter of turbulence.Increasing the ripple

frequency band ( ~ 1 / T ) temporal power spectrum of scattered FMS and SMS waves in the ionospheric Eregionbroadens.
Temporal power spectrum (TPS) of the magnetosonic waves propagating in the turbulent plasma flow of the
ionospheric E-region is one of the important statistical characteristics. Numerical calculations show that this second order
statistical moment has non-Gaussian form (Fig. I). For the spatial scale l 2 km(large-scale irregularities)increasing angle
1 / T ) of the temporal pulsations of turbulent plasma irregularities
, frequency band of the ripple frequency (
corresponding to the maxima of the normalized TPS of scattered FMS waves, , at
(50-58)
2 is in the interval
mHz; at
, at
10 ,
(58 103) mHz. For SMS waves,
10 ,
(35 58) mHz,at
83 mHz
2 we have
0.6 Hz.

Fig. I: Depicts the broadening of the normalized temporal spectrum of scattered magnetosonic waves
in the ionospheric E-region versus nondimensional parameter G for FMS (left figure) and SMS (right
figure) waves at different parameter of anisotropy factor .
Decreasing characteristic linear scale of irregularities to l||
waves at

10 ,
pulsations

2,

(33-38) Hz, and at

10 ,

3 m (small-scale irregularities) we obtain: for FMS

(60-68) Hz. For SMS waves at

55 Hz 4 kHz. Hence, increasing anisotropy factor of irregularities

2 we have

(23-38) Hz, at

the ripple frequency of the turbulent

corresponding to the maximum value of the normalized TPS of scattered magnetosonic waves increases.

Numerical analysis show that the TPS of scattered SMS waves in the interval
100 500 , at
2 broadens by
38%, and at
10 by 87%. Increasing anisotropic factor five times, spectrum broadens almost in two times. TPS of
scattered FMS waves narrows and broadens. Narrowing of the TPS means the energy transfer from the turbulent plasma
to the wave, while broadening vice versa from wave to the nonstationary medium. Calculations show that varying angle
10 in the interval
in the interval
100 500 , at
100 300 spectrum of scattered
2 TPS narrows by 13%; at
FMS waves narrows by 39%, while in the interval
300 500 broadens by 46%. Therefore for the FMS waves exists
the critical angle c 27 0 when parametric energy exchange - turbulent plasma flow-wave replaces on scattering process
wave-turbulent plasma flow. Similar energy exchange and existence of the critical angle
will be typical for
magnetosonic waves propagating in the nonstationary plasma flow of the ionospheric E-region. The reason is the
permanent existence of the characteristic spatial-temporal scales of anisotropic irregularities, regular velocity of plasma
flow, ionization degree of E-region and the angle of SMS wave and FMS wave propagation with respect to the external
magnetic field.
G 2 M S2 / 2 0 52 2 . At fixed anisotropy
Figure II represents the phase portraits of the normalized variance
factor

10 ,

100 ;

250 , varying parameter G= 8, 14 and 20 the phase portrait for the FMS wave represents

Jandieri, G. et al,/ International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol.2, No. 1

58

concentrated circles, while for SMS wave it has the oval form. This means that velocity of plasma flow has a substantial
influence on the SMS wave.Estimations show that increasing parameter of turbulence G, FMS waves are dumping
strongly than SMS wave due to transformation of the mean energy into scattered one. Taking into account that
2

/ E

10

, the ratio

= 1.5; 4.6 and 14 at G = 10, 30 and 50, respectively.

Fig. II: Phase portraits of the normalized variance of the phase fluctuations for FMS wave (
SMS wave (

) and

).

Figure III depicts phase portraits of the broadening of TPS for magnetosonic waves for different parameter of
turbulence G = 20 (solid line), 14 (dotted line) and 8 (dot line) for FMS waves; G = 8 (solid line), 14 (dotted line) and 20
10 and
(dot line) for SMS waves at fixed parameters of anisotropy: 0 00 ,
500 . The curves corresponding to
the SMS waves are more flattened than for scattered FMS waves.

Fig. III: Phase portraits of the normalized variance of frequency fluctuations for FMS wave (
and SMS wave (

).

Jandieri, G. et al,/ International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol.2, No. 1

59

Figure IV illustrates the dependence the normalized broadening of the TPS versus angle of inclination of prolate
irregularities with respect to the external magnetic field at fixed parameter G=8,
500 varying parameter of anisotropy
. Numerical calculations show that at
10 the TPS for FMS waves has minimum
0.19 at 0 180 ; for SMS

25 at

waves has minimum

790 . Hence, choosing parameter of turbulent G, angle

TPS of scattered magnetosonic waves reaches the minimum at fixed angle

and

, broadening of the

Fig. IV: The dependence of the normalized variance of the frequency fluctuations versus angle

for

scattered FMS and SMS waves varying parameter of anisotropy.

Using equations (8) and (17) for the variance of the directional fluctuations of a unit wave vector perpendicular to
the phase surface in XOY plane in the polar coordinate system we get
2
N

s12x

cos 2

L
l||

4
5

2
N

s12y

L
l||

sin 2
2
0

4
5

(19)

Figure V represents phase portraits of the unit wave vector fluctuations describing curvature of the wave front
10 ,
propagating magnetosonic wave in the turbulent plasma at fixed parameters 0 100 ,
500 , varying parameter
of turbulence G = 8, 14 and 20. Analyses show that the variance of the directional fluctuations for the SMS wave
substantial exceeds the variance for the FMS wave. Hence wave front of SMS wave is more twisted than of FMS wave.
Substituting Eq. (17) into equations (13) and (16) in the case of the anisotropic Gaussian correlation function of
the density fluctuations for the mean flux densities in the direction of wave propagation (Z- axis) and perpendicular plane
(XY) we obtain:

Sz

E02

where:

Sx

2 c2
( 1 b
Va 0

2
N

2
N

1
3
0

2
2

4)

E02

) , Sx

L
l||

2 c2
Va 0

4
(

c0 sin

2
0

4)

3
2

( 1 b

G 2 M S2

Sx

c0 sin

2
4)

(20)

G 2 M S2 1

L 2 2
G MS .
l||

Energy flux of FMS wave decreases while for SMS wave increases. This is well-known effects that can be
explained by the negative energy density of slow wave (24). From Eq. (20) follows that Sx
contains S z and

Jandieri, G. et al,/ International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol.2, No. 1

60

hence, the mean energy flux density in the perpendicular direction should be more or less than in the direction of an
incident magnetosonic waves propagation leading to the compression or stretching of the ray tubes in the ray (-optics)
approximation.

Fig. V: Phase portraits of the directional fluctuations of wave normal to the phase fronts forFMS
and SMS waves in the XY plane perpendicular to the wave propagation.
Quantitative description of the energy exchange of magnetosonic waves with plasma flow is analyzed at fixed
0
anisotropy factor
2 and 0 10 . Numerical calculations show that Increasing parameter of turbulence G 0-2, the
ration Q

SZ / S X of the energy flows of scattered FMS waves along and transversal directions (XOY plane) with

respect to the incident wave propagation sharply increases reaching at G 2 maxima: Q

Q

max (

300 ) 5.9 , Q

max (

max (

500 ) 3.45 Therefore in the ray (-optics) approximation at small angles

100 ) 18 ,

energy flow

of scattered FMS waves is directed forward (along Z-axis) due to the energy exchange with the turbulent plasma flow
meaning the tension of the ray tubes along Z- axis. Increasing G 2-30 parameter Q decreases along Z- axis and the
energy transfer in a transverse direction corresponding tension of the ray tubes in the XOY plane.Hence for FMS
wavestension-compression process of the ray tubes occurs with respect to the Z- axis.
In the interval
100 300 increasing parameter of turbulence G 0-2 the ration Q SZ / S X of the energy
flow of scattered SMS waves slightly increases reaching at G 2 maxima Q

max (

100 ) 2.8 and Q

max (

300 ) 0.7

Jandieri, G. et al,/ International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol.2, No. 1

(tamplitude of Q approximately six times less than the amplitude of Q ). At

reaching minimum Q

min (

stage slightly decreases and at

500 ) 0.2 . Increasing G 2-40 in the interval

61

400 500 parameter Q decreases

100 300 parameter Q at the initial

400 500 - increases. Therefore at small angles the flow of scattered SMS waves is
500 flow is directed along X-axis (plane XOY) and then due to the parametric energy

directed forward. At big angles

exchange energy flow of scattered SMS waves in the XOY plane decreases and increases along the Z- axis. In the ray (optics) approximation this effect corresponds to the compression of the ray tubes. Hence for SMS wave compressiontension process of the ray tubes occurs with respect to the Z- axis.
5. CONCLUSION: Using the stochastic eikonal equation second order statistical moments are calculated for scattered
fast and slow magnetosonic waves in the turbulent plasma for the arbitrary correlation function of electron density
fluctuations. Variances of both the directional fluctuations of a unit vector describing curvature of the wave front and
frequency fluctuations determining the broadening of the temporal power spectrum of scattered magnetosonic waves
exceed corresponding statistical characteristics of Alfven wave. The reason is that these second order moments of the
magnetosonic waves are defined by regular velocity of plasma flow while for Alfven wave - by the turbulent pulsations of
macroscopic velocity taking also into account that the group velocity is directed along the external magnetic field. All
fluctuating characteristics of slow magnetosonic wave are increased approaching the mean regular velocity of plasma flow
to the Alfven velocity. Therefore the condition V2 Va0 should be fulfilled as the wavelength becomes very small and
therefore application of the single liquid MHD approximation violates.
Energy balance of the magnetosonic waves and turbulent plasma flow has been analyzed on the bases of
stochastic transport equation. Analytical expressions are obtained for the mean energy flux densities containing anisotropy
caused by the flow motion, spatial-temporal parameters of plasma irregularities. It was shown that the energy flow in the
perpendicular direction contains the energy flow in the forward direction (along propagation of magnetosonic wave)
leading to the compression and stretching of the ray tubes in the ray (-optics) approximation. Parametric energy exchange
of the magnetosonic waves and the turbulent plasma in the ionospheric E- region substantially depend on: regular velocity
of plasma flow, ionization degree and Alfven velocity, characteristic spatial-temporal scales and anisotropy factorsof
plasma irregularities,angle of magnetosonic wave propagation with respect to the external magnetic field.Energy balance
leads to the energy redistribution of scattered FMS and SMS waves in the forward and perpendicular directions, and hence
compression-tension of the ray tubes in the ray (-optics) approximation.
All above derived formulae are valid for the angles not taking into account transformation of the magnetosonic
wave into the Alfven wave [(7)-(18)] not taking into account diffraction effects and imposes well-known restriction on the
1 [(19),(20)]. However numerous investigations have shown that
distance covered by wave in random medium L / k0 l 2
in this approximation phase statistical characteristics area good approximation to reality at great distances. From the
obtain formulas follow that in the quasi-static case log-amplitude wave fluctuations are determined by spatial structure of
a turbulent flow, while the frequency fluctuations and energy exchange are caused by medium nonstationarity.
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