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Index
Topics :
1) Acknowledgements
Page
no.
2
2) Intoduction
3) Principal
4) Construction
6)Efficiency
14
7) Energy Loss
15
8) Uses Of Transformers
16
9) Bibliography
18
Acknowledgements
"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than
words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose
words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings,
which are of gratitude at this point of time."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor for
his vital support, guidance and encouragement, without which this
project would not have come forth. I would also like to express my
gratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics at Dasmesh
Parivar International School for their support during the making of
this project.
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device
that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits. Transformers range in
size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer
hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units
weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant
substations or to interconnect portions of the
power grid. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide.
While new technologies have eliminated the need
for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in many electronic
devices. Transformers are essential for highvoltage electric power transmission, which makes
long-distance transmission economically practical.
A transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the
electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer. A
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that
is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit then
induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring
circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce
varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the
neighboring circuit.
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron
core made of laminated sheets, well insulated from
one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are
wound on the same core, but are well insulated
with each other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of alternating
e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a
load resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the
secondary coil through an open switch S. thus
there can be no current through the sec. coil so
long
as
the
switch
is
open.
For
an
ideal
An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the
action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.
with
primary
is
also
linked
with
the
(1)
10
Es = -Ns D/dt
(2)
(3)
in
the
primary
coil
p1,
so
the
instantaneous
Ip Rp
11
= 0 or Ep = E
12
Es Is
Es / E p
Es Is
=
Ip / Is
Or
=
In a step up transformer
13
14
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power i.e.
= output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no
power losses, = 1. But in actual practice, there
are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.
15
ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always
less than the input energy, because energy losses occur
due to a number of reasons as explained below.
16
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner etc.
In the induction furnaces.
A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
A
step
up
transformer
is
used
for
the
17
18
Bibliography
The End