Calculation of the masses of the charged leptons

A Findlay
E-mail: andrew-g.findlay@ubs.com
Abstract. A simple analysis of rotating magnetic fields leads to the derivation of an equation
for the total energy of such a system. Other properties of such systems are derived. These
include; total mass, total charge, angular momentum and magnetic moment. The total energy
is scalable. Further analysis suggests two possible systems that might occur naturally. The
masses of these systems can be calculated. Surprisingly, these masses are approximately the
mass of the Electron and the Tauon. The other properties calculated include the magnetic
moment is that of the electron, and a prediction of the as yet unmeasured magnetic moment of
the Tauon.

1. Introduction
We examine a homogenous magnetic field of field Strength B, which extends a distance r, from the
centre of rotation. We set the south pole of the magnetic field at the centre of rotation and rotate the
North Pole such that the North Pole rotates at a velocity approaching the speed of light. Due to
relativistic considerations, the North Pole changes from a magnetic field into an electric field. Further,
as the velocity of North Pole is not exactly the speed of light, there is a residual magnetic field which
remains at the North Pole. This induces a Lorentz force on the electric field which causes the electric
field to accelerate at right angles to the original magnetic field, inducing a magnetic field at right
angles to the first one. Under the right conditions (see appendix A) this second magnetic field
produces a third magnetic field again at right angles and this third magnetic field cause a replica of the
original magnetic field to occur, creating a stable self- exciting system. Further the electric field
follows a circular motion in a plane. As there are three such electric fields produced, they will repel
and thus arrange themselves equidistance apart. Due to relativistic considerations the three separate
rotating electric fields in the plane will have a very small circumference and will appear point like.
The energy associated with this system can then be calculated and hence the mass. The equation for
mass of any such system that we have derived is
M total = 3 (h' c / r + 2 k q 2 / r + 2 k q 2 s min / c r 3) / c2
M total is the total calculated mass
r is the distance between the north and south pole = non-relativistic radius of rotation
s min is the relativistic radius of rotation,
h' is the reduced Planck constant
c is the speed of light, k is Coulombs constant
q is one third of the charge of the electron

1.1. The limiting factor for any such system

As the relativistic mass increases with velocity and any relativistic length will contract with velocity
then
M total must be proportional to 1/ r.
Reviewing the equation above we notice that this is only the case when s min /r2 is a constant. This then
becomes the limiting factor for any such system.
One naturally occurring limiting factor is when smin is the Planck length =

1.6161990 x 10-35 m

Therefore when the constant

smin / r2 = 1.20146942 x10-11 m
It follows that r =

1.159821235 x10-12 m

And the calculated mass M total =

9.10938284 x10-31 kg

This compares to the measured mass of the electron of

9.10938291 x10 -31 kg

The magnetic moment is given as Mm = qrc/2 =

-9.2847643 x10 -24 J/T

This compares to the measured value of the electron of

-9.2847643 x10 -24J/T

A second case of a naturally occurring limit would be when the original Magnetic field strength would
be given as
B= k q /cr2 and thus BA= k q/c
Here, A is the area of the rotating magnetic field. Where;
B= qc = qc2/r
Then;
r = k/c3 = 3.335640952 x10-16 m
And using this radius, the calculated mass is M total =

3.16738 x 10 -27 kg

This compares to the measured mass of the Tauon of

3.16747 x 10 -27 kg

The magnetic moment of the Tauon is then predicted to be

Mm = qrc/2 = -2.6702942 x10 -27 J/T

If this equation would also predict the mass of the Muon, then surely we could rule coincidence or
numerology out?
For the Muon, using
Mm = qrc/2 = -4.49044807 x 10 -26 J/T
We can calculate a radius r of

5.60931527 x 10 -15 m

And using this radius, the calculated mass is M total

1.883519 x 10 -28 kg

This compares to the measured value of the Muon of

1.883531 x 10 -28 kg

2. Derivation of the mass equation

2.1.1. Calculation of the energy of the rotating mass.
For the charged Leptons the angular momentum must be h'/2
Where
I = h'/2
and as the mass will appear to be in a thin hoop due to the relativistic effects,
I = mr2/2
then
mrc / 2 = h'/ 2 or mr = h'/c
Therefore the energy of the rotating mass must be
U rotating mass = mc2 = h'c/r = h'
2.1.2. Calculation of the Coulomb energy.
Where the electric field is affected by the Lorentz force such that it moves a quarter rotation at right
angles in the time that it would take for a half rotation of the magnetic field and then back to the
original point then it will rotate about a plane. Now as this is rotating at nearly the speed of light, the
circumference will be contracted and the entire electric field will be concentrated in a point like
fashion at a distance r /2 from the center of rotation.
As there are three co-centric magnetic fields, there will be three such point-like electric fields which
will tend to align such that they are at a maximum distance apart.
The sum of the coulomb energy each individual point will feel will then be
U coulomb = 2kqq/r

2.1.3. Calculation of the energy of the torque produced by the Lorentz force.
The Lorentz force will be given by the equation
F lor = q (E + v B)
Now where the charge is produced by the rotating magnetic field there will be a very small B field left
Now we can exclude the electrical field of the charge itself, so the Lorentz Force is then given by
F lor = q (v B)
Now B is reduced but by how much?
Assuming that B is reduced by the Lorentz factor (v) then the relativistic force is given by
F lor =

q c B / (v)

Where the effective radius of the torque is r /2

The torque T lor is then given by
T lor = F lor r / 2 = q c B r / 2 (v)
When
B = qk/cr2
T lor = k q2 / 2 (v) r
And the energy associated with the Torque is
U lor = T lor
As
= 2 = 2 c / r
Then
U Lor = 2 c k q 2 smin / r 3

2.1.4. Calculation of the total system energy and mass.

The energy of a single rotating magnetic field is then
U single = h' c / r + 2 k q 2 / r + 2 k q 2 smin / c r 3
The total energy of the system is then

U system = 3(h' c / r + 2 k q 2 / r + 2 k q 2 smin / c r 3)

And the mass of the system is then
M system = 3(h' c / r + 2 k q 2 / r + 2 k q 2 smin / c r 3) / c2
3. Properties of such systems
Any such system would have then the following properties
1) All systems have a mass; the ones calculated are approximately the mass of the charged leptons
2) All systems have a magnetic moment; the ones calculated are approximately the magnetic
moment of the charged leptons.
3) All systems have a total charge equal to the charge of the electron
4) All systems can produce an identical system except with an opposite charge by rotating them
about their north-pole instead of the south-pole.
5) All systems have a single axis angular momentum of h'/2.
6) All three calculated systems appear "point-like".
7) All systems have a "Zitterbewegung" due to the non-synchronous Lorentz forces.
8) Any such system going through a Stern Gerlach apparatus will tend to align one of the magnetic
fields to the apparatus due to the inhomogeneous magnetic field. A random sample of such
systems sent through such an apparatus would have half with rotation in one direction and half
in the opposite direction giving exactly two rotating orientations, one spin "up" and one spin
"down"
9) Any such stable system, being made out of the same material as photons of light are made out of
should exhibit similar interference or wave like properties as photons exhibit.
10) All systems are scalable and are different to each other due to the relativistic radius.
11) This scalability enables such systems to rotate about different radii, for instance rotation due
to a minimum caused by a proton or other atom nuclei.
12) All such systems are "spherical" unless they are affected by other charges near the relativistic
radius.
13) All systems have a fundamental uncertainty as to where they are at any point in time. As the
system takes a minimum time to exist, asking where the system is in a period of less than the
completion time of one system cycle cannot result in a meaningful answer.
14) Only a limited numbers of such systems can be fitted into scaled up radii.
15) Only certain scaled up radii are permitted, depending on the ability of the systems to "fit".
4. Conclusion
The masses calculated for all three charged leptons are slightly less than the measured values. This
indicates that there should be a further term in the equation to give the exact mass. We speculate that
this missing term has something to do with the gravitational properties of the mass and/or the mass
density of the vacuum. Further, it seems that the best approach to analyse such a complete system
would be to analyse the wave like properties of the system as a statistical description of extremely fast
periodic dynamics.

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lAcadmie Royale des Sciences

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On Faradays Lines of Force by James Clerk Maxwell 1855

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Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1892), "La Thorie electromagntique de Maxwell et son application
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Albert Einstein (1905) "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Krper", Annalen der Physik 17: 891;

[5]

Bohr, N.; On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. I. Phil. Mag. 26 (1913)

[6]

Gerlach, W.; Stern, O. (1922). "Das magnetische Moment des Silberatoms". Zeitschrift fr
Physik 9: 353355.

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Dirac, P. A. M. (1928). "The Quantum Theory of the Electron". Proceedings of the Royal
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Pauli, Wolfgang (1940). "The Connection Between Spin and Statistics". Phys. Rev 58 (8): 716
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Acknowledgments
I wish to acknowledge the assistance and encouragement from P. Haenggi, Dr. M. Freyer-Mohl, and
my daughters Amanda and Michelle Findlay without whom I would never have been able to complete
this.

Appendix A: What will the perfect" conditions be?

In order that the charge is travelling at velocity v at exactly the moment that it has moved through an
angle of 90 to the right, the acceleration must be such that the time taken to accelerate due to the
Lorentz force from zero to v must equal the time taken for the charge to move 180 in its original path.
Therefore it follows that these results in the second acceleration to v of the charge moving 90 to the
right will result in the original path of the charge to have travelled 360, and the Lorentz force is then
applied at exactly the correct moment to keep the charge moving at v along the original path.
It follows that there are the following factors
A force accelerates the charge at 90 from zero to v m/s
This acceleration takes place during the time that the original charge moves through 180 at an angular
velocity of
In order for the charge to be accelerated to velocity v at the perfect moment the distance travelled
under this acceleration must be the distance for the original charge to move through an angle of 90
If the charge has the energy U coulomb then it has a mass
This is the mass that is accelerated. So if we know the time, the beginning and end velocities we have
the average acceleration, and we can calculate the average force acting on the mass, using the average
distance, and hence find the mass needed to produce the perfect conditions.
S 180 = 2 r for 180 and
S 90 = 2 r for 90
When
v=c
then
t=2 r/c
t2=4 r2/c2
1/t2=c2 /4 r2

Average acceleration
S accel = a t 2 / 2 = 2 r
a t 2 = 2 2 r
a = 2 2 r / t 2

a = 2 2 r c 2 / 4 r 2
a = 2 c 2 / 2 r = 2 c 2 / r

F lor = m a = q (E + v tan B r) = 2 q B c
m accel2 c 2 / r = 2 q B c

m accel = 2 q B r / 2 c = 2 q B r / c
When
B = qk/cr2
Then
m accel = 2 k q 2 / c2 r
This is the mass required for the perfect conditions. This is shown to be the coulomb mass calculated
in the main text.

Appendix B: List of values of constants used in calculations

Planck Length
Reduced Planck constant
Speed of light, in vacuum
Coulombs constant
Charge of the electron
1/3 charge of the electron
2

1.616 199 x 10-35 m

1.054 571 726 x 10-34 J s
299 792 458 m s-1
8.9875517873681764 x 10 9 Nm2 C-2
-1.602 176 565 x 10-19 C
-5.34058855 x 10 -20 C
1.414213562
3.141592654