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Project in Electronics
and circuit design 1
(power supply and signal amplifier)

Submitted by: Lester Gonzaga

Submitted to: Mary Jean Apor

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Table of Contents

I.

Introduction

II.

Statement of the problem

III. Design consideration & Circuit design

IV. Data & Results

V.

10

Observation & Analysis

VI. Conclusion and recommendation

11

VII. Appendices

13

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I.

Introduction
Living in this generation where technology and
information is both fast evolving, the demand for
electronics engineers are arguably increasing. I
choose to be one because I love doing things
relating to electronics. In the course outline
where we students are to make a power supply
with a signal amplifier, there is this mentality in
my mind that it is my first time making the
required circuit (though it is not my first
encounter in making circuits in PCBs) so I have
to do my best with quality. My only motivation
was that when I do the project with quality I feel
like I work as a professional, where I do the job
with quality. We may make mistakes but that is
part of learning, preparing us to become
professionals. Since every components needed
in making both the power supply and a small
signal amplifier are basic, I realize why this is the
ideal project. Practicability and familiarization of
the circuit must be exercised.

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The amplifier, in electronics, is a device used to

make frequencies larger having an input of any
voltage or signal to gain a larger output.
Transistor amplifiers provide an excellent
current gain with the added feature of high input
impedance. They are also low-power
consumption configurations with goodfrequency range. A bipolar transistor device
controls a large output collector current by
means of a small input base current. Using a
power supply to intersect it with a direct current,
so that the transistor will be activated and be
able to amplify alternating current signals. There
are plenty of configurations of a BJT amplifier; I
chose the voltage-divider configuration because
of its stability, having parallel resistors in the
input side divides the input signal thus lessening
surges.
In a common emitter transistor which I use as a
biasing in my amplifier, for it to operate within
its active region some form of base biasing was
required. This small base biased voltage added
on the input signal allowed the transistor to
reproduce the full input waveform and its output

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with no loss signal. However, by altering the

position of this Base bias voltage, it is possible to
operate an amplifier in an amplification mode
other than that for full waveform reproduction.
So this are the basics of an amplifier, now lets
take a look what my amplifier looks like.

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II.

Statement of the problem

We need to identify the parameters of the
amplifier circuit in the specified configuration
without allowance of the said restrictions.
General objectives
To be able to get the parameters of the
amplifier circuit
To be able test the amplifier both in the
voltmeter and oscilloscope
To be able to calculate the theoretical
value, compare it with the actual value and
calculate the percentage difference
Restrictions
The input signal Vin must have a minimal
value 1 mV and output Vo must have a
maximum value of 1 V ; therefore the
amplification gain value must not exceed to
a ration of 1000
The amplifier must not be a power
amplifier (both current and voltage

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dependent) thus preventing the use of

audio related appliance for output.
The design must be in printed circuit board
soldered connected with the power supply
giving a source namely Vcc .
Solve for the impedances in order to match
the required impedances of the target for
designing.

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III. Design Consideration and Circuit design

V1

T1

R1
150

120 Vrms
60 Hz
0
2

D1

C1
1mF

TS_PQ4_12
04

R2
1k
D2
1N6002B

C3

R3
4.78k

1mF

9
3

3N252

10
Q1

R4
470

LED1
0

R5
920

PN2222A
11

12
C4

1mF

V2
1mVpk
1kHz
0

1mF

C2

R6
120
0

This is the schematic diagram of my previous

power supply with a load voltage 12 volts as the source of the
signal amplifier. I chose the voltage-divider bias configuration
for its stability. I also designed to put capacitors in both ends of
the outer legs of the transistor, to make the signal wave
smooth and prevent noise.

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IV. Data and Results

DC Analysis
Parameter Calculated
VCC
12v
VCE
6.10v
VC
7.30v
VE
1.20v
IC
10mA
IE
10mA
IB
133.33A

Measurement
12.17v
5.80v
7.07v
1.25v
9.78mA
9.77
-------

AC analysis
Parameter
Zi
Zo
Vi
Vo
Ii
Io

Calculated
155.66
470
1mV set value
200mV
6.42A
0.425mA

Resistors
Parameters
R1
R2
RC
RE

Value
4780
920
470
120

%difference
1.40%
5.04%
3.20%
4.08%
2.22%
2.32%
--------

Transistor data sheet

Ic
0.1mA
1mA
10mA
150mA

(hfe)
35
50
75
100

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V.

Observation and Analysis

With reference to the data, there is a difference
between measured and calculated but with
minimal errors that can be tolerated. The
importance of DC analysis for the active region
of operation of the transistor is crucial in
determining for the right values of resistances in
order to achieve the expected output. As for the
AC analysis, it is important to have the right
calculations for impedances so as to have the
correct gain. The practical values, like for
example the resistor have tolerance depending
on the reading which may result to a minimal
error with regards to the calculated value. If
small errors continue, it would yield to a higher
difference, proving that the actual is practical
and different from the theoretical due to some
factors.

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VI. Conclusion and recommendation

The amplifier is a great device which proved to
be useful in most fields in electronics. Without
the development of signals and amplifiers,
communication technology would not exist
today. Since solving for certain values in
amplifiers may be complex to us beginners, a
little bit fun and practice will make us
familiarize to the circuit, which is essential as
for the future we may become professionals. It
needs precision, accuracy and focus in solving
the problem, especially in cases like
troubleshooting. In my experience when I have
measured an unexpected value I almost panic,
troubleshooting needs deep analysis, I keep on
checking the polarities and the connection if
they are on the right track, I was so frustrated
that I almost gave up. Suddenly I realized, it is
just because of the soldered pins beneath the
PCB, they got bended and got connected which
resulted to a short circuit, really simple but
made me frustrated. I think in applying what is
known, it is a matter of practice. I would say,
solving for the parameters is not that difficult in

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contrast with troubleshooting. So avoid making

the circuit to become complex, instead keep it
simple.

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VII. Appendices
Calculations:
Given
VCC =12 v
IC = 10mA

VE = 1/10 VCC ; VE = 1.2V

= 75

RE = VE / IE
RE = 1.2v/10mA; 120

VB =VBE + VE
VB = 1.2v + 0.7v; VB =1.9v

RE = 10R2
R1 = [R2 (VCC) / VB] - R2
R2 = 75(120) / 10; R2=900 R1 = 4784.21
re` = 26mV/ Ic
Zi = RTH|| RE
re` = 26x10-3 / 10 x10-3
Zi = 155
re` = 2.6
Rc = 2.6 ( 175 )
Rc = 455
Vc = Vcc-IcRC
Vc = 12-10mA(455)
Vc = 7.45 v
VCE = VC- VE

Zo = Rc
Zo = 455

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VCE = 7.45v-1.2v
VCE = 6.25v

Since there is an unavailability of some required commercial

resistors, I have change values of the resistor close to the
calculated values, thus making adjustments regarding the
expected values.
Changed values of resistors:
R1 = 4780
R2 = 920
RC = 470
Pictures: