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Filtration
Dr. Anand V. Patwardhan
Professor of Chemical Engineering
Institute of Chemical Technology
Nathalal M. Parikh Road
Matunga (East), Mumbai-400019
av.patwardhan@ictmumbai.edu.in; avpuict@gmail.com; avpiitkgp@gmail.com
1
Wt
Within
each oof tthese
eac
ese 3 cclasses,
asses, tthee filters
te s ca
can be
continuous or discontinuous
Continuous: the discharge of filtered solids is
steady. In this case the discharge of both fluid an
solid is uninterrupted during the operation.
Discontinuous: the discharge of filtered solids is
intermittent. Here the flow of the fluid is
continuous
i
b
but
needs
d
to be
b
i
interrupted
d
periodically to allow for the discharging of the
accumulated (filtered) solids.
5
Cake Filter
In the beginning of filtration, some particles enter the
pores of filter medium and get immobilised.
Afterwards, the particles start gathering on the filter
medium (septum) eventually, the cake of solids
effect the filtration operation, and not the septum.
A cake of some thickness builds up
p on the septum
p
surface, and this cake must be removed periodically
(in the case of discontinuous filtration operation).
Cake filters are used mostly for solid-liquid systems.
Cake filters may operate with super-atmospheric
pressure upstream OR with vacuum applied
downstream
downstream.
6
Cake
Filter medium
(septum)
Filter Aid
= papb = (p
p
( ap)
) + (pp
( b) = p
C + p
M
where,
p = overall pressure drop
pC = pressure drop over filter cake
M = pressure drop
p
d
over filter
fil medium
di
11
Fillter meedium
m
p
pb
L
dL
Filtrate
pa
Filter area ar to
flow direction = A
Direction of
flow of slurry
12
dp
150 . . u
2
3
dL
.D
S P
2
4.17 . u 1 . s v
p p
dp
dL
3
13
where,
dp/dL = pressure gradient at cake thickness L
= viscosity of filtrate
u = linear velocity of filtrate, based on filter area
sp = surface
f
area off single
i l particle
ti l
vp = volume of single particle
= porosity of cake
s = sphericity of particle
= ratio of surface area of a sphere (with the same
volume as the given particle) to the surface area of
the particle:
14
k . . u . 1 . s v
1
p p
dp
dm
. A . 3
p
k is used in place of 4.17
4 17 to account for any non-ideality
non ideality
1
15
p
k . . u . 1 . s v m
a
C
1
p p
dp
dm
3
.A.
p'
0
p
2
k . . u 1 . s v . m
1
p p
C
p - p' p
a
C
. A . 3
p
16
k . 1 . s v
p . A
1
p p
3
.u.m
C
p
Cake resistance is defined as,, . m A p . u
C
C
.u C
R
M
A
18
dV 1 V . c .
p
R
dtt A
d
A
M
dt
V .c .
dV A . p
A
M
... Basic equation for cake filter
19
0
0
.c.
dt
1
1
=K .V+
, where K =
=
dV
q
q
C
C A 2 . p
0
K
Integrating,
Integrating t
1
C
=
.V+
V 2
q
Recommended readingg
Chemical Engineering Volume 2 (Coulson; Richardson)
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (McCabe;
S ith)
Smith)
SOLVED and EXERCISE problems in the above books
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