I-Gard Grounding PDF

19/11/2013
Grounding
Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention
Why Ground?
19/11/2013
Industrial Power System

Grounding Methods
Resistance Grounded

Grounding Methods
Solidly Grounded
19/11/2013

Grounding Methods
Solidly Grounded

Grounding Methods
Solidly Grounded
19/11/2013

Grounding Methods
Ungrounded
What are the main Hazards with

Ungrounded/Solidly Grounded?
Ungrounded: Method used to ground first power
systems
Very large transient over-voltage conditions may exist.
Insulation not rated, therefore, hazard to personnel and
equipment.
Very difficult to locate ground fault.
Good chance of second ground fault on a different phase due to
prolonged ground fault.
Solidly Grounded: Replaced Ungrounded Systems

Very high ground fault currents.
Fault must be cleared, shutting down equipment.
Generators may not be rated for ground fault .
Tremendous amount of arc flash / blast energy.
Equipment and people are not rated for energy.
19/11/2013
Do others agree?
To HRG or to not HRG?
IEEE Std 242-2001 (Buff Book)
Recommended Practice for Protection and
Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems
8.2.5 If this ground fault is intermittent or allowed to continue,
the system could be subjected to possible severe over-voltages
to ground, which can be as high as six to eight times phase
voltage. Such over-voltages can puncture insulation and result in
additional ground faults. These over-voltages are caused by
repetitive charging of the system capacitance or by resonance
between the system capacitance and the inductance of equipment in
the system.
Do others agree?
IEEE Std 141-1993 (Red Book)
Recommended Practice for Electric Power
Distribution for Industrial Plants
7.2.1 Accumulated operating experience indicates that, in general
purpose industrial power distribution systems, the overvoltage incidents associated with ungrounded operation
reduce the useful life of insulation so that electric
current and machine failures occur more frequently
than they do on grounded power systems.
19/11/2013
Do others agree?
Recommended Practice for Protection and
Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems
8.2.5Ungrounded low-voltage systems employ ground detectors
to indicate a ground fault. These detectors show the
existence of a ground on the system and identify the faulted
phase, but do not locate the ground, which can be
anywhere on the entire system.
One disadvantage of the solidly grounded 480V system
involves the high magnitude of destructive, arcing
ground-fault currents that can occur. However, if these
currents are promptly interrupted, the equipment
damage is kept to acceptable levels.
Do others agree?
Recommended Practice for Electric Power
Distribution for Industrial Plants
7.2.4The solidly grounded system has the highest probability of
escalating into a phase-to-phase or three-phase arcing fault,
particularly for the 480V and 600V systems. The danger of
sustained arcing for phase-to-ground fault probability is also
high for the 480V and 600V systems, and low for the 208V
systems. For this reason ground fault protection shall be
required for system over 1000A. A safety hazard exists
for solidly grounded systems from the severe flash, arc
burning, and blast hazard from any phase-to-ground
fault.
19/11/2013
What causes the Hazards in

Ungrounded Systems?
System Capacitance
Unable to discharge leading to transient overvoltages
No direct return path for ground fault current
Prolonged fault conditions due to inability to quickly
locate fault.
NEC 250.21(B) Ground Detectors. Ungrounded
alternating current systems as permitted in
250.21(A)(1) through (A)(4) operating at not less than
120 volts and not exceeding 1000 volts shall have
ground detectors installed on the system.
Ungrounded Systems
Ungrounded systems do not have an intentional
connection from the source generator or transformer to
ground
Typically a three wire delta system.
Can be a four wire system where the source neutral is
not connected to ground.
A
B
C
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Ungrounded Systems
Unintentionally grounded through system capacitance
Such as cables, transformers, motors, surge suppressors, etc.
480V Delta Source
3 Load
277V
Total Capacitive Current

c + I c + Ic
0 = Ia
c
b
c
I a,b,c =
Vl-n
c
X a,b,c
Xc
c
c
Xb
Xc
a
Ic
c
c
Ib
Ic
a
c
Xa,b,c = 277ohms
(typical)
Ground 0V
[120 apart]
Ground Faults
Unintentionally grounded through system capacitance
Such as cables, transformers, motors, surge suppressors, etc.
480V Delta Source
3 Load

c + I c + Ic )
I f = (I a
c
b
c
Ia = 0A (short-circuited)
V l-l
V l-l
c
c
Ic =
Ib =
c
c
Xb
Xc
480V
Xc
c
c
Xb
Xc
a
Ic
c
c
Ib
Ic
a
If
Ground A
19/11/2013
Ground Faults
Ground Fault voltage distribution (voltage rise)
C
C
C
B
N
a
a
G
B
N
A
A
A
Vag = 277V
Vbg = 277V
Vcg = 277V
Vng = 0V
a = 120
(0% Fault)
Vag = 138V
Vbg = 367V
Vcg = 367V
Vng = 138V
a = 82
(50% Fault)
Vag = 0V
Vbg = 480V
Vcg = 480V
Vng = 277V
a = 60
(100% Fault)
Ground Faults
Ground Fault current distribution (current rise)
If
If
C
C
C
a
G
Ibg
I cg
If
B
I cg
Ibg
a
I ag
A
A
I ag = 1.00A<0
I bg = 1.00A<120
I cg = 1.00A<240
I f = 0A
a = 120
(0% Fault)
I ag = 0.50A<0
I bg = 1.32A<139
I cg = 1.32A<221
I f = 1.50A<180
a = 82
(50% Fault)
I ag = 0.00A
I bg = 1.73A<60
I cg = 1.73A<120
I f = 3.00A<90
a = 60
(100% Fault)
19/11/2013
Ground Faults
What Causes the Hazards in Solidly

Grounded Systems?
Very low impedance in ground path
o High fault current
High fault energy
Ground Fault Coordination

o Long time delays on upstream devices
High fault energy
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19/11/2013
Solidly Grounded Systems

Grounded systems have an intentional connection
from the source generator or transformer to ground
Typically a four wire delta system
Can be a three wire system where the source
neutral is not connected to loads
A
B
N
C
Solidly Grounded Systems

Intentionally grounded through ground wire
480V Wye Source
3 Load
~0
~277
In
Icc
Icb
Ica

I ca + I cb + I cc = 0
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19/11/2013
Bolted Grounded Systems

Ground fault current distribution on A
480V W ye Source
3 Load
I cc
In
I cb
If
I ca
~60kA
Estim ated Total Fault Current
If =
* I fla
Z pu
~0A (3A)
+ (I cb + I cc ) = ~I n
Exam ple (2500kVA, 480V, Z = 5 % )

1
In = If =
* 3000A = ~60,000A
0.05
Arcing Grounded Systems

Ground fault current distribution on A
480V W ye Source
3 Load
I cc
In
I cb
I ca
If
~23kA
Estim ated Total Fault Current
If =
1
Z pu
~0A (3A)
* I fla * .38 + (I cb + I cc ) = ~I n
Exam ple (2500kVA, 480V, Z = 5 % )

In = If =
1
0.05
* 3000A * .38 = ~23kA
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19/11/2013
Arcing Grounded Systems

Arcing ground fault: Lower fault current, so OCPDs
may not clear fault. Delay will cause severe equipment
and personnel damage due to tremendous amount of
energy released.
No transient
over-voltages
High fault
current
Arcing ground faults are approximately 38% bolted faults.

Locating Ground Faults
Follow the Smoke!

Direct return to source provides over-current conditions that
allow for OCPD to operate, hence, clearing the fault.
OK, IF the following condition is met (and you like repair
work):
Acceptable Damage
People???
Equipment???
Costs???
Who decides???
Not OK, IF
You do not want to accept damaging people
You pay for equipment repairs
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19/11/2013
Coordination Problems
Discussed Over-Voltage and Over-Current
Hazards ...
Now discuss time factor
Energy is also a function of time
E = volts * amps * time
Large radial systems have long time delays for
coordination
24 Cycles
(0.4 seconds)
IG = Fault Current
(A)
Va = 100V (typical)
t = time (cycles)
Typical Transformer:
2500 kVA, 5% impedance
Ground condition Ig=23kA
12 Cycles
(0.2 seconds)
6 Cycles
(0.1 seconds)
KWC = 55,200
Acceptable???
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19/11/2013
A)
100 Kilowatt Cycles

Fault location identifiable at close inspection - spit marks on metal and
some smoke marks.
B)
2000 Kilowatt Cycles

Equipment can usually be restored by painting smoke marks and
repairing punctures in insulation.
C)
6000 Kilowatt Cycles

Minimal amount of damage, but fault more easily located.
D)
10,000 Kilowatt Cycles

Fault probably contained by the metal enclosure.
E)
20,000 Kilowatt Cycles

Fault probably burns through single thickness enclosure and spreads
to other sections.
F)
Over 20,000 Kilowatt Cycles

Considerable destruction.
Hazards with Ungrounded and Solidly

Grounded
Ungrounded
SolidlyGrounded
Transient
Over-Voltage
High Risk
Low Risk
Transient
Over-Current
Low Risk
High Risk
High Risk
(Good Luck)
High Risk
(Follow Smoke)
High Risk
(2nd Fault)
High Risk
Fault
Location
High Fault
Energy
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19/11/2013
High Resistance Grounding

How does HRG solve these hazards?
Inserts a resistor between neutral and ground
Eliminates 98% of Arc Flash / Blast Injuries
Source
(Wye)
A
B
N
HRG

What if no neutral exists (i.e. delta systems)?
A grounding transformer is installed (either a zig zag or a wyedelta) from all three phases to create an artificial neutral for
grounding purposes only.
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19/11/2013

Intentionally grounded through neutral resistor
480V Wye Source
3 Load
B
N
C
HRG
277V
Vng0V
c
Ic
Ir
c
Ib
c
Ia
Ground 0V

Compared to Ungrounded Systems (voltage rise)
480V Wye Source
3 Load
B
N
C
HRG
VngVan
(277V)
480V
Ir
Additionalreturnpath,onlydifference
betweenUngroundedandHRG!
c
Ic
c
Ib
c
Ia
If
GroundA
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19/11/2013

Voltages:
Normal Operation
Vag = 277V
Vbg = 277V
Vcg = 277V
Vng = 0V
Fault conditions
Vag = 0V (Faulted phase is at
ground potential)
Vbg = 480V
Vcg = 480V
Vng = 277V

Importance of additional path versus Solidly Grounded
480V Wye Source
3 Load
HRG
Ir
Ca
c
Ic
c
Ib
c
Ia
If
Resistor(HRG)inlieuofwireaddssignificantamountofresistancetolowergroundfaulttoa
predeterminedvaluepreventingdestructivefaultcurrentsandshutdown!
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19/11/2013

Compared with Solidly Grounded (current rise)
480V Wye Source
3 Load
HRG
55.4
277
Ir
5.00A
c
Ic
c
Ib
c
Ia
If
1.73A
Resistorinreturnpath,onlydifference
betweenSolidlyGroundedandHRG!
5.83A
GroundA
5.83A 3.00A+5.00A

Currents:
Normal Operation:
( Ia Ib Ic ) 0 A
c
Ir
Vng
Rr
I f I r ( I a I b I c )2 0 A
2
0V
0A
55.4
Fault conditions;
( I a I b I c ) (0 1.7360 1.73120 ) 3.0090 A
c
Ir
Vng
Rr
277V
5.000 A
55.4
I f I r ( I a I b I c ) 2 5.83 A
2
I f 3.0090 5.000 5.8331 A

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19/11/2013

Another advantage of return path: ground fault
location
480V Wye Source
3 Load
HRG
Ca
Ir
c
Ic
c
Ib
c
Ia
If
Contactorshortsoutpartoftheresistorchangingtheresistance,hence,changingthecurrent.
Groundfaultcurrentnowisapulsesignalthatallowsfordetection!

Meter reading will
alternate from 5A
to 10A every 2
seconds.
Method to quickly locate ground faults.

480V Wye Source
85A
55A
80A
50A
5A
A
HRG
80A
55.4
ohms
50A
30A
30A
55A
30A
50A
50A
5A
0A
5A
ZSCT
ZSCT
Meter
Meter
5A
0A
ZSCT
30A
30A
30A
Motor
50A
50A
50A
Meter
Motor
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19/11/2013
Ground Faults
Damage to Power System Components:
Thermal Damage
(Irms)2 * t
Mechanical Damage
(Ip)2
Comparison between S-G example and HRG

System Grounding
Ground Fault (A) Damage to Equipment (1 sec)
HRG
S-G
22,800
1 per unit
(22,800 / 5)2 = 20.8x106 p.u.
SolidlyGroundedSystemshave20.8milliontimesmoredamage thanHRG!!!
Do Others Agree?
To HRG or not HRG?
IEEE Std 142-1991 (Green Book)
Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems
1.4.2 Numerous advantages are attributed to grounded
systems, including greater safety, freedom from
excessive system over-voltages that can occur on
ungrounded systems during arcing, resonant or nearresonant ground faults, and easier detection and location of
ground faults when they do occur.
1.4.3 A system properly grounded by resistance is not
subject to destructive transient over-voltages.
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19/11/2013
Do Others Agree?
To HRG or not HRG?
Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems
1.4.3 The reasons for limiting the current by resistance
grounding may be one or more of the following.
1)
To reduce burning and melting effects in faulted electric

equipment, such as switchgear, transformers, cables, and
rotating machines.
2)
To reduce mechanical stresses in circuits and apparatus

carrying fault currents.
3)
To reduce electric-shock hazards to personnel caused

by stray ground-fault currents in the ground return path.
Do Others Agree?
To HRG or not HRG?
Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems
1.4.3 The reasons for limiting the current by resistance
grounding may be one or more of the following.
4)
To reduce the arc blast or flash hazard to personnel who

may have accidentally caused or who happen to be in close
proximity to the ground fault.
5)
To reduce the momentary line-voltage dip occasioned by

the clearing of a ground fault.
6)
To secure control of transient over-voltages while at the

same time avoiding the shutdown of a faulty circuit on
the occurrence of the first ground fault (high resistance
grounding).
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19/11/2013
Do Others Agree?
To HRG or not HRG?
Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for
Industrial Plants
7.2.2
There is no arc flash hazard, as there is with solidly
grounded systems, since the fault current is limited to
approximately 5A.
Another benefit of high-resistance grounded systems is the
limitation of ground fault current to prevent damage to
equipment. High values of ground faults on solidly grounded
systems can destroy the magnetic core of rotating machinery.
Do Others Agree?
To HRG or not HRG?
Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for
Industrial Plants
8.2.5 Once the system is high-resistance grounded, overvoltages are reduced; and modern, highly sensitive groundfault protective equipment can identify the faulted feeder on
the first fault and open one or both feeders on the second
fault before arcing burndown does serious damage.
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19/11/2013
Advanced High Resistance Grounding

SENTINEL/OHMNI DSP
The only SMART HRG
Selective instantaneous feeder
isolation 2nd fault
Mitigate 95-98% of arc flash
incidents - on 1st phase to
ground fault
Assisted fault location
Resistor-integrity monitoring
Time-selective feeder isolation
For more information pick up a product brochure or visit us at www.i-gard.com
Advanced High Resistance Grounding

Avoiding second ground fault
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19/11/2013
Advanced High Resistance Grounding:

Assisted Fault Location
Phase Indication
SENTINEL/OHMNI DSP
The only SMART HRG
DSP HRG
TRIP
TRIP
ZSCT
ZSCT
MODBUS
. . . Several Feeders . . .
Motor
Motor

Assisted Fault Location
Feeder Indication
SENTINEL/OHMNI DSP
The only SMART HRG
DSP HRG
TRIP
TRIP
ZSCT
ZSCT
MODBUS
Motor
Motor
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19/11/2013

Avoiding 2nd Ground Fault
SENTINEL/OHMNI DSP
The only SMART HRG
DSP HRG
TRIP
TRIP
ZSCT
ZSCT
Options for Faulted

Feeder:
1) Alarm Only (No Trip)
OR
MODBUS
2) Trip with Time Delay
Motor
Motor

Avoiding 2nd Ground Fault
SENTINEL/OHMNI DSP
The only SMART HRG
2nd Ground Fault:
DSP HRG
TRIP
TRIP
ZSCT
ZSCT
Prioritize Feeders
Trips least important,

maintaining operation on
most important
Up to 50 Feeders
MODBUS
Motor
Motor
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19/11/2013

Neutral Path
SENTINEL/OHMNI DSP
The only SMART HRG
System Ground Monitor:

DSP HRG
TRIP
TRIP
ZSCT
ZSCT
MODBUS
Motor
Continually monitors
circuit from Neutral to
Ground
Alarms if OPEN circuit
Alarms if SHORT circuit
Motor

Neutral Path
SENTINEL/OHMNI DSP
The only SMART HRG
DSP HRG
TRIP
TRIP
ZSCT
ZSCT
Remote Monitoring:
Tie into Internet
Monitor plant anywhere

in world
Notify maintenance or
local qualified electrical
contractor to locate
ground fault
MODBUS
Motor
Motor
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Minimizing Second Simultaneous Ground

Fault
DSP Relay Double Ended Unit Sub

Application
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19/11/2013
Design Considerations when applying

HRG Systems
HRG is the best Grounding Method available today
oFirst developed with resistor and pulsing contactor (Analog)
oLeast Hazards of all grounding methods, but some still exist
Elevated Voltages
Trained Personnel
Cables, TVSSs, VFDs Insulation
Line-to-Neutral Loads
Phase-to-ground-to-phase Faults
Bypasses neutral grounding resistor
Single-poling circuit breakers
HRG Systems Resolve these Hazards
ASD, UPS
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19/11/2013
AMPLITUDE
ASD, UPS
800
600
400
200
0
-200 0
-400
-600
-800
200
400
600
800
TIME
A-G
B-G
C-G
N-G
ASD, UPS
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19/11/2013
Design Considerations when Applying

HRG Systems
NFPA 70: National Electrical Code (2005)
250.36/186 High-impedance grounded neutral systems in which a
grounding impedance, usually a resistor, limits the ground-fault current
to a low value shall be permitted for 3-phase ac systems of 480 volts
to 1000 volts where all the following conditions are met:
1) The conditions of maintenance and supervision
ensure that only qualified persons service the
installation.
2) Ground detectors are installed on the system.
3) Line-to-neutral loads are not served .
Continuity of power is required.(Removed 2008).
Elevated Voltage Hazard

Properly rated equipment prevents Hazards.
480V Wye Source
0V
A
B
N
277V
3 Load
480V
HRG
480V
0V
GroundA
Maintenancemustbeawareofelevatedvoltagesandmethodtolocatefault.IFNOT,DO
NOTHAVETOMAINTAINPOWER.Allowedtotrip(sameasSG)butwithoutthehazards.
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19/11/2013
Elevated Voltage Hazard

Properly rated equipment prevents Hazards.
480V Wye Source
0V
A
B
N
277V
3 Load
480V
HRG
480V
0V
Cables,TVSSs,VFDs,etc.andother
equipmentmustberatedforelevated
voltages(UngroundedSystems).
GroundA
Resolve Cable Insulation Issue

600V Cables
Insulation thickness based on mechanical strength, not electrical

Extra thickness exceeds 600V electrical rating
Therefore, should be used on 600V systems (HRG)
1000V Cables
Only CSA listed, not UL
5000V Cables
Non-shielded: Should be used on 2400V systems (HRG)

Shielded: Should be used on 4160V systems (HRG)
8000V Cables
Non-shielded: Should be used on 4160V systems (HRG)
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19/11/2013
Resolve NEC Requirement
Add small 1:1

transformer and solidly
ground secondary for 1
loads (i.e. lighting).
Resolve NEC Requirement

Advantages of 1:1 transformer
oAbility to retrofit HRG Systems
oOnly ~20% of facility / plant load is 1
No neutral required from main source and main
switchgear (cost savings,)
oSignificantly reduced risk of Arc Blast / Flash Hazard
Only small portion of power system is solidly
grounded
Lighting Ballasts
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19/11/2013
Phase-to-Ground-to-Phase Fault
Single-poling circuit breaker
480V Wye Source
2000A/3P/65kAIC
3 Load
B
N
HRG
During phase-ground-phase fault, single-pole of MCB has to clear the 480V

fault at 65kA. However, per UL 489, single-pole interrupting rating is only at
20kAIC. HAZARDOUS?
Phase-to-Ground-to-Phase Fault
For condition to occur, all of the following must be true:
1) One fault must be on line side of MCB

Very uncommon
2) Low impedance per ground fault
Very uncommon
Ground faults are usually arcing faults (high impedance faults
per IEEE Std 241, 9.2.5)
3) Faults on different phases
4) No other over-current protective devices in fault path
Very uncommon
If so, they will open: eliminating the single-pole interruption
Although remote, HAZARD may still exists:

Should be considered during coordination study
Detect ground faults per NEC 250-36
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19/11/2013
Resolving Hazard via New Technology

First fault:
Sound Alarm
Send signal
Second fault:
Open feeder with lower
priority
Third fault:
Open feeder with lower
priority
DFM DFM DFM DFM DSM
M M M M
Additional Advancements in HRG

Systems
Communications
RS232 (Serial) / RS485 (Modbus, Profibus) / TCP/IP
(Ethernet)
Control and monitor relay remotely via existing
SCADA system
Data Logging & Trending
Most ground faults are intermittent, so when you go
to locate via pulse, fault may have cleared
Data log can link ground faults with equipment
starting or running
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19/11/2013
Additional Advancements in HRG

Systems
Filters Harmonics / Noise / RF
Monitors fundamental voltage and current for ground faults
Avoids nuisance tripping
Monitors 3rd harmonic voltage and current
High Harmonics may require de-rating resistor
Low Harmonics may indicate ground fault near generator
neutral
Zone Selective Interlocking
Allows coordination between interlocked protection relays on the
same system
Continuously measures system impedance
Electrical systems are perpetual systems
System capacitance may increase causing grounding resistor to
be incorrectly sized
Undesirable, higher fault current may flow
Transient over-voltage may occur
To Summarize
Hazards with Ungrounded Systems

Severe transient over-voltages
Cannot efficiently locate ground faults
Hazards with Solidly-Grounded Systems
Very high fault currents and time delays
Causing severe arc blast / flash conditions
Ground fault coordination problems
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19/11/2013
To Summarize
High-Resistance Grounded Systems
Best Grounding Method today
Resolves Ungrounded hazards
Resolves Solidly-Grounded hazards
Technology continues to make HRG Systems

safer than any other grounding method, but need
help
Continue to educate and train personnel (engr and maint.)
NETA
Update standards and guideline that hinder HRG

NEC
NFPA 70E and IEEE 1584
Optical or Pressure Detection

Which one is faster?
Speed of light = 300 x 106 meters/sec
Speed of sound =350 meters/sec
Pressure travels at the speed of sound
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19/11/2013
Optical Arc Fault Detection

Relies on detecting a high- intensity light
Fastest method of arc detection
Can issue a command to trip in 1 ms to 7 ms
Detectors are light sensors.
Sensors local to the relay, rely on Fibre optic to
conduct light to the relay
Sensor remote to the relay, are hard wired to the
relay
Pressure Detection
Pressure wave of an arc travels at the speed of
sound
Ralph Lees research shows that arcing faults can
produce 20-1000 psi
Depending on placement of pressure sensors,
detection can be as fast as 8-18 ms
Can still trip in less than 100 ms
Commercially available
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Temperature Detection
Temperature detection is a slower technique to
detect the presence of an arc
This method is more effective as an early detection
system for series faults
Can easily detect loose connections by monitoring
the outgases of products produced by overheating
Distance
Effect on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
requirements
Remote operation inherently increases distance
from arc source
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19/11/2013
Reduce Incident Energy

Reduce Time
Reduce Bolted Fault Current
Do both.
Activate a current limiting device that will quickly

insert an impedance into the circuit on the
occurrence of an arc fault;
Can reduce the fault current from 50 kA to 0.4 kA in
approximately cycle.
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19/11/2013
This conceptual unit will reduce the incident energy

from 5.7 cal/cm2 to 0.9 cal/cm2
Thank You!
Questions?
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19/11/2013
How to Get in Touch

I-Gard Corporation
Head Office
7615 Kimbel St., Unit 1
Mississauga, Ontario Canada L5S 1A8
Phone: 905.673.1553 Toll Free 1.888.737.4787

Fax:
905.673.8472 E-mail: info@i-gard.com
Our business hours are Monday to Friday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (EST), if during those
hours you are not able to call us, simply send us an e-mail or leave us a message.
The following members of our inside sales team will be pleased to assist you:
Mr. Doug Gonyou

Mr. Edmundo Perich
Mrs. Kavita Raghunathan
Mr. Upul Herath
dgongou@i-gard.com
eperich@i-gard.com
kraghunathan@i-gard.com
uherath@i-gard.com
www.i-gard.com
42

I-Gard Grounding PDF

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I-Gard Grounding PDF

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19/11/2013

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Industrial Power System

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Industrial Power System

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Industrial Power System

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Industrial Power System

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Industrial Power System

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

What are the main Hazards with

Solidly Grounded: Replaced Ungrounded Systems

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

What causes the Hazards in

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Total Capacitive Current

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Total Capacitive Current

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

What Causes the Hazards in Solidly

Ground Fault Coordination

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Solidly Grounded Systems

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Solidly Grounded Systems

Total Capacitive Current

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Bolted Grounded Systems

Exam ple (2500kVA, 480V, Z = 5 % )

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Arcing Grounded Systems

Exam ple (2500kVA, 480V, Z = 5 % )

* 3000A * .38 = ~23kA

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

Arcing Grounded Systems

Arcing ground faults are approximately 38% bolted faults.

Locating Ground Faults

Follow the Smoke!

100 Kilowatt Cycles

2000 Kilowatt Cycles

6000 Kilowatt Cycles

10,000 Kilowatt Cycles

20,000 Kilowatt Cycles

Over 20,000 Kilowatt Cycles

Hazards with Ungrounded and Solidly

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

High Resistance Grounding

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

High Resistance Grounding

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

High Resistance Grounding

High Resistance Grounding

Arc Flash Hazard: HRG Technology can play a role in prevention

High Resistance Grounding

High Resistance Grounding