Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
[PAKISTAN
TELECOMMUNICATION
COMPANY LTD]
[INTERNSHIP REPORT]
1|Page
Internship Report
2|Page
Internship Report
3|Page
Internship Report
CONTENTS
Sr. No
Name
Page
1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
8
9
9
10
11
12
12
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3. 8
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
17
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
18
18
18
18
18
19
20
20
21
21
21
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
22
22
22
23
23
25
25
27
27
4|Page
Internship Report
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Alcatel
Location
Block Diagram of Alcatel BWP
Main Control Station (SMC)
Auxiliary Equipment Control Station (SMA)
Trunk Control Station (SMT)
29
29
30
30
34
38
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Transmission
Types of transmission Media
Guided media
Wireless (Unguided Media) Transmission
Factors to select media
41
41
42
43
47
Reference Page
48
5|Page
Internship Report
PREFACE
This report is the practical part of the most vital practice of our B.Sc
Engineering program. The sole objective is to familiarize the student with
the practical manipulation of Engineering Sector. This report has been
written to know how big organizations like PTCL work with their teams to
achieve their common goals.
M. Umar Khalid
6|Page
Internship Report
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Almighty Allah who is most merciful, and who give us strength
to write this internship report in a different way.
We extend our heartiest thanks to our seniors, colleagues, and subordinates who
assist me on every occasion to enable me to write this report.
7|Page
Internship Report
8|Page
Internship Report
Check on obnoxious calls Complete record of incoming / outgoing calls with time & date.
i.
PREPAID CALLING CARDS:
PTCL calling card is the most popular choice of millions of customers all over the country. It
is now available with balance transfer facility and follow on call facility.
Comes in easily affordable denominations of Fast and easy, nationwide and international access
Rs. 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000.
24 hours customer services through toll free number
Easy to use from any PTCL digital phone
(0800-80800)
(Dial 1010)
ii.
E-BILL PAYMENT:
Billing system is a part of customer services so providing connivance to its valuable customers
PTCL launched a new billing service which is available through PTCL Calling Card . This
service is basically providing billing solutions for the users.
Advantages:
Call Waiting
Dont Disturb
9|Page
Internship Report
II.
SERVICES FOR CORPORATE CUSTOMERS:
PTCL is striving hard to facilitate its valued corporate customers at each level of service.
PTCL offers a host of unmatched services to suit the needs of the Corporate Customers. The list of
Corporate Services is given as under. For more information regarding any of the following services,
PTCL Corporate Customer Centers can be contacted.
With PTCL Messaging Service, you can have all for (or Desired) calls recorded when you are
absent, busy on phone or do not want to attend the calls for any reason. You can, later on at your
convenience, retrieve all recorded messages from any telephone anywhere in the country.
Security of message is ensured against eavesdropping through subscriber controlled password.
PTCL VMS is designed for those who do not want to miss a call or Fax because that can be
beneficial.
Great for anyone owning a telephone or Fax, at home or business.
Much more powerful and flexible than answering machine due to Message options available in
your voice mail system.
Features:
Call answer Messaging
Capacity 10 messages
Fax
Notification
PTCL Messaging Plus
PTCL MESSAGING PLUS is designed for small and medium business enterprises having
problems with managing telephone message.
PTCL MESSAGING PLUS will definitely handle these problems for you. Advanced messaging
features save time, make you truly mobile and increase productivity.
10 | P a g e
Internship Report
IT companies
Telecom data companies
Virtual Private Network (VPN):
Communication is the secret of success in todays highly competitive market. When it comes to
enabling your enterprise, your communication got to be instant, fast and hassle free. The answer to
this corporate need is virtual private net work.
ISDN BRI/PRI:
It is a near
organizations.
Features:
broadband
experience
suitable
for
household
and
small/medium
sized
3G EVO Tab
Introducing Pakistans First 3G Enabled Smartphone Android Tablet3G EVO Tab.
Landline
Provide the facility of Landline to connect nationwide and international wide with the
peoples.
Broadband
PTCL Broadband is the largest and the fastest growing Broadband service in Pakistan.
Smart TV:
Employing the IPTV (Internet Protocol TV) technology, PTCL brought Pakistan in the list of
a few countries across the globe that offers this state of the art interactive TV service to its
subscribers.
Vfone:
PTCL provides Pakistan Largest wireless network based on CDMA technology.
11 | P a g e
Internship Report
Dialup:
Enjoy Phone-n-Net innovative service with nominal charges.
Business Communication:
PTCLs communication product portfolio is tailored to help business enterprises gain
productivity advantages by offering a suite of powerful convergence, presence-enabled applications.
Managed Services:
PTCLs Managed Network Services is a comprehensive solution for those corporate
customers which are aimed at satisfying the essential needs of telephony/voice, data and security
needs.
Hosted Solutions:
Get your e-business up and running quickly for competitive advantage. PTCL offers its
clients a combination of business acumen and technical expertise that your business can never
exhaust. With us, your infrastructure, applications and systems are maintained by certified experts
with experience to make your environment meet and exceed the...
Business Security:
Provide the services with business security.
Telecom Operators:
Extend the boundaries of your reach.
12 | P a g e
Internship Report
PTCL Exchange
The Exchange is the building where the local exchange switch resides. A COs switch may serve
telephone service subscriber in a very narrow geographic area such as a single large building.
Distribution Point (DP)
From user to Distribution Point Drop Wire is used. And low- medium density copper cable (2-300
pairs) from DP to Distribution Frame. New building can be built and DPs are used to provide them
connection Instead to direct connection to Exchange.
Distribution Frames (DF)
Distribution fames surround the CO. They are high density copper cable (50-1500 pair) Primary
Cable. Usually all connection to a distribution frame are copper. It allows the telephone company to
use High Density Copper Cabling.
Main Distribution Frames (MDF)
MDFs are distribution frames that have some smart switching in them. Usually, this equipment has
been placed to provide the facility of DSL for access to use Internet. With the help of DSLAM
Internet is enabling in MDFs for particular user.
3.2 Networks
There are two types of networks
i.
ii.
Internship Report
Cable system:
There are three types of cables are use for the transmission and receiving of data transmission
i.
Main Cable System (Primary Cable): It is having cables from exchange to main
distribution points, e.g. cabinets or subscribers distribution frame in multi-story buildings. It
is highly density copper cable. Primary cable has 300/400 pairs while Secondary cable has
600/800 pairs.
600 pairs
ii.
Exchange
Primary cables
Cabinet
Distribution Cables System (Secondary Cable): This is having cables from main distribution
point (e.g. cabinets) to subscriber distribution points e.g. DP boxes.
Secondary Cable
Cabinet
Distribution
point (DP)
Drop Wire
Subscriber
14 | P a g e
Internship Report
S/N is mostly used to measure how much a signal has been corrupted by noise.
Mostly SNR is checked before providing DSL connection.
SNR should be b/w 1 to 9 for telephone and DSL.
No of joints in a cable should be less.
The higher the ratio, the greater the resulting clarity.
iii.
Drop line cable is checked by fault locator if there is no fault. Then fault may be in DP.
DP connection is checked by checking dialing tone on the telephone. If there is dialing tone then
there is no fault. If there is not dialing tone then the DP connection has fault. Then new
connection in DP is assigned by punching tool. If still now the telephone is not in working state.
Then fault may be cabinet.
Secondary cable is checked by fault locator if there is no fault then cabinet connection has fault.
Then fault may in cabinet.
15 | P a g e
Internship Report
iv.
v.
vi.
The dialing tone is checked in cabinet if there is dialing tone then there is no fault. If there is no
dialing tone the fault may be in MDF.
MDF required vertical cable pair connection is checked by dialing tone. If there is no dialing tone
then vertical cable pair is changed. If there is the dialing tone then there is no fault so the fault
will be in switching exchange.
Switching exchange power supply, cards etc. is checked and changed. Then card is sending to be
repaired in required manufacturing company
N.E
Cabinet
Distribution Frame
DSLAM
Home
Off Hook
Voltage
49 v
13.6 v
Current
0.130 mA
48mA
0.9 mA
0.9 mA
Internship Report
Max. Distance
ADSL
800 kbps
8 Mbps
18,000 ft (5,500 m)
HDSL
1.54 Mbps
1.54 Mbps
12,000 ft (3,650 m)
IDSL
144 kbps
144 kbps
35,000 ft (10,700 m)
VDSL
16 Mbps
52 Mbps
4,000 ft (1,200 m)
Internship Report
of transceiver. It is also called a DSL Transceiver or ATU-R (for ADSL Transceiver Unit-Remote).
DSL modem working as a bridge does not need an IP address; it may have one assigned for
management purposes. A DSL modem modulates high-frequency tones for transmission to a Digital
Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM), and receives and demodulates them from the
DSLAM. A single telephone line can be used for simultaneous voice and data with a DSL modem
whereas a voice-band modem precludes simultaneous voice traffic. Most DSL modems are external to
the computer and wired to the computer's Ethernet port, or occasionally its USB port. Internal DSL
modems with PCI interface are rare but available. DSL modems use frequencies from 25 kHz to
above 1MHz in order not to interfere with voice service. Voice-band modems use the same frequency
spectrum as ordinary telephones, and will interfere with voice service - it is usually impossible to
make a telephone call on a line which is being used by a voice-band modem.
Used Equipment:
ADSL Splitter
DSL Modem
SP-206
SN=E29EB6D14870
Power= 12v= 500mA
Date=Jun 2011
ZTE Corporation
ADSL CPE
ZXDSL 83IC11
Made in china
Connection:
Phone
Rosette
ADSL
splitter
DSL Modem
PC1
PC2
PC3
On/off
Power
LAN1
LAN2
LAN3
LAN4
ADSL MODEM
PC4
Internship Report
internet. They are generally flexible and able to support multiple types of DSL in a single central
office and different varieties of protocol and modulation. It may provide additional functions
including routing or dynamic IP address assignment for customers.
DSLAM Architecture:
DSLAM shelf contain card and each card contain 64 connections and so a complete shelf contain that
contain 14 cards would have 896 connections/subscribers.
4.7 BRAS (Broadband Remote Access Server):
The Broadband Remote Access Server (B-RAS) is a key component of DSL broadband access
networks that serves as an aggregation point for subscriber traffic (IP, PPP and ATM) and provides
session termination (PPPoX, RFC 1483) and subscriber management functions such as authentication,
authorization, accounting (AAA), and IP address assignment.
Triggered by the new functional requirements that Triple-Play service delivery imposed on the DSL
network infrastructure and devices, modern B-RASs started to provide advanced services beyond
traffic aggregation
19 | P a g e
Internship Report
4.9 LQT (Line Quality testing) meter reading for 2MB DSL:
Uplink
Downlink
DSL SNR
25.00 dB
42.30 dB
Line Attenuation
0.00dB
1.00dB
Actual Rate
636kbps
2557kbps
Maximum Rating
936kbps
28288kbps
20 | P a g e
Internship Report
5.2 Overview:
NGN is a service oriented network. It provides an independent service system by splitting the service
module from the call control and the call control from the bearer. That is the services provided to each
subscriber are handled from a database at central control where as in a normal system the services are
defined from where it is connected. Control is merely a place where some information in processed
and send back some Instructions. The access point to the user equipment is merely a packet creation
point. In this way, it frees the service from the original network model. NGN employs open and
integrated network structure. With abundant service Models, NGN is able to provide a variety of
services, such as voice, data and multimedia services, or integrated services. Like in the normal
telephone system the entire system can be divided in to four areas.
Edge access
Core switching
Network control
Service management
21 | P a g e
Internship Report
Internship Report
UMG8900 can be divided into two parts according to its functionality. This help to understand the
system better.
Types of UMG:
i.
Service switching module (SSM)
ii.
User access module (UAM)
Service switching module (SSM):
It processes the formats of various types of traffic flow. It functions as a TG connecting the PSTN
system with the NGN. This is what gives a subscriber in the NGN the chance to call one in PSTN or
any other network even though they work in different ways. In the Absence of a connection with the
switch it can act as a switch in NGN. This gives it the standalone capability and intern more
reliability. Service switching module (SSM) consists of 4 parts
Main control frame Management and maintenance functions of the device and supports
service access and process simultaneously.
Service frame Process services requested by user
Central switching frame Handles Multi-frame cascading function
Extended control frame When the device is at maximum capacity. The Extended frame
does not support access and process functions of user Services, But provides connection
management and control function.
User access module (UAM):
This is the access point currently provided by Hawaii for the users that are in the NGN. The
instrument can be at the UMG itself or function as a RSU from a distant place. It provides integrated
access function for both narrowband and broadband users. It can even function as an AG if an IP
connection is provided Card structure of the UMG8900
2. Signalling Boards
SPF- signalling processing board
3. TDM interface proces
TNU- TDM switch Net Unit
TCLU- TDM convergence & link unit
E32- 32xE1
S2L- 2xSTM-1 optical
2. Voice Process Board
VPU- voice process unit
SRU- signal resource unit
Cascading Board
FLU-front link unit
BLU- back link unit
23 | P a g e
Internship Report
SS7 Technology:
SS7 signaling is a form of packet switching. Unlike circuit switching, which utilizes dedicated data
"pipes" for transmission of information, packet switching dynamically assigns "routes" based on
availability and "least cost" algorithms. Another example of packet switching is TCP/IP, the protocol
used for routing messages over the Internet. Unlike the Internet, which utilizes a vast public "web" of
interconnecting facilities and routing equipment, SS7 networks are private and logically selfcontained. The private nature of SS7 networks is critical for security and reliability.
SS7 involves two different types of signaling: connection oriented signaling and connectionless
oriented signaling. Connection oriented signaling refers to the establishment of switch-to-switch
facilities call inter-office trunks. These trunks carry carriers of voice communications. The ISDN User
Part (ISUP) part of the SS7 protocol is utilized to establish trunks between switches. In contrast, the
24 | P a g e
Internship Report
Transaction Capability Application Part (TCAP) is utilized for connectionless signaling which
typically entails switch-to-database or database-to-database communications. An example of
connectionless signaling is TCAP signaling of HLR to VLR communications discussed in the mobile
networking article.
SS7 Networks:
SS7 is comprised of a series of interconnected network elements such as switches, databases, and
routing nodes. Each of these elements is interconnected with links, each of which has a specific
purpose. The routing nodes are the heart of the SS7 network and are called a Signal Transfer Point
(STP). STPs are connected to Service Switching Points (SSP) that are switches equipped with SS7
control logic. SSP switches are connected to the STPs via Access links (A links). STPs also connect to
databases called Service Control Points (SCP) via A links. The SCP is the network element that
contains service control logic such as instructions for converting an 8XX (toll-free) number into a
routable number.
STPs are always deployed in pairs, allowing a spare should one of the STPs have a problem. Each
STP of a "mated pair" are connected to each other via Cross links (C links). STP pairs connect to
other STP pairs via Bridge or Diagonal links (B or D links). B links connect STP pairs that are at the
same level of hierarchy while D links connect STP pairs that are different hierarchical levels. An
example would be STPs in a local network connecting with STPs of a long distance network. Being at
different hierarchies, the local-to-long distance links would be considered D links.
Links used for SS7 communication directly between SSPs (no STP involved) are called fully
associated links (F links). An example of these links is those that are used in combination with voice
trunks between two mobile network SSPs. The F link is used to signal a hand-off message from one
SSP to the other, allowing the mobile phone user to travel from one area (served by one switch) to
another area (served by another switch).
Extended links (E links) are used to connect an SSP to an alternative STP pair. In the event that the
primary STP pair is inoperable, the alternative pair establishes operations with the SSP over the E
links.
Business Issues:
In today's modern telecommunications networks, SS7 is used for virtually every call to establish a
voice connection between the callings and called party locations. SS7 is also the medium for
advanced capabilities and applications including mobile networking and services as well as wire line
applications such as toll-free calling and automatic calling card identification
5.8 E1:
E1 basics:
An E1 link runs over two sets of wires that are normally coaxial cable and the signal itself comprises a
nominal 2.4 volt signal. The signaling data rate is 2.048 Mbps full duplex and provides the full data
rate in both directions. For E1, the signal is split into 32 channels each of 8 bits. These channels have
their own time division multiplexed slots. These are transmitted sequentially and the complete
transmission of the 32 slots makes up a frame. These Time Slots are nominated TS0 to TS31 and they
are allocated to different purposes:
TS0 is used for synchronization, alarms and messages
TS1 - TS 15 used for user data
TS 16 is used for signaling, but it may also carry user data
TS17 - TS31 are used for carrying user data
Time slot 0 is reserved for framing purposes, and alternately transmits a fixed pattern. This allows the
receiver to lock onto the start of each frame and match up each channel in turn. The standards allow
for a full Cyclic Redundancy Check to be performed across all bits transmitted in each frame.
25 | P a g e
Internship Report
E1 signaling data is carried on TS16 is reserved for signaling, including control, call setup and
teardown. These are accomplished using standard protocols including Channel Associated Signaling
(CAS) where a set of bits is used to replicate opening and closing the circuit. Tone signaling may also
be used and this is passed through on the voice circuits themselves. More recent systems use Common
Channel Signaling (CCS) such as ISDN or Signaling System 7 (SS7) which sends short encoded
messages containing call information such as the caller ID. Several options are specified in the
original CEPT standard for the physical transmission of data. However an option or standard known
as HDB3 (High-Density Bipolar-3 zeros) is used almost exclusively.
E1 Applications and standards:
The E-carrier standards form part of the overall Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) scheme. This
allows where groups of E1 circuits, each containing 30 circuits, to be combined to produce higher
capacity. E1 to E5 are defined and they are carriers in increasing multiples of the E1 format. However
in reality only E3 is widely used and this can carry 480 circuits and has an overall capacity of 34.368
Mbps.
Physically E1 is transmitted as 32 timeslots and E3 has 512 timeslots. Unlike Internet data services
which are IP based, E-carrier systems are circuit switched and permanently allocate capacity for a
voice call for its entire duration. This ensures high call quality because the transmission arrives with
the same short delay (Latency) and capacity at all times. Nevertheless it does not allow the same
flexibility and efficiency to be obtained as that of an IP based system.
In view of the different capacities of E1 and E3 links they are used for different applications. E1
circuits are widely used to connect to medium and large companies, to telephone exchanges. They
may also be used to provide links between some exchanges. E3 lines are used where higher capacity
is needed. They are often installed between exchanges, and to provide connectivity between countries.
5.9 Difference in Hub, Switch, Bridge, & Router
In an Ethernet network there are 4 devices that from the outside look very similar.
Hubs
Switches
Bridges
Routers
Hub:
A hub is the simplest of these devices. Any data packet coming from one port is sent to all other ports.
It is then up to the receiving computer to decide if the packet is for it. Imagine packets going through
a hub as messages going into a mailing list. The mail is sent out to everyone and it is up to the
receiving party to decide if it is of interest. The biggest problem with hubs is their simplicity. Since
every packet is sent out to every computer on the network, there is a lot of wasted transmission. This
means that the network can easily become bogged down. Hubs are typically used on small networks
where the amount of data going across the network is never very high.
Bridge:
A bridge goes one step up on a hub in that it looks at the destination of the packet before sending. If
the destination address is not on the other side of the bridge it will not transmit the data. A bridge
only has one incoming and one outgoing port. To build on the email analogy above, the bridge is
allowed to decide if the message should continue on. It reads the address bob@smith.com and decides
if there is a bob@smith.com on the other side. If there isnt, the message will not be transmitted.
Bridges are typically used to separate parts of a network that do not need to communicate regularly,
but still need to be connected.
Switch:
A switch steps up on a bridge in that it has multiple ports. When a packet comes through a switch it is
26 | P a g e
Internship Report
read to determine which computer to send the data to. This leads to increased efficiency in that
packets are not going to computers that do not require them. Now the email analogy has multiple
people able to send email to multiple users. The switch can decide where to send the mail based on
the address. Most large networks use switches rather than hubs to connect computers within the same
subnet.
Router:
A router is similar in a switch in that it forwards packets based on address. But, instead of the MAC
address that a switch uses, a router can use the IP address. This allows the network to go across
different protocols. The most common home use for routers is to share a broadband internet
connection. The router has a public IP address and that address is shared with the network. When data
comes through the router it is forwarded to the correct computer. This comparison to email gets a little
off base. This would be similar to the router being able to receive a packet as email and sending it to
the user as a fax.
Network Patch Panels:
Patch panels are most commonly found in Ethernet networks. Cat5e patch panels and Cat 6 patch
panels are the most common but patch panels can be used in many other applications. A patch panel
sometimes referred to as a patch bay or a jack field is a panel designed for the management of cable
connections. On the front side of a patch panel there are jacks designed to receive short patch cables
(RJ45), while on the back of the panel there are either jacks or punch down blocks THAT HAVE
connections of longer and more permanent cables. The assembly of hardware is arranged so that a
number of circuits appear on jacks for monitoring, interconnecting, and testing in a convenient and
flexible way. This offers the convenience of allowing techs to quickly change the circuit of select
signals without the use of expensive dedicated switching equipment. Patch panels are typically rack
mountable.
27 | P a g e
Internship Report
6. Alcatel
6.1 LOCATION:
Alcatel 1000 El0 is the digital switching system developed by Alcatel CIT. Multi-application, Alcatel
1000 El0 could be used for the entire range of switch, from the smallest local exchanges to the largest
transit gateway switches. It adapts to every type of habitat, from dense urban environment, to sparsely
populated areas, and to every type of climate, from Polar Regions to the hot and humid climates of
Equatorial Africa and the tropics. System operation and maintenance can be local or common to
several switches, or both at the same time.
Alcatel 1000 El0 provides all modern communication services: Basic Telephony, ISDN (Integrated
Services Digital Network), Centrex, digital cellular radiotelephony and all the Intelligent Network
applications. It handles all accepted signaling systems in a current total of over 80 countries and is
built in accordance with recognized international standards. Alcatel CIT actively contributes to
definition of those standards.
SYSTEM APPLICATIONS (NON-EXHAUSTIVE LIST):
Remote subscribers unit.
Local subscribers exchange
Transit exchange (local, trunk or international gateway).
Hybrid local/transit exchange.
Tandem exchange.
Centrex (private or public).
28 | P a g e
Internship Report
29 | P a g e
Internship Report
30 | P a g e
Internship Report
SMC Architecture:
The Main Control Station includes:
a main multiplex coupler
a main processor unit
a common memory
1 to 4 secondary processor units
1 to 4 secondary multiplex couplers
(CMP),
(PUP),
(MC),
(PUS),
(CMS).
31 | P a g e
Internship Report
5 types of cards:
UC 68020 or 68030
16 MB memory
MIS/MAS coupling module
Alarms coupling module
SMC station (max. 17 cards + 2 converters).
Estimated maximum consummation at 5V < 160W
ACUTR
ACMCQ
ACAJA/ACAJB
ACALA
32 | P a g e
Internship Report
Location Assembly:
The connection network by a set of 8 matrix links. It is via the connection system that the
auxiliary equipment control station receives basic time distributions from the STS,
The Main Control Station Access Multiplex (MAS). It carries out interchanges of information
between the auxiliary equipment control station and the command components of the OCB
283,
Alarms Multiplex (MAL).
33 | P a g e
Internship Report
Functional Architecture:
The Auxiliary Equipment Control Station is connected to the Host Switching Matrix by 8 matrix links
equipment:
The SMA may have the following boards:
A main multiplex coupler
(CMP),
According to call-handling capacity power necessary:
A main processor unit
(PUP),
A secondary processor unit
(PUS),
A common memory
(MC),
1 to 12 couplers:
Processing of speech signals
(CTSV),
Multiprotocol signaling (CSMP),
Clock management
(CLOCK)
The CTSV can process functions of the following types:
Frequency receiving generation,
Conference,
Tone generation,
Testing of sundry modulations, psophometer.
The CSMP can process protocols such as No. 7 signaling or other HDLC protocols.
34 | P a g e
Internship Report
35 | P a g e
Internship Report
9 types of boards
CMP coupler
Main processing unit, secondary processing unit
Common memory
Speech signal processing coupler
Clock coupler
Alarms coupler
Branch section function
Multiprotocol processing coupler
Auxiliary Equipment Control Station: (maximum of 20 boards + 2 CV)
Maximum consumption on 5V < 120 W
ACAJA/ACAJB
ACUTR
ACMCS
ICTSH
ICHOR
ACALA
ICID
ACHIL
Internship Report
Location of SMT:
The Trunk Control Station is connected to: CSND, CSED, digital announcement equipment & other switching centers by max. 32 PCM.
SMX through up to 32 LR (4GLR)
MAS is used to communicate with other stations
Stations alarm ring (MA2).
37 | P a g e
Internship Report
General Architecture:
32 PCM are divided in 8 groups of 4 PCM each.
Each group of 4 PCM is processed by a software module MRM (multiplex connection
module) or MRS (Satellite connection Module)
All these eight modules are managed by logic: (LOGUR-0 or LOGUR-1) which is the pilot
logic.
Internship Report
o Alarm Coupler
ACALA
o Branch selection function
ICID
Maximum outfitting 49 boards + 4 converters.
Location and Rack Assembly:
39 | P a g e
Internship Report
7. TRANSMISSION:
Transmission is the action of conveying signals from one point to one or more other points while
media describes the cabling and various media used to send data b/w multiple points of a network.
Transmission media is the physical path between transmitter and receiver.
Internship Report
Electromagnetic spectrum:
The above picture shows the EM spectrum and indicates the frequencies at which various guided
media and transmission technique operate.
a. Twisted pairs:
Since straight copper wires tend to act as antennas and pick up extraneous signal. The
twisting help reduce the amount of outside interferences. Twisted pairs often are bundled together and
wrapped in a protective coating. Each pair has twist length, reducing the interference b/w them
(crosstalk).
b. UTP:
UTP is a primary choice for a 10 Base T and 100BaseT Ethernet network that use UTP cabling at 10
Mbps and 100Mbps respectively. B/c is lacks shielding, UTP is not good at blocking noise and
interference as STP.
c. STP:
41 | P a g e
Internship Report
STP can handle high speed transmissions. Cable itself is relatively expensive, can be quite bulky and
heavy. STP is used in ARC net and token ring networks.
d. Coaxial cable:
Coaxial cable is a popular for cable television transmission and for creating LAN such as Base
Operates at 10Mbps.
RG-6: Drop cable for CATV, 75 ohm impedance
RG-8: Thick Ethernet LAN (10 Base 5), 50 ohm
RG-11: Main CATV truck, 75 ohm impedance
RG-58: Thin Ethernet LAN (10 Base 2), 50 ohm
RG-59: ARC net, 75 ohm
e. Optical fiber:
Fiber optic cable or optical fiber provides a medium for signals using light rather than electricity.
Light waves are immune to EM interference and crosstalk. Optical fiber can be used for much longer
distance before the signal must be amplified. Data Transmission using optical fiber is many faster
than electrical methods.
7.3 Wireless (Unguided Media) Transmission:
Microwave, satellite, Radio
a. Microwave:
Microwave links are widely used to provide communication links when it is impractical or too
expensive to install physical transmission media. Two properties of microwave transmission place
restriction on its use. 1st microwave travels in straight line and will not follow the earth curvature. 2nd
atmosphere conditions and solid objects interfere with microwaves. For example, they cannot travel
through buildings. Typical microwave distances before repeaters are necessary:
Frequency (GHz)
Approx. distance (miles)
2-6
30
10-12
20
18
23
5
42 | P a g e
Internship Report
SRAL:
Microwave systems cover most of connectivity needs especially in the lower layers of the
transmission networks, consolidating their role of reliable, easy-to-install and cost-effective access
solution. Siemens, used to be one of the frontrunners in this market segment, is ready to match the
expectations of the new incoming telecommunication era characterized by broadband and mobility
convergence.
Nowadays, the new challenge launched by operators aims to increase link density and capacity,
leaving spectrum occupancy practically unchanged. Siemens, always ready to acknowledge market
indications and trends, adds to its extensive microwave portfolio the new line of point to point low
capacity digital radio: SRAL XD.
Siemens expertise covers most of the outstanding technologies which current applications are based
on: switching, cellular technology, radio and networking, voice and data over IP and ATM.
An outstanding turnkey project management capability, the ownership of a so wide range of in-house
product lines and a worldwide field proven experience, represent the unequaled Siemens business
card.
Units:
SRAL has two units IDU (indoor Unit) and ODU (outdoor Unit). There functions are
IDU Basic Functions:
ODU Basic Functions:
System interface to external world
Up-conversion to RF signal
Applications:
43 | P a g e
Internship Report
SRAL XD line is primarily designed four ban networks, but is also suitable in regional networks
meeting all the requirements of access and trunk applications.
Mobile Networks: in the 3G Mobile ATM based network, typically SRAL XD is used to collect
traffic conveying from Node B to Hub stations; in the 2G networks it is already implemented to
provide access to core networks. In the next future, the overlay of the two mobile networks will
certainly benefit from SRAL XD upgrading facilities, rewarding operators with flexible and versatile
infrastructures.
Mobile Networks: in the 3G Mobile ATM based network, typically SRAL XD is used to collect
traffic conveying from Node B to Hub stations; in the2G networks it is already implemented to
provide access to core networks. In the next future, the overlay of the two mobile networks will
certainly benefit from SRAL XD upgrading facilities, rewarding operators with flexible and versatile
infrastructures.
Fixed services Networks: SRAL XD supports ATM/IP networks, LAN and WAN.
a. Satellite:
Satellite transmission is microwave transmission in which one of the stations is a satellite orbiting the
earth. A microwave beam is transmitted to the satellite from the ground. This beam is received and
retransmitted to predetermined destination. Receiver and transmitter are known as transponder.
The optimum frequency range for satellite is the range 1 to 10 GHz. Below 1GHz, there is significant
noise from natural sources, atmospheric noise, and noise from electronic devices. Above 10 GHZ, the
signal is attenuated by atmospheric absorption.
Satellite bands:
Freq.
4/6
7/8
11/14
20/30
20/44
Bands
C
X
Ku
Ka
Q
Uplink
5.925-6.425
7.9-8.4
14-14.5
27.5-30.5
43.5-45.5
Downlink
3.7-4.2
7.9-8.4
11.7-12.2
17.7-21.2
20.2-21.32
Use
Commercial
Military
Commercial
Military
Military
44 | P a g e
Internship Report
b. Radio:
A radio transmitter is placed at the fixed wired terminal point, providing a wireless link b/w each
terminal and central site. The coverage area of a base station is restricted by limiting its power o/p so
that it provides only sufficient channels to support the total load in that area. Wider coverage area is
achieved by arraying multiple base stations in a cell structure.
Each base station operates using different band of frequencies from its neighbors. Since the field of
coverage of each base station is limited, it is possible to reuse its frequency band in other parts of
network.
DRS (Digital Radio system):
Digital radio system is used to provide telecommunication, connection b /w destination point of
exchanges, sources and drops, nodes and terminating points of the PTCL network point to point
transport of voice and data. In order commission and links the expansion of local telephone exchange
system detailed engineering studies is made to determine the requirements of the transmission media
keeping in view the existing system. Up gradation of the existing DRS links is too made for the
replacement with high capacity links.
Transmission developing work:
Establishment of new Digital Radio Links to connect new exchanges.
Up-gradation of Digital Radio Links for enhanced requirement.
Towers at new exchanges / repeaters for DRS links.
Power plant including rectifiers, batteries, solar modules and diesel engine generators.
Construction of building for repeater stations.
Equipment Architectures:
Indoor unit (ODU)
Coaxial cable
Outdoor unit (ODU)
Antenna
45 | P a g e
Internship Report
Data rate
(Mbps)
Interference
Distance( miles)
Twisted pairs
1-100
Coaxial
10
Optical fiber
400-500
Microwave
200-300
Electrical
Up to 1
Electrical
2-3
Immune
20-30
Solid object
20-30
8. References:
46 | P a g e