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(a) 40 + 12 + (3 × 16) 2
= 100
each for 1 mark
(b) Mr of CaO = 56 4
for 1 mark
mass required = 60 × 100/56
for 2 marks
= 107.1
for 1 mark
2. (a) C H O
0.60 0.15 0.40 1
12 1 16
= 0.05 = 0.15 = 0.025 1
2 6 1 1
C2H6O 1
1 mark for dividing the correct amount or multiples of correct
amount by Ar
1 mark for proportions
1 mark for whole number ratio – accept any multiple
1 mark for correctly written simplest formula
correct formula without working gets only 2 marks
correct formula gains full marks
provided steps 1 and 2 are correct.
ecf can be allowed from step 2 to 3 or step 3 to 4
formula can be in any order eg OH6C2
Keswick School 1
(b) intermolecular forces / bonds 1
are weak 1
(covalent) bonds are weak = 0
or
forces between molecules or bonds between molecules (1)
(attractive) forces are weak = 1
are weak (1)
if no marks awarded, allow low boiling point or small Mr for 1
mark
Keswick School 2
(ii) any two from:
idea from text linked with an explanation
• the company claim to have tested the product:
but we cannot be certain they have or how thorough they
are or how accurately reported
• companies did not disclose how they did their tests:
so they could not be checked or so they could not be
shown to be reliable / valid or so they could not be repeated
or converse
eg companies should disclose how they did their tests so that
results can be checked etc.
• companies may not have repeated their tests:
so they may not be reliable
• companies do their own tests:
so they may be biased or so they may not be truthful
about their results or so they may not be reliable
or converse
eg independent tests should be done so as to ensure there is no
bias etc.
• the companies are using different tests:
so the results cannot be compared or so results will be
different or so results will not be fair / valid / reliable
or converse
eg companies should do the same tests so that the results will
be fair etc.
• companies would not give false information because of
damage to reputation or it might lead to litigation 2
[9]
Keswick School 3
(b) any three from: 3
• low temperature gives best yield
accept add heat as increased temperature or ‘less’ as poor
yield
or high temperature gives poor yield
• because the reaction is exothermic
accept reverse argument if clearly expressed
• reaction too slow at low temperature
or reaction faster at high temperature
accept add heat and reaction goes faster
• temperature used gives a reasonable yield
at a fast rate / compromise explained
allow get less product but it takes less time
for 2 marks
[4]
Keswick School 4
(b) 42.1 range 40.7 to 42.3 2
accept correct answer with or without or with wrong working
for 2 marks
ecf ie (1.1 / their answer from (a)) × 100 correctly calculated
gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect percentage yield = 1.1 / 2.61 × 100 gains 1
mark
if they do not have an answer to part (a)
or
they choose not to use their answer then:
• yield = (1.1 / 2.5) × 100 (1)
• = 44
accept 44 for 2 marks with no working
Keswick School 5
(d) any one from: 1
• use lower temperature
• use less fuel / energy
ignore references to use of catalyst
• produce product faster or speed up reaction
• more product produced in a given time (owtte)
• increased productivity
• lowers activation energy
[6]
5. (a)
2 marks for comments related to temperature
low / lower / lowest temperature (or 100 °C from graph) 1
ignore reference to catalyst
any one from: 1
● (forward) reaction exothermic
● if the temperature is increased the yield of product will
decrease or reaction right to left
2 marks for comments relating to pressure
high / higher / highest pressure 1
(or greater than 450 atm, from graph)
any one from: 1
● four reactant molecules but only
two product molecules (owtte)
reverse reaction goes from 2
molecules / moles / volumes to 4
molecules / moles / volumes
● increase in pressure favours the
reaction which produces the least
number of molecules
decrease in pressure favours the back reaction because it
produces the most molecules
Keswick School 6
(b) at low temperatures the reaction is too slow 1
accept compromise between yield and rate
450 °C gives a reasonable yield at a reasonable rate
catalyst does not work at low temperatures
high pressures could be dangerous / expensive 1
accept 200 atmospheres gives a reasonable yield at reasonable
cost / safely
for 1 mark 450 °C and 200 atmospheres are compromise
conditions
(ii) hydrogen 1
and oxygen mixtures 1
burn rapidly 1
Keswick School 7
(ii) H+ (aq) 1
accept H3O+ only if 2 in front of H2O
−
OH (aq) 1
if spectator ions correctly included on
both sides, maximum = 1 mark
7. (a) A faster because: the graph line steeper / the reaction had stopped earlier 2
accept sample B slower because: the graph line was less steep /
the reaction stopped later
A because CO2 given off faster / fizzes more for 1 mark
B because CO2 given off slower / fizzes less for 1 mark
Keswick School 8