Answers for Questions 1 to 12

1) Matter means everything that occupies space, has mass. We can see it,
touch it, feel it (eg air which can not see but feel its presence).
The amount of matter in a substance is called as MASS. It is a constant for
that particular substance and does not change.
Weight is the product of Mass into acceleration due to gravity. Therefore it can
change as the acceleration due to gravity changes. Weight of an object on
moon will be about six times less than its weight on earth.
Substance is a form of matter having definite composition and properties,
physical as well as chemical.
Mixture is physical combination of two or more substances in which the
individual substances retain their identities as well as properties. The mixture
can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Mixture need not have definite
composition. One can separate the components of mixture, usually be simple
methods.
2) Homogeneous mixture :- AIR, SALT DISSOLVED IN WATER
Heterogeneous mixture :- SAND IN WATER, OIL IN WATER
3) Physical property can be measured without changing the composition or
identity of substance. (eg measuring density).
Whereas for measuring the chemical property, we are required to carry out
some chemical reaction and in that process the original substance gets
vanished (eg finding out the % purity of caustic lye by titration with acid,
finding the iron content of a substance by converting iron into a complex with
Thioglycolic acid)
4) Element is a substance that can not be separated into simpler substances
by chemical means.
Compounds are composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically
united in fixed proportions.
5) Chemical property :- Oxygen gas supports combustion
All the rest three (b ,c ,d) are physical properties.
6) Elements :- Hydrogen and Gold
Compounds :- Water and sugar
7) Sea water :- In general sense , it is treated as homogeneous mixture
containing various salts in completely dissolved form.
Helium gas :- He is a element.

Sodium chloride :- NaCl , is formed by combination of elements Sodium and

Chlorine in definite proportion (1:1) , hence it is a compound.
Bottle of soft drink :- It is a homogeneous mixture. It is a solution containing
various ingradiants like water, sugar, flavors etc. each giving its own test while
drinking.
Milk shake :- Can be homogeneous mixture if existing as single phase wherein
the ingradients are mixed properly with enough stirring. If not, it could be
heterogeneous mixture wherein the foam separates from from liquid and may
contain cream.
Air :- Homogeneous mixture of various gases (Nitrogen , Oxygen, CO2, Water
vapor, Inert gases etc) wherein the composition is constant anywhere. The
individual gases retain their properties. Oxygen, Carbon dioxide in air are used
by animals and plant respectively for their life processes.
Concrete :- Heterogeneous mixture. Sand , water, cement though mixed with
care their composition may alter. Phase separation is also possible.
8) PERIODIC TABLE :- It is a classification of 109 elements in nature, so far
known to mankind, based on PERODIC LAW. The law states that
properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic
numbers.
The elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic numbers, in
groups and periods. The metals are kept on LHS whereas nonmetals are RHS.
The atomic size increase as we come from top to bottom of the table. The
electronegativity increases as we go from LHS to RHS in a periodic table.
There is a special place for Lanthanides an Actanides. Inert gases are kept at
the extreme RHS (8th group). Third group elements are called as
representative elements. The elements are arranged as S,P,D,F block elements
as per the filling of respective atomic orbitals.
By looking at the position of element in periodic table one can roughly tell
about the properties of that element.
Position of Hydrogen in periodic table is still a point of debate.
Note:-

Above are only some important points, please note.

9) One atomic mass unit is defined as a mass exactly equal to 1/12th mass of
C-12 , isotope of CARBON. This isotope of carbon is assigned as mass of 12.
Thus the atom of Hydrogen which has a mass about 8% of that of this carbon
isotope. Hence by calculation, the atom of Hydrogen has the mass of 1AMU.
10) The mass of Carbon 12 atom is , 12amu.

11) The MOLE is amount of substance, which contains as many elementary

units as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of Carbon 12. Elementary units must be
specified and it may be an atom, molecule, an ion, a radical, an electron or
other particle or a specified group of such particles. 1 mole = 6.022045x1023
particles. Since it is a number it has no units. For practical purposes the term
gram mole, which is the molecular weight, expressed in grams it is commonly
used in such cases the units can be in taken as grams or kilograms.
12) 6.023 x 10 (raised to 23), is the Avogadros number.
The amount of substance n is number of entities expressed in terms of
moles. If a system contains N molecules, the amount of substance
N
n = -------------------------Avogadros number
Molecular mass (M) is related to the mass of single molecule (m) by equation
M = m x Avogadros Number
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