Qualitative Test:

Procedure:
1. Few drops of river samples were added into a 40cm3 beaker using dropper.
2. Added 2/3 drops of buffer and Na2S.
3. Added a spatula tip of solid Solochrome black indicator.
4. Using dropper slowly added EDTA solution until the colour changed from pink to
pale blue. Solution was mixed while doing so.
5. Allowed solution to stand for short time when the colour changed to ensure the
solution did not return to pink-purple.
6. Filter solution if necessary.
Results:
River sample:
Colour Change:
Presence/absence:
Y
Red to blue
Present
X
Red to blue
Present
Z
Red to blue
Present
Therefore: Water hardness was present in each solution.

Quantative Test:
Procedure:
1. Prepared River samples for analysis, in 50ml vol flasks, as follows:
ml
Buffer
Na2S
Total Vol
(ml)
(ml)
(ml)
River X
40
4
2
50
River Y
10
4
2
50
River Z
40
4
2
50
2. Used deionised water to bring to the mark of a 50ml volumetric flask.
3. Allowed solution stand, then filtered if necessary, to ensure a clear solution, prior to
titration.
4. Pipetted 10cm3 of the prepared river sample into a 100cm3 conical flask.
5. Added a spatula tip of solid Solochrome black indicator.
6. Titrated with the standard 0.0025M EDTA solution until the colour changed from
pink to pale blue.
7. Mixed solution during the addition of the EDTA.
8. After the coloured changed, allowed solution to stand to ensure the solution does not
return to pink-purple colour.
9. Repeated titrations until at least three titre values were within 0.1ml of one another.
10. Carried out titrations on each prepared river sample.

Calculations:
0.0024449 = 2.4*10^-6 moles of EDTA in 1ml
1000
EDTA reacts in a ratio of 1:1 with CaCO3
Therefore
River Y Average Titre: 12.5 + 12.6 + 12.5 = 12.53ml
3
(2.4*10^-6)(12.53) = 3.01*10^-5 moles of CaCO3 in 10mls
3.01*10^-5 = 3.01*10^-6 moles of CaCO3 in 10mls
10
(3.01*10^-6)(1000) = 3.01*10^-3mol/L
Multiply by the molcular weight of CaCO3 = 100g
(3.01*10^-3)(100) = 0.301g/L
(0.301)(1000) = 301ppm
River X Average Titre: 10.7 + 10.6 + 10.6 = 10.63ml
3
(2.4*10^-6)(10.63) = 2.56*10^-5 moles of CaCO3 in 10mls
2.56*10^-5 = 2.56*10^-6 moles of CaCO3 in 10mls
10
(2.56*10^-6)(1000) = 2.56*10^-3mol/L
Multiply by the molcular weight of CaCO3 = 100g
(2.56*10^-3)(100) = 0.256g/L
(0.256)(1000) = 256ppm
River Z Average Titre: 8.2 + 8.3 + 8.2 = 8.23ml
3
(2.4*10^-6)(8.23) = 1.98*10^-5 moles of CaCO3 in 10mls
1.98*10^-5 = 1.98*10^-6 moles of CaCO3 in 10mls
10
(1.98*10^-6)(1000) = 1.98*10^-3mol/L
Multiply by the molcular weight of CaCO3 = 100g
(1.98*10^-3)(100) = 0.198g/L
(0.198)(1000) = 198ppm

Results:
River Y:
Intial (ml):
Final (ml):
Titre (ml):
0
12.5
12.5
0
12.6
12.6
0
12.5
12.5
Average Titre = 12.53ml
Water Hardness = 301ppm
Literature value 300 = very hard
Therefore river sample Y has a very high level of water hardness.

River X:
Intial (ml):
Final (ml):
Titre (ml):
0
10.7
10.7
0
10.6
10.6
0
10.6
10.6
Average Titre: 10.63ml
Water Hardness = 256ppm
Literature value 300 = very hard
Therefore river sample X has a very high level of water hardness, not quite as hard as sample
Y.
River Z:
Intial (ml):
Final (ml):
Titre (ml):
0
8.2
8.2
0
8.3
8.3
0
8.2
8.2
Average Titre: 8.23ml
Water Hardness = 198ppm
Literature value 150 200 = hard
Therefore river sample Z has lowest level of water hardness.
Conclusion: From our results we have concluded that river sample Y was from Szpak River,
because it had the highest water hardness level and it was expected that this river would. That
is because it flows on limestone which contains many Ca and Mg ions and it also has the
highest altitude, and we know that higher alititudes have higher levels of water hardness. We
believe river sample X was from Spence River because it had the second highest level of
water hardness which was also expected because of its higher altitude than the ONeill River.
And finally we believe river sample Z was from the ONeill River because it had the lowest
water hardness level.