Voltmeter and Ammeter using PIC Microcontroller

Voltmeter and Ammeter can be easily made using PIC Microcontroller having ADC
(Analog to Digital Converter). I am using PIC16F877A and the result is displayed on
an LCD Display. PIC16F877A is enough if you do this project only for testing purposes.
I suggest to use PIC with low pin numbers and multiplexed 7 segment display if you
wish to use this as your measuring instrument.
If you dont know the basis of PIC ADC and LCD Interfacing please read the following
articles.

ADC module in PIC Microcontroller

LCD Interfacing with PIC Microcontroller

ADC module of PIC Microcontroller converts the Signals on its analog pin to 10 bit
binary data and it has software selectable high and low voltage reference input to
some combination of VDD, VSS, RA2 and RA3. The analog input to PIC is limited to
VSS and VDD voltages (0 5V) of PIC.
This circuit is designed to measure 0 to 30V. So we will map 0 to 30V to 0 to 5V by
using a voltage divider. Current through a circuit can be measured by introducing a 1
ohm resistor and measuring the voltage across it. To minimize the path resistance we
will use .47 ohm special resistor with fuse (shown in figure) and current is calculated.
Voltage

and

Current

Sampling

circuit

is

shown

below.

When the Input voltage is 30V (max) the voltage across 20K ohm resistor becomes
5V which is feedback to the analog pin RA2 of the PIC Microcontroller.

The voltage across .47 ohm resistor is also feedback to

the analog pin RA3 via 100K ohm resistor. 5.1V Zener Diode is added in parallel to
these analog input pins to protect PIC from over voltages.
The ADC module of PIC converts analog input to 10 bit digital number. We want to
convert this digital to corresponding voltage in decimal.
0v = 0 0 0 0
5v = 1 1 1 1
Resolution = (Vref+ Vref-)/(1024-1) (as it is 10 bit ADC)
= 5/1023
= 4.887 mV
Thus it means that for a change in 4.887mV, the binary output changes by 1.
So voltage input to the analog pin of PIC can be calculated as follows
v = ADC_Read(2);

// ADC value of channel 2 (voltage)

i = ADC_Read(3);

// ADC value of channel 3 (current)

V = v*4.89;

// Converting ADC value to mV

I = i*4.89;

// Converting ADC value to mV

By using values V and I we can calculate the Input Voltage and Current across the
Load (Connected across Output terminals).
Voltage across 20K resistor = V
Current through 20K = V/20K
Input Voltage = Current through 20K * 120K
neglected)
Thus,
V = (V/20)*120;

(Current flowing to PIC can be

Voltage across 0.47 ohm resistor = V

Current through Load = Current through 0.47 ohm resistor = V/0.47
Thus,
I = I/0.47;
To display the results in LCD Display we need to convert these readings into string,
we use the user defined functionlook() for it. It converts each digit in the reading to
corresponding character (see the source code).

Circuit Diagram

Note: VDD and VSS of the pic microcontroller is not shown in the circuit diagram.
VDD should be connected to +5V and VSS to GND.
You can download the hex file, MikroC source code, Proteus files etc here
Voltmeter and Ammeter using PIC Microcontroller