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JAN 30
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Should not relax in his study of the law and court decisions.
permit others to convey the impression that they are in a special position to
influence the judge.
Rule 2.04 A judge shall refrain from influencing in any manner the
outcome of litigation or dispute pending before another court of
administrative agency.
A judge must be beyond suspicion. He has the duty not only to render a just
and impartial decision but also to render it in such a manner as to be free from
any suspicion as to its fairness and impartiality, and also as to his integrity.
Every litigant is entitled to nothing short of the cold neutrality of an
Rule 3.02 In every case, a judge shall endeavor diligently to ascertain the
facts and the applicable law unswayed by partisan interest, public opinion
or fear of criticism.
Finding of facts must be based not on the personal knowledge of the judge but
upon the evidence presented.
If the personal view of the judge contradicts the applicable doctrine
promulgated by the Supreme Court, nonetheless, he should decide the case in
accordance with that doctrine and not in accordance with his personal views.
He is however not prohibited from stating his own opinion on the matter if he
wants to invite constructive attention thereto.
Rule 3.03 A judge shall maintain order and proper decorum in the courts.
Rule 3.04 A judge should be patient, attentive, and courteous to lawyers,
especially the inexperienced, to litigants, witnesses, and others appearing
before the court. A judge should avoid unconsciously falling into the
attitude of mind that the litigants are made for the courts, instead of the
courts for the litigants.
Conduct of trial must not be attended with fanfare and publicity; not permit
pictures or broadcasting.
Must use temperate language; should not make insulting remarks.
Rule 3.05 A judge shall dispose of the courts business promptly and decide
cases within the required periods.
Rule 3.06 While a judge may, to promote justice, prevent waste of time or
clear up some obscurity, properly intervene in the presentation of evidence
during the trial, it should always be borne in mind that undue interference
may prevent the proper presentation of the cause of the ascertainment of
the truth.
Rule 3.07 A judge should abstain from making public comments on any
pending or impending case and should require similar restraint on the part
of court personnel.
ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES
Rule 3.08 A judge should diligently discharge administrative
responsibilities, maintain professional competence in court managements,
and facilitate the performance of the administrative functions of other
judges and court personnel.
Rule 3.09 A judge should organize and supervise the court personnel to
ensure the prompt and efficient dispatch of business, and require at all
times the observance of high standards of public service and fidelity.
Rule 3.10 A judge should take or inititate appropriate disciplinary
measures against lawyers or court personnel for unprofessional conduct of
which the judge may have become aware.
Rule 3.11 A judge should appoint commissioners, receivers, trustees,
guardians, administrators and others strictly on the basis of merit and
qualifications, avoiding nepotism, and favoritism. Unless otherwise allowed
by law, the same criteria should be observed in recommending appointment
of court personnel. Where the payment of compensation is allowed, it
should be reasonable and commensurate with the fair value of services
rendered.
Ascertain that the records of all cases are properly kept and managed.
Maintain a checklist on the cases submitted for decision with a view to know
exactly the specific deadlines for the resolution/decision of the said cases.
Loss of records: gross negligence
Judge has the power to appoint, but the power to dismiss court employees is
DISQUALIFICATIONS
Rule 3.12 A judge should take no part in proceeding where the judges
impartiality might reasonably be questioned. These cases include, among
others, proceedings where;
1.
a.
b.
judge served as counsel during their association, or the judge or lawyer was
a material witness therein;
3.
c.
4.
d.
e.
the judge knows that the judges spouse or child has a financial
In every instance the judge shall indicate the legal reason for inhibition.
REMITTAL OF DISQUALIFICATION
Rule 3.13 A judge disqualified by the terms of Rule 3.12 may, instead of
withdrawing from the proceeding, disclose on the record the basis of
disqualification. If, based on such disclosure, the parties and lawyers
independently of the judges participation, all agree in writing that the
reason for the inhibition is immaterial or insubstantial, the judge may then
participate in the proceeding. The agreement, signed by all parties and
lawyers, shall be incorporated in the record of the proceeding.
CANON 4 A judge may, with due regard to official duties, engage in
activities to improve the law, the legal system and the administration of
justice.
Rule 4.01 A judge may, to the extent that the following activities do not
impair the performance of judicial duties or case doubt on the judges
impartiality:
1.
a.
b.
matters concerning the law, the legal system or the administration of justice
c.
the judge.
If has not enough time to spare (such as when caseload is too heavy) prudence
a.
2.
b.
3.
c.
4.
d.
organization.
If they opt to engage in such activities, they must learn how to manage their
time in such manner that their judicial responsibilities do not falter and suffer.
FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES
Rule 5.02 A judge shall refrain from financial and business dealings that
tends to reflect adversely on the courts impartiality, interfere with the
proper performance of judicial activities, or increase involvements with
lawyers or persons likely to come before the court. A judge should so
manage investments and other financial interests as to minimize the
number of cases giving grounds for disqualification.
Rule 5.03 Subject to the provisions of the proceeding rule, a judge may
hold and manage investments but should not serve as an officer, director,
XXX
(h) Directly or indirectly having financial or pecuniary interest in any business,
or contract or transaction in connection with which here intervenes or takes
part in his official capacity or in which he is prohibited by the Constitution or
by any law from having any interest, (Sec. 3(h), RA 3019)
FIDUCIARY ACTIVITIES
Rule 5.06 A judge should not serve as the execution administrator, trustee,
guardian, or other fiduciary, except for the estate, trust, or person of a
member of the immediate family and then only if such service will not
interfere with the proper performance of judicial duties. member of
immediate family shall be limited to the spouse and relatives within the
second degree of consanguinity. As a family fiduciary, a judge shall not:
1.
a.
serve in proceedings that might come before the court of said judge;
or
2.
b.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Rule 5.08 A judge shall make full financial disclosure as required by law.
EXTRA-JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS
Rule 5.09 A judge shall not accept appointment or designation to any
agency performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions.
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
Rule 5.10 A judge is entitled to entertain personal views on political
questions. But to avoid suspicion of political partisanship, a judge shall not
make political speeches, contribute to party funds, publicly endorse
1.
2.
3.
misconduct.
Cannot serve as officers or advisers of political groups.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Notaries Public
Section 241 of the Revised Administrative Act enumerates the General Powers
of a Notary Public:
1.
1.
2.
affidavits
2.
depositions
3.
Bills of Exchange
2.
Bottomries
3.
Mortgages
4.
Hypothecations
5.
6.
letters of attorney
7.
deeds
2.
mortgages
3.
4.
1.
2.
verification of the capacity and identity of the parties as well as the legality of
Under the Notarial Law, the jurisdiction of a notary public in general, used to
be CO-EXTENSIVE with the province for which he was commissioned; and for
the notary public in the City of Manila, the jurisdiction is CO-EXTENSIVE with
said city. Circular 8 of 1985 however, clarified further that the notary public
may be commissioned for the same term only by one court within the Metro
Manila region.
A: General Rule: Only those admitted to the practice of law are qualified to be
notaries public.
Exception: When there are no persons with the necessary qualifications OR
where there are qualified persons but refuse appointment. In which case, the
following persons may be appointed as notaries:
1.
2.
a clerk or deputy clerk of court for a period of not less than two years
Effects of NOTARIZATION
1.
2.
3.
that they are the same persons who executed the instrument
4.
5.
that they acknowledged personally before him that they voluntarily and
freely executed the same
6.
2.
3.
facie evidence of the facts which give rise to their execution and of the
date of said execution, but not of the truthfulness of the statements. The
reason for the former presumption is that the law assumes that the act
which the officer witnesses and certified to or the date written by him are
not shown to be false since notaries are public officers.
Source:
Legal Ethics Reviewer
Ateneo
Posted in Legal Ethics
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Tags: Legal Ethics - Code of Judicial Conduct
1.
guardians;
2.
2.
agents
3.
3.
administrators
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
those specially disqualified by law (Rubias vs. Batilles, 31 SCRA 120)
Elements of Article 1491 (Civil Code; Laig vs. CA, 82 SCRA 294)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Effects:
1.
malpractice on the part of the lawyer and may be disciplined for misconduct
2.
1.
2.
Judicial Ethics
1.
2.
3.
New Civil Code (Articles 9, 20, 27, 32, 35, 739, 1491, 2005, 2035, 2046)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
color of right.
Qualification of Supreme Court Members:
1.
2.
3.
Must have been at least for 15 years, a judge of a lower court or engaged in the
practice of law(Sec 7(2), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution).
Liabilities of Lawyers
Civil Liability
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Liability for costs of suit (treble costs) when lawyer is made liable for
insisting on clients patently unmeritorious case or interposing appeal merely to
delay litigation
Criminal Liability
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a. Kinds of Contempt:
party.
Criminal any conduct directed against the authority or dignity of the court.
Misbehavior
2.
Disobedience
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Belligerent attitude
8.
1.
to compel the attorney to deal fairly and honestly with his clients;
2.
to remove from the profession a person whose misconduct has proved him unfit
to be entrusted with the duties and responsibilities belonging to the office of an
attorney;
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
It is imprescriptible;
5.
Conducted confidentially;
6.
It can proceed regardless of the interest of the lack thereof on the part of the
complainant;
7.
1.
deceit;
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Six copies of the verified complaint shall be filed with the Secretary of the IBP
or Secretary of any of its chapter and shall be forwarded to the IBP Board of
Governors.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
Supreme Court
2.
3.
1.
Good faith in the acquisition of a property of the client subject of litigation (In
re: Ruste, 70 Phil. 243)
2.
3.
4.
Lack of Intention to slight or offend the Court (Rhum of the Philippines, Inc. v.
Ferrer, 20 SCRA 441).
Chapter IV
a.
competently.
2.
b.
Rule 14.04 A lawyer who accepts the cause of a person unable to pay his
professional fees shall observe the same standard of conduct governing his
relations with paying clients.
Duties to Client:
1.
2.
3.
4.
undivided loyalty
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
CANON 15 A lawyer shall observe candor, fairness and loyalty in all his
dealings and transactions with his client.
Rule 15.01 A lawyer in conferring with a prospective client, shall ascertain
as soon as practicable whether the matter would involve a conflict with
another client or his own interest, and if so, shall forthwith inform the
prospective client.
Rule 15.02 A lawyer shall be bound by the rule on privilege communication
in respect of matters disclosed to him by a prospective client.
Exceptions:
1.
When by divulging such identity, it would implicate the client to that same
controversy for which the lawyers services were required.
2.
3.
The disclosure of such identity will provide for the only link in order to convict
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
third person)
Even if the communication is unprivileged, the rule of ethics prohibits him from
voluntarily revealing or using to his benefit or to that of a third person, to the
disadvantage of the client, the said communication unless the client consents
thereto.
This is applicable to students under the Student Practice Law Program
of facts.
The TEST in determining Conflicting Interest: The test is whether or not the
acceptance of a new relation will prevent an attorney from the full discharge of
his duty of individual fidelity and loyalty to his client or invite suspicion of
unfaithfulness in double-dealing in the performance thereof.(Tiana vs. Ocampo)
Rule 15.04 A lawyer may, with the written consent of all concerned, act as
mediator, conciliator or arbitrator in settling disputes.
Rule 15.05 A lawyer, when advising his client, shall give a candid and
honest opinion on the merits and probable results of the clients case,
neither overstating nor understating the prospects of the case.
Rule 15.06 A lawyer shall not state nor imply that he is able to influence
any public official, tribunal or legislative body.
Rule 15.07 A lawyer shall impress upon his client compliance with the laws
and the principles of fairness.
Lawyers should refrain from giving any advice unless they have obtained
sufficient understanding of their clients cause. A careful investigation and
examination of the facts must first be had before any legal opinion be given by
CANON 16 A lawyer shall hold in trust all moneys and properties of his
client that may come into his possession.
Rule 16.01 A lawyer shall account for all money or property collected or
received for or from the client.
Rule 16.02 A lawyer shall keep the funds of each client separate and apart
from his own and those of others kept by him.
Rule 16.03 A lawyer shall deliver the funds and property of his client when
due or upon demand. However, he shall have a lien over the funds and may
apply so much thereof as may be necessary to satisfy his lawful fees and
disbursements, giving notice promptly thereafter to his client. He shall also
have a lien to the same extent on all judgments and executions he has
secured for his client as provided for the Rules of Court.
Attorneys Liens an attorney shall have a lien upon the funds,
documents and papers of his client which have lawfully come into his
possession and may retain the same until his lawful fees and disbursements
have been paid, and may apply such finds to the satisfaction thereof. He shall
also have a lien to the same extent upon all judgements for the payment of
money, and executions issued in pursuance of such judgements which he has
secured in a litigation of his client, from and after the time when he shall have
caused a statement of his claim of such lien to be entered upon the records of
the court rendering such judgement, or issuing such execution, and shall have
caused written notice thereof to be delivered to his client and to the adverse
party; and he shall have the same right and power over such judgments and
executions as his client would have to enforce his lien and secure the payment
of his fees and disbursements. (Sec, 37, Rule 138, RRC)
Rule 16.04 A lawyer shall not borrow money from his client unless the
clients interests are fully protected by the nature of the case or by
independent advice. Neither shall a lawyer lend money to a client except,
when in the interest of justice, he has to advance necessary expenses in the
legal matter he is handling for the client.
Failure to deliver upon demand gives rise to the presumption that he has
misappropriated the funds for his own use to the prejudice of the client and in
CANON 17 A lawyer owes fidelity to the cause of his client and he shall be
mindful of the trust and confidence reposed in him.
No fear of judicial disfavor or public popularity should restrain him from full
selection of counsel.
The lawyer owes loyalty to his client even after the relation of attorney and
client has terminated. It is not good practice to permit him afterwards to
defend in another case other persons against his former client under the pretext
that the case is distinct from and independent of the former case.
CANON 18 A lawyer shall serve his client with competence and diligence.
Rule 18.01 A lawyer shall not undertake a legal service which he knows or
should know that he is not qualified to render. However, he may render
such service if, with the consent of his client, he can obtain as collaborating
counsel a lawyer who is competent on the matter.
Rule 18.02 A lawyer shall not handle any legal matter without adequate
preparation.
Rule 18.03 A lawyer shall not neglect a legal matter entrusted to him and
his negligence in connection therewith shall render him liable.
Rule 18.04 A lawyer shall keep the client informed of the status of his case
and shall respond within a reasonable time to the clients request for
information.
cause.
If a lawyer errs like any other human being, he is not answerable for every
error or mistake, and will be protected as long as he acts honestly and in good
CANON 19 A lawyer shall represent his client with zeal within the bounds
of the law.
Rule 19.01 A lawyer shall employ only fair and honest means to attain the
lawful objectives of his client and shall not present, participate in
presenting or threaten to present unfounded criminal charges to obtain an
improper advantage in any case or proceeding.
Rule 19.02 A lawyer who has received information that his client has, in
the course of the representation, perpetuated a fraud upon a person or
tribunal, shall promptly call upon the client to rectify the same, and failing
which he ha to terminate the relationship with such client in accordance
with the Rules of Court.
Rule 19.03 A lawyer shall not allow his client to dictate the procedure in
handling the case.
Must not present in evidence any document known to be false; nor present a
false witness.
Negative pregnant is improper since it is an ambiguous pleading (improper if in
bad faith and the purpose is to confuse the other party)
Lawyer should do his best efforts to restrain and to prevent his clients from
perpetrating acts which he himself ought not to do. Or else, withdraw. But
lawyer shall not volunteer the information about the clients commission of
fraud to anyone counter to duty to maintain clients confidence and secrets.
a.
The time spent and the extent of the services rendered or required.
2.
b.
3.
c.
4.
d.
5.
e.
f.
The customary charges for similar services and the schedule of fees of
7.
g.
h.
9.
i.
and
10. j.
The professional standing of the lawyer.
a fixed or absolute fee which is payable regardless of the result of the case
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
1.
2.
A petition for attorneys fees may be filed before the judgment in favor of the
client is satisfied or the proceeds thereof delivered to the client.
3.
1.
General Retainer or Retaining Fee it is the fee paid to a lawyer to secure his
future services as general counsel for any ordinary legal problem that may arise
in the ordinary business of the client and referred to him for legal action;
2.
Special Retainer that is a fee for a specific case or service rendered by the
1.
2.
when although there is a formal contract for attorneys fees, the stipulated
fees are found unconscionable or unreasonable by the court.
3.
When the contract for attorneys fees is void due to purely formal matters or
defects of execution
4.
When the counsel, for justifiable cause, was not able to finish the case to its
conclusion
5.
When lawyer and client disregard the contract for attorneys fees.
Skill: length of practice is not a safe criterion of professional ability.
Rule 20.02 A lawyer shall, in cases of referral, with the consent of the
client, be entitled to a division of fees in proportion to the work performed
and responsibility assumed.
Rule 20.03 A lawyer shall not, without the full knowledge and consent of
the client, accept any fee, reward, costs, commission, interest, rebate or
forwarding allowance or other compensation whatsoever related to his
professional employment from anyone other than the client.
Rule 20.04 A lawyer shall avoid controversies with clients concerning his
compensation and shall resort to judicial action only to prevent imposition,
injustice or fraud.
When counsel cannot recover full amount despite written contract for
attorneys fees:
1.
2.
improper (agents)
Attorneys fees for legal services shared or divided to non-lawyer is prohibited.
1.
2.
CANON 21 A lawyer shall preserve the confidences and secrets of his client
even after the attorney-client relation is terminated.
Rule 21.01 A lawyer shall not reveal the confidences or secrets of his
client except:
1.
a.
b.
3.
c.
The same penalty shall be imposed upon an attorney at law or solicitor who,
having undertaken the defense of a client, or having received confidential
information from said client in a case, shall undertake the defense of the
opposing party in the same case, without the consent of his first client (Rule
209, RPC)
Exceptions:
1.
2.
client jumped bail and lawyer knows his whereabouts; or client is living
somewhere under an assumed name
3.
Rule 21.02 A lawyer shall not, to the disadvantage of his client, use
information acquired in the course of employment, nor shall he use the
same to his own advantage or that of a third person, unless the client with
full knowledge of the circumstances consents thereto.
Rule 21.03 A lawyer shall not, without the written consent of his client,
give information from his files to an outside agency seeking such
information for auditing, statistical, bookkeeping, accounting, data
processing, or any other similar purposes.
Rule 21.04 A lawyer may disclose the affairs of a client of the firm to
partners or associates thereof unless prohibited by the client.
Rule 21.05 A lawyer shall adopt such measures as may be required to
prevent those whose services are utilized by him, from disclosing or using
confidences or secrets of the client.
Rule 21.06 A lawyer shall avoid indiscreet conversation about a clients
affairs even with members of his family.
Rule 21.07 A lawyer shall not reveal that he has been consulted about a
particular case except to avoid possible conflict of interest.
CANON 22 A lawyer shall withdraw his services only for good cause and
upon notice appropriate in the circumstances.
Rule 22.01 A lawyer may withdraw his services in any of the following
cases:
1.
a.
b.
When the client insists that the lawyer pursue conduct violative of
3.
c.
When his inability to work with co-counsel will not promote the best
d.
e.
When the client deliberately fails to pay the fees for the services or
f.
7.
g.
Charging Lien
1. Nature
2. Basis
4. When
Lien takes
effect
5. Notice
In withdrawal as counsel for a client, an attorney may only retire from a case
either by written consent of his client or by permission of the court after due
notice and hearing, in which event the attorney should see to it that the name
grand his withdrawal and therefore must still appear on the date of hearing.
Requirements for the Substitution of Counsel in a Case:
1.
written application
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
Chapter III
The Lawyer and the Courts
CANON 10 A Lawyer owes candor, fairness and good faith to the court.
Rule 10.01 A lawyer shall not do any falsehood, nor consent to the doing of
any in court; nor shall he mislead or allow the court to be mislead by any
artifice.
Rule 10.02 A lawyer shall not knowingly misquote or misrepresent the
contents of the paper, the language or the argument of opposing counsel, or
the text of a decision of authority, or knowingly cite as law a provision
1.
2.
3.
1.
stating in the Deed of Sale that property is free from all liens and
encumbrances when not so
2.
3.
falsifying a power of attorney and using it in collecting the money due to the
principal
4.
alleging in one pleading that the clients were mere lessees and in another
pleading that the same clients were owners
5.
6.
7.
8.
unsolicited appearances
9.
10. misquotation/misrepresentation
11. citing a repealed or amended provision
12. asserting a fact not proved
13. verbatim reproductions down to the last word and punctuation mark
14. slight typo mistake: not sufficient to place him in contempt
CANON 11 A lawyer shall observe and maintain the respect due to the
courts and to judicial officers and should insist on similar conduct by
others.
Rule 11.01 A lawyer shall appear in court properly attired.
Criticisms of courts must not spill the walls of decency. There is a wide
difference between fair criticism and abuse and slander of courts and judges.
Intemperate and unfair criticism is a gross violation of the duty to respect the
courts. It amounts to misconduct which subjects the lawyer to disciplinary
action.
A mere disclaimer of any intentional disrespect by appellant is not a ground for
exoneration. His intent must be determined by a fair interpretation of the
languages employed by him. He cannot escape responsibility by claiming that
his words did not mean what any reader must have understood them to mean.
Lawyer can demand that the misbehavior of a judge be put on record.
CANON 12 A lawyer shall exert every effort and consider it his duty to
assist in the speedy and efficient administration of justice.
Rule 12.01 A lawyer shall not appear for trial unless he has adequately
prepared himself with the law and the facts of his case, the evidence he
will adduce and the order of its preference. He should also be ready with
the original documents for comparison with the copies.
Newly hired counsel: must acquaint himself with all the antecedent
proceedings and processes that have transpired in the record prior to his
takeover.
If presenting documentary exhibits, he must be ready with the originals for the
purpose of comparison with copies thereof.
Rule 12.02 A lawyer shall not file multiple actions arising from the same
cause.
1.
2.
disposition (Benguet Electric Corp. vs. Flores, 287 SCRA 449, March 12, 1998).
The most important factor in determining the existence of forum-shopping is
the VEXATION caused the courts and party-litigants by a party who asks different
courts to rule on the same related causes, asking the same relief.
Forum shopping constitutes DIRECT CONTEMPT of court and may subject the
offending lawyer to disciplinary action.
Rule 12.03 A lawyer shall not, after obtaining extensions of time to file
pleadings, memoranda or briefs, let the period lapse without submitting the
same or offering an explanation for his failure to do so.
Rule 12.04 A lawyer shall not unduly delay a case, impede the execution
of a judgment or misuse court processes.
Rule 12.05 A lawyer shall refrain from talking to his witness during a break
or recess in the trial, while the witness is still under examination.
Rule 12.06 A lawyer shall not knowingly assist a witness to misrepresent
himself or to impersonate another.
Rule 12.07 A lawyer shall not abuse, browbeat or harass a witness nor
needlessly inconvenience him.
Rights and obligations of a witness a witness must answer questions,
although his answer may tend to establish a claim against him. However, it is
the right of a witness:
1.
2.
3.
4.
not to give any answer which will tend to subject him to a penalty for an
offense unless otherwise provided by law, or
5.
nor to give answer which will tend to degrade his reputation, unless it be to
the very fact at issue or to a fact from which the fact in issue would be
presumed. But a witness must answer to the fact of his previous final conviction
for an offense. (Rule 132, Sec. 3, RRC)
Rule 12.08 A lawyer shall avoid testifying in behalf of his client, except:
1.
a.
b.
ends of justice, in which event he must, during his testimony, entrust the
trial of the case to another counsel.
CANON 13 A lawyer shall rely upon the merits of his cause and refrain from
any impropriety which tends to influence, or gives the appearance of
influencing the court.
Rule 13.01 A lawyer shall not extend extraordinary attention or hospitality
to, nor seek opportunity for, cultivating familiarity with judges.
Rule 13.02 A lawyer shall not make public statements in the media
regarding a pending case tending to arouse public opinion for or against a
party.
Rule 13.03 A lawyer shall not brook or invite interference by another
branch or agency of the government in the normal course of judicial
proceedings.
The judge has the corresponding duty not to convey or permit others to convey
the impression that they are in a special position to influence the judge.
Discussing cases with the judge privately should be avoided.
Test when public statement is contemptuous: The character of the act done
and its direct tendency to prevent and obstruct the discharge of official duty.
To warrant a finding of prejudicial publicity, there must be an allegation and
proof that the judges have been unduly influenced, not simply that they might
Chapter II
The Lawyer and the Legal Profession
CANON 7 A lawyer shall at all times uphold the integrity and dignity of the
legal profession, and support the activities of the integrated bar.
Rule 7.01 A lawyer shall be answerable for knowingly making false
statements or suppressing a material fact, in connection with his application
for admission to the bar.
Rule 7.02 A lawyer shall not support application for admission to the bar
by any person known to him or be unqualified in respect to character,
education, or other relevant attribute.
Rule 7.03 A lawyer shall not engage in conduct that adversely reflects on
his fitness to practice law, nor should he, whether in public or private life,
behave in a scandalous manner to the discredit of the legal profession.
A lawyer must at all times conduct himself properly as not to put into question
CANON 8 A lawyer shall conduct himself with courtesy, fairness and candor
towards his professional colleagues, and shall avoid harassing tactics against
opposing counsel.
Rule 8.01 A lawyer shall not, in his professional dealings, use language
which is abusive, offensive or otherwise improper.
Rule 8.02 A lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, encroach upon the
professional employment of another lawyer; however, it is the right of any
lawyer without fear or favor, to give proper advice and assistance to those
seeking relief against unfaithful or neglectful counsel.
It is the duty of a lawyer to inform the SC or the IBP of such malpractice to the
administering justice.
Want of intention: not an excuse for the disrespectful language used. It merely
extenuates liability.
Rule 9.01 A lawyer shall not delegate to any unqualified person the
performance of any task which by law may only be performed by a member
of the bar in good standing.
Rule 9.02 A lawyer shall not divide or stipulate to divide a fee for legal
services with persons not licensed to practice law, except:
1.
a.
that , upon the latters death, money shall be paid over a reasonable period
of time to his estate or to the persons specified in the agreement; or
2.
b.
deceased lawyer; or
3.
c.
sharing arrangements.
Lawyer shall not negotiate with the opposite party who is represented by a
counsel. Neither should lawyer attempt to interview the opposite party and
question him as to the facts of the case even if the adverse party is willing to do
so.
Lawyer should deal only with counsel, even if theres a fair agreement.
Lawyer may however interview any witness or prospective witness for the
1.
is not a lawyer
2.
is disbarred
3.
4.
qualified person.
LEGAL ETHICS is a branch of moral science, which treats of the duties which
an attorney owes to the court, to the client, to his colleagues in the profession
and to the public as embodied in the Constitution, Rules of Court, the Code of
Professional Responsibility, Canons of Professional Ethics, jurisprudence, moral
laws and special laws.
Original Bases of Legal Ethics:
1.
2.
3.
Statistics
4.
Constitution
5.
admission to the practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to
the under privileged.
The Supreme Court acts through a Bar Examination Committee in the Exercise
of his judicial function to admit candidates to the legal profession.
The Bar Examination Committee:
Composed of (1) member of the Supreme Court who acts as Chairman and eight (8)
members of the bar.
The 8 members act as examiners for the 8 bar subjects with one subject assigned to
each.
The Bar Confidant acts as a sort of liason officer between the court and the Bar
Chairman on the other hand, and the individual members of the committee on the
other. He is at the same time a deputy clerk of court.
Practice of Law
The practice of law is a privilege granted only to those who possess the STRICT
INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL QUALIFICATIONS required of lawyers who are
instruments in the effective and efficient administration of justice. (In Re:
Argosino, 1997).
Requirements for admission to the Bar:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Philippine resident
5.
2.
no charges against him, involving moral turpitude, have been filed or are
pending in any court in the Philippines.
2.
1.
civil law
2.
commercial law
3.
remedial law
4.
5.
6.
political law
7.
8.
medial jurisprudence
9.
taxation
10.
legal ethics
Cases before the MTC: Party to the litigation, in person OR through an agent or
friend or appointed by him for that purpose (Sec. 34, Rule 138, RRC)
2.
3.
Criminal case before the MTC in a locality where a duly licensed member of the Bar is
not available: the judge may appoint a non-lawyer who is:
1.
2.
of good repute for probity and ability to aid the accused in his defense (Rule
116, Sec. 7, RRC).
4.
Legal Aid Program A senior law student, who is enrolled in a recognized law schools
clinical education program approved by the supreme Court may appear before any court
without compensation, to represent indigent clients, accepted by the Legal Clinic of the
law school. The student shall be under the direct supervision and control of an IBP
member duly accredited by the law school.
5.
Under the Labor code, non-lawyers may appear before the NLRC or any Labor Arbiter,
if
1.
2.
6.
Under the Cadastral Act, a non-lawyer can represent a claimant before the Cadastral
Court (Act no. 2259, Sec. 9).
Public Officials who cannot engage in the private practice of Law in the
Philippines:
1.
Judges and other officials as employees of the Supreme Court (Rule 148, Sec. 35,
RRC).
2.
3.
4.
President, Vice-President, members of the cabinet, their deputies and assistants (Art.
VIII Sec. 15, 1987 Constitution).
5.
6.
Ombudsman and his deputies (Art. IX, Sec. 8 (2nd par), 1987 Constitution)
7.
All governors, city and municipal mayors (R.A. No. 7160, Sec. 90).
8.
1.
counsel before any court of justice as before the Electoral Tribunals, as quasi-judicial
and other administration bodies (Art. VI, Sec. 14, 1987 Constitution).
2.
Under the Local Government Code (RA 7160, Sec. 91)Sanggunian members may
practice their professions provided that if they are members of the Bar, they shall not:
1.
appear as counsel before any court in any civil case wherein a local
government unit or any office, agency, or instrumentality of the government is
the adverse party;
2.
3.
collect any fee for their appearance in administrative proceedings involving the
local government unit of which he is an official;
4.
use property and personnel of the government except when the Sanggunian
member concerned is defending the interest of the government.
3.
Under RA 910, Sec. 1, as amended, a retired justice or judge receiving pension from
the government, cannot act as counsel in any civil case in which the Government, or
any of its subdivision or agencies is the adverse party or in a criminal case wherein an
officer or employee of the Government is accused of an offense in relation to his office.
Attorneys Oath:
I, __________________, do solemnly swear that I will maintain
allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines; I will support its constitution
and obey the laws as well as the legal orders of the duly constituted
authorities therein; I will do no falsehood, nor consent to the doing of any in
court; I will not willingly nor wittingly promote or sue any groundless, false or
unlawful suit, or give aid nor consent to the same; I will delay no man for
money or malice, and will conduct myself as a lawyer according to the best of
my knowledge and discretion, with all good fidelity as well to the court as to
my clients; and I impose upon myself this voluntary obligations without any
mental reservation or purpose of evasion. So help me God. (Form 28, RRC)
Nature of Lawyers Oath
The lawyers oath is not mere facile words, drift and hollow, but a sacred trust that
must be upheld and kept inviolable. (Sebastian vs. Calis, 1999)
It is NOT a mere ceremony or formality for practicing law. Every lawyer should at all
times weigh his actions according to the sworn promises he made when taking the
lawyers oath. (In Re: Argosino, 1997, In Re: Arthur M. Cuevas, 1998).
Duties of Attorneys:
1.
2.
to observe and maintain the respect due to the courts of justice and judicial officers;
3.
to counsel or maintain such actions or proceedings only as appear to him as just, and
such defenses only as he believes to be honestly debatable under the laws;
4.
to employ, for the purpose of maintaining the causes confided to him, such means only
as are consistent with truth and honor, and never seek to mislead the judge or any
judicial officer by an artifice or false statement of fact or law;
5.
to maintain inviolate the confidence, and at every peril to himself, to preserve the
secrets of his client, and to accept no compensation in connection with his clients
business except from him or with his knowledge and approval;
6.
to abstain from all offensive personality and to advance no fact prejudicial to the
honor or reputation of a party or witness, unless required by the justice of the cause
with which he is charged;
7.
8.
never to reject, for any consideration personal to himself, the cause of the
defenseless or oppressed;
9.
in the defense of a person accused of a crime, by all fair and honorable means,
regardless of his personal opinion as to the guilt of the accused, to present every
defense that the law permits, to the end that no person may be deprived of life or
liberty, but by due process of law.
Conviction for crimes involving moral turpitude a number of lawyers have been
suspended or disbarred for conviction of crimes involving moral turpitude such as:
1.
estafa
2.
bribery
3.
murder
4.
seduction
5.
abduction
6.
smuggling
7.
Morality as understood in law - This is a human standard based on natural moral law
which is embodied in mans conscience and which guides him to do good and avoid evil.
Moral Turpitude: any thing that is done contrary to justice, honesty, modesty or good
morals.
Immoral Conduct: that conduct which is willful, flagrant, or shameless and which
shows a moral indifference to the opinion of the good and respectable members of the
community (Arciga vs. Maniwag, 106 SCRA 591).
Grossly Immoral Conduct: One that is so corrupt and false as to constitute a criminal
act or so unprincipled or disgraceful as to be reprehensible to a high degree; it is a
WILLFUL, FLAGRANT or SHAMELESS ACT which shows a MORAL INDIFFERENCE to the
opinion of respectable members of the community. (Narag vs. Narag, 1998)
Rule 1.02 A lawyer shall not counsel or abet activities aimed at defiance of
the law or at lessening confidence in the legal system.
Rule 1.03 A lawyer shall not, for any corrupt motive or interest, encourage
any suit or proceeding or delay any mans cause.
Rule 1.04 A lawyer shall encourage his clients to avoid, end or settle the
controversy if it will admit of a fair settlement.
If a lawyer finds that his clients cause is defenseless, it is his burden/duty to advise
the latter to acquiesce and submit, rather than traverse the incontrovertible.
Should not be an instigator of controversy but a mediator for concord and conciliator
for compromise.
The law violated need not be a penal law. Moral Turpitude everything which is
done contrary to justice, honesty, modesty or good morals.
Give advice tending to impress upon the client and his undertaking exact compliance
with the strictest principles of moral law.
Until a statute shall have been construed and interpreted by competent adjudication,
he is free and is entitled to advise as to its validity and as to what he conscientiously
believes to be its just meaning and extent.
A lawyer has the obligation not to encourage suits. This is so as to prevent barratry
and ambulance chasing.
Barratry offense of frequently exciting and stirring up quarrels and suits, either at
law or otherwise; Lawyers act of fomenting suits among individuals and offering his
legal services to one of them.
Ambulance Chasing Act of chasing victims of accidents for the purpose of talking to
the said victims (or relatives) and offering his legal services for the filing of a case
against the person(s) who caused the accident(s).
Rule 2.03 a lawyer shall not do or permit to be done any act designed
primarily to solicit legal business.
1.
duty of service, of which the emolument is a by product, and in which one may attain
the highest eminence without making such money;
2.
3.
4.
Rule on Advertisements
Lawyers may not advertise their services or expertise nor should not resort to
indirect advertisements for professional employment, such as furnishing or
inspiring newspaper comments, or procuring his photograph to be published in
connection with causes in which the lawyer has been engaged or concerning
the manner of their conduct, the magnitude of the interest involved, the
importance of the lawyers position, and all other self-laudation.
1.
Reputable law lists, in a manner consistent with the standards of conduct imposed by
the canons, of brief biographical and informative data, are allowed.
2.
Ordinary simple professional Card. It may contain only a statement of his name, the
name of the law firm which he is connected with, address, telephone number and the
special branch of law practiced.
3.
4.
5.
Rule 2.04 A lawyer shall not charge rates lower than those customarily or
prescribed, unless circumstances so warrant.
A lawyer cannot delay the approval of a compromise agreement entered into between
parties, just because his attorneys fees were not provided for in the agreement.
Rule: A lawyer cannot compromise the case without clients consent (special
authority). Exception: Lawyer has exclusive management of the procedural aspect of
the litigation (e.g. Submission for decision on the evidence so far presented. But in case
where lawyer is confronted with an emergency and prompt/urgent action is necessary
to protect clients interest and theres no opportunity for consultation, the lawyer may
compromise.
Rule: Refrain from charging rates lower than the customary rates.
Violation of Rule 3.01 is unethical, whether done by him personally or through another
with his permission.
Death of a partner does not extinguish attorney-client relationship with the law firm.
Third, he owes it to the lay public to make the law a part of their social consciousness.
Public Officials include elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent
or temporary, whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police
personnel, whether or not they receive compensation, regardless of amount. (Sec. 3
(b), RA 6713).
The law requires the observance of the following norms of conduct by every public
official in the discharge and execution of their official duties:
1.
2.
professionalism
3.
4.
political neutrality
5.
6.
7.
commitment to democracy
8.
1.
retirement
2.
resignation
3.
4.
dismissal
5.
abandonment
These prohibitions shall continue to apply for a period of one (1) year after
resignation, retirement, or separation from public office, except in the case of
subparagraph (b) (2) above, but the professional concerned cannot practice his
profession in connection with any matter before the office he used to be with,
in which case the one year prohibition shall likewise apply.
Lawyers in the government service are prohibited to engage in the private practice of
their profession unless authorized by the constitution or law, provided that such
practice will not conflict or tend to conflict with their official functions.
Misconduct in office as a public official may be a ground for disciplinary action (if of
such character as to affect his qualification as lawyer or to show moral delinquency).
The OSG is not authorized to represent a public official at any state of a criminal case.