Applied Mathematics and Computation 219 (2012) 10311039

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Applied Mathematics and Computation

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Hybrid spline difference method for the Burgers equation

Chi-Chang Wang a,, Wu-Jung Liao a, Yin-Sung Hsu b
a
b

Ph.D. Program of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Feng Chia University, No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan, ROC
Ph.D. Program in Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Feng Chia University, No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan, ROC

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Keywords:
Hybrid spline difference method
Burgers equation
Parametric spline
Finite difference method
High accuracy

a b s t r a c t
This study developed a high accuracy hybrid spline difference method, and deduced a difference equation that is very similar to nite difference method from the concept of spline
difference. As validated by nonlinear Burgers equation, the concept of difference made the
computational process as simple as the nite difference method, and easy to be implemented. The free parameters a ! 1=12 and a ! 1=6 were combined in the concept of
spline hybrid, in order to increase the accuracy of the rst and second derivatives of space
2
4
from Oh of nite difference method to the Oh . The accuracy was improved, and the
numerical oscillation with the increase in parameter Re was improved greatly.
2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In order to describe the behavioral model of uid, previous studies have proposed the Burgers equation that is similar to
hydrokinetic NavierStokes equation in the early 19th century. The one-dimensional mathematical general equation is
shown below (Kemal and Turgut [1]):

@u
@u
@2u
u
v 2
@t
@x
@x

where ux; t is the velocity for space x and time t, v is the kinematics viscosity parameter related to the parameter Re (=1/v).
Burgers equation has been extensively used in uid turbulence problem, aerodynamics, heat conduction problem, elasticity
problem, concentration diffusion and as the mathematical model of modern trafc ow dynamics solving. Although this
equation is simple, its solving difculty grows as the Parameter Re increases. Thus, there is a general solution only in special
boundary conditions.
As Burgers equation is in simple form and difcult to be solved, many numerical methods, such as Wavelet-Taylor
Galerkin method, hybrid method, cubic B-splines, homotopy perturbation method, semi-implicit nite difference schemes
and reproducing kernel function [27] use this equation as the test object of numerical values. Reviewing these numerical
methods, it is found that different solving modes have different advantages and characteristics, such as rapid convergence,
high accuracy, efcient processing of transient term, and easy processing of nonlinear equation. In addition, the small
viscosity parameter solving of this equation often results in numerical oscillation. The upwind techniques (Volkwein [8])
are usually used to avoid instability of values, but the accuracy of values is sometimes reduced slightly.
Although different numerical methods have their own advantages, the nite difference method is still the most extensively used method at present due to its simple concept and easy practice. However, the function discontinuity and inaccurate of this method are the shortcoming. Therefore, the spline function with smooth continuity and higher numerical

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: chicwang@fcu.edu.tw (C.-C. Wang).
0096-3003/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2012.07.007

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C.-C. Wang et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 219 (2012) 10311039

Nomenclature
h
Nt
Ni
Oh
p
R
Re
S
t
u
x
z

interval dened as xi  xi1

number of grid points of time
number of grid points of space
truncation error of spatial term
unknown coefcient
residual value of grid point (xi )
parameter, 1=v
base function of spline
time
unknown function on x1 ; xN1 
axial
location of transition layer

Greek symbols
a
parameter, a x cscx  1=x2
b
parameter, b 1  x cotx=x2
e
constant
c; x
free parameter
s
undetermined parameter
m
kinematics viscosity parameter
Superscript
n
serial number of calculation grid point of time
Subscript
i
serial number of calculation grid point of space

accuracy than nite difference method has been proposed to reinforce the nite difference method. For the earlier cubic
spline (Wang and Kahawita [9]), if the grid points are uniform, the rst derivative and second derivative have fourth-order
and second-order accuracy respectively, so the spline value solving has been concerned and applied. In recent years, there
have been many studies developed from spline theory, such as high-accuracy cubic spline collocation method [10], quartic
spline method [11], residual correction method [12] and parameter spline method [13,14] etc.
The spline method is characterized by high accuracy. The parameter spline has been well evaluated in some special heat
problems such as hyperbolic heat problem [13,14]; however, the calculation procedure of this method is too complicated
and how to determine the optimum parameter is not yet solved. Therefore, based on the spline difference concept proposed
by Wang and Lee [13,15], this paper uses Burgers equation for discussion, besides expressing the function and its derivative
as adjacent splines in the concept of spline difference similar to the discrete mode of nite difference, to construct a simple
spline difference calculation procedure. This study develops the skill of hybrid spline, so as to make the rst-order and sec4
ond-order numerical derivative accuracies reach Oh at the same time.
2. Hybrid spline difference method
2.1. Origin of parametric spline
In studies of numerical methods, it is often found that the effect of using a single polynomial to approximate to a function
is unsatisfactory. In order to make improvement, the region of function can be divided into multiple subregions, and each
subregion is expressed by simple fundamental functional equations such as polynomial. However, how to solve the
continuity of the functions at the subregion junctures and their derivatives to make them at these subregion junctures
and multi-order derivatives continuously smooth is the direction of research on spline function. The traditional cubic
spline function was mostly assumed to be a simple cubic polynomial in early stages (Wang and Kahawita [9]), and its
curvature must be linear relationship after second differentiation, its expression is:

s00i x  s00i1 s00i  s00i x

;
x  xi1
xi  x

x 2 xi1 ; xi 

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C.-C. Wang et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 219 (2012) 10311039

where si1 x and si x are the cubic spline approximation curves in the interval xi2 ; xi1  and xi1 ; xi  respectively, and s00i1
and s00i are the second order derivatives on the calculation grid point i-1 and i respectively. In recent years, in order to improve
the accuracy of values, some studies [13,14] have added an undetermined parameter in traditional spline, and assumed the
relationship of second differentiation to be






 xi  x

 x  xi1
u00i xi ; c sui xi ; c
;
u00i x; c sui x; c u00i xi1 ; c sui xi1 ; c
hi
hi

x 2 xi1 ; xi 

where s is the undetermined parameter, c P 0 is a free parameter; x 2 xi1 ; xi  and xi are discrete grid points in computation
space x0 ; xN ; the spacing h is dened as xi  xi1 , and ui x; c is the unknown function dened in x1 ; xN1 . Make Eq. (3)
integral, and the integration constant is determined by the endpoint relationships si xi1 ui1 and si xi ui to obtain

.
2
ui x; c zui zui1 hi gzu00i gzu00i1 x2

p
where x h c; z x  xi =h; z 1  z; gz z  sinxz= sin x and u00i u00i xi are second differential values of endpoints. The subscript i in Eq. (4) is replaced by i + 1, the ui1 x; c can be obtained, and then the following fundamental relation of parameter spline function can be deduced from the functions ui x; c and ui1 x; c meeting the continuity condition of
the rst and second derivatives at the intersection point.

ui1  ui1 ahu00i1  u00i1


2h
2
ab
0
0
0
aui1 2bui aui1
ui1  ui1
h
1
au00i1 2bu00i au00i1 2 ui1  2ui ui1
h
u0i

5:1
5:2
5:3

where a x cscx  1=x2 ; b 1  x cotx=x2 .

3. Introduction of concept of spline difference
In the past, the differential equation solution often uses spline for solution in relational expression (5). however, the functions and derivatives must be obtained by solving recurrence relation (5). The process is complicated, and it is different from
traditional nite difference. Therefore, in order to simplify traditional spline calculation, the approximate function of differential equation is assumed to be composed of multiple different parameter splines Sx  xi =h; c, the form is

ux; c

N1
X
i1

pi S

x  x

i
;c
h

where S is the fundamental function of spline, the unknown coefcient pi is the value of spline at grid point i. The above
equation is substituted in relationship (5) for solving, fortunately, the discrete relationship of spline at the grid point can
be obtained

ui api1 2bpi api1

p  pi1
u0i i1
2h
pi1  2pi pi1
00
ui
2
h

7
8
9

Interestingly, in the above equation, in addition to the functions consisting of adjacent parameter splines, and the discrete
mode of the rst and second differentials of function u is similar to traditional nite difference method. Therefore, the dif

ferential equation can be dissociated by Eq.(7) into equation set expressed as pi1 ; pi ; pi1 , the discrete mode, calculation
procedure and differential solving mode are very similar to nite difference, and the complicated calculation of traditional
spline is avoided completely. Therefore, this solving concept is called parameter spline difference method in this paper.
4. Truncation error analysis
If the function ux is the correct solution of differential equation, its Taylor series at xi can be expressed as

uxi  h 

k
1
X
hk d uxi
eDh uxi
dx
k!
k0

where Di ux ui x. The above equation is substituted in Eqs. (5.2) and (5.3), and eDh is developed to obtain

10

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C.-C. Wang et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 219 (2012) 10311039

u0i
u00i

ab
h

eDh  eDh
a b720D1 120h D3 6h D5   
uxi
uxi
2
4
Dh
2b ae
720a bD0 360ah D2 30ah D4   

9:1

eDh

eDh  2 eDh
360D2 30h D4 h D6   
uxi
uxi
2
4
Dh
Dh
h ae 2b ae
720a bD0 360ah D2 30ah D4   
1

9:2

The truncation errors of the rst and second derivatives of approximate function can be expressed as



1
2
4
u0i  u0 xi e  1u0 xi e
 a h u3 xi Oh
6e


1
2
4
 ea h u4 xi Oh
u00i  u00 xi e  1u00 xi e
12
where

10:1
10:2

e 1=2a 2b. According to the above equation, there is better accuracy when a b 1=2, and
2

1. If a 1=12 and a 1=6, the accuracy of the rst and second derivatives of approximate function is Oh , the nite difference method using fa; bg ! f0; 1=2g is the most famous one among this type of numerical methods;
4
2
2. If a 1=6, the accuracy of the rst and second derivatives of approximate function is Oh and Oh respectively, this
type of numerical method is the common cubic spline method;
2
4
3. If a 1=12, the accuracy of the rst and second derivatives of approximate function is Oh and Oh respectively, as the
4
accuracy of the second derivative is similar to Oh of quartic spline method [11], it is very applicable to equations without rst derivative term.
Although different parameters have different characteristics and numerical accuracy, the parameters fa; bg are difcult to be
determined in practical equation solving. Therefore, the concept of hybrid spline will be adopted in the next section, so as to
4
make the rst and second derivatives of approximate function reach the accuracy of Oh at the same time.
5. Concept of hybrid spline
The direction of parameter selection can be known from the above simple derivation, but it seems that the truncation
2
error of h is eliminated only in special cases. Furthermore, in practical physical problems, the coefcients of the rst and
second differential terms of differential equation are usually variables. Therefore, how to determine the values of parameters
is always a trouble. This paper attempts to propose a concept of hybrid spline out of the original parameter spline thought to
solve this problem.
Carefully, observe Eqs. (10.1) and (10.2) that if a 1=12, the accuracy of the rst and second derivatives of approximate

 2
2
4
function is Oh and Oh respectively. In order to improve the accuracy, if the e 61e  a h u3 xi on the right of equal sign in
Eq. (10.1) is moved to the left of the equal sign as the correction term, the accuracy of the rst derivative of approximate
4
function will increase to the same accuracy Oh of the second derivative. Therefore, the discrete relationships of space
and time with the concept of hybrid spline can be redened as

pni1 10pni pni1

12
pni1  pni1
n
n
ux i
 Du0 i
2h
uni

uxx ni

ut ni

pni1  2pni pni1

h

 n1

n
p
10pn1
pn1
un1
 uni
i
i1 =12  ui
i
i1
Dt
Dt

11:1
11:2

11:3

11:4

where i and n are serial numbers of calculation grid point of space and time, respectively. Du0 ni is the discrete expression of

 2
correction term e 61e  a h uxxx t n ; xi , the boundary and internal grid point can be dissociated as:

8
3uxx ni 4uxx ni1 uxx ni2 h
>
>
; i0
>
24
>
2
<
h
0 n
uxx ni1 uxx ni1 h

Du i
uxxx tn ; xi
; i 1; 2; . . . ; N  1 at t t n
24
>
12
>
>
>
: 3uxx ni 4uxx ni1 uxx ni2 h ; i N
24

11:5

Based on the concept of hybrid parameter, the advantages of a; b ! 1=12; 5=12 and a; b ! 1=6; 1=3 can be possessed
4
at the same time, so the accuracy of the rst differential term and the second differential term can be increased to Oh at
0 n
the same time. The only defect is that the Du i must be obtained from last result, so the calculation shall be iterated to convergence. However, as the correction term is very small, the convergence is very fast. In addition, the iterative procedure is

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C.-C. Wang et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 219 (2012) 10311039

originally unavoidable in nonlinear problems, so the calculation of Du0 ni can be processed simultaneously in the course of
nonlinear iteration.
6. Numerical results and discussion
The computing modes and accuracies of nite difference method and different spline methods are compared in Table 1.
As seen, the spline difference method proposed in this paper simplies the calculation procedure of traditional spline greatly,
and the concept of difference is very close to the nite difference method. Furthermore, the values of optimum parameters
a; b do not need to be determined if the concept of hybrid spline is added, the overall spatial accuracy of numerical solution
4
will be Oh .
According to Table 1, the hybrid spline relationship of Eq. (11) dissociates the Burgers equation of Eq. (1) in the way similar to the discrete mode of nite difference method [16]
n1
n
apn1
apn1
i1 2bpi
i1  ui

Dt
n1
pn1
1 pn1
i1  2pi
i1

2
Re
h

n1
pn1
i1  pi1
 Du0ni
2h

uni

!
n
n1
n
ux ni apn1
apn1
i1 2bpi
i1  ui ux i

!
for 0 6 i 6 N

12:1

The initial and boundary conditions:

ap0i1 2bp0i ap0i1 f x for 0 6 i 6 N

n1
apn1
apn1
c1 for i 0
1 2bp0
1
n1
n1
n1
apN1 2bpN apN1 c2 for i N

12:2
12:3
12:4

where f x is the function of x; c1 and c2 are constants; i and n are serial number of calculation grid point of space and time,
respectively. And N is the calculated number of grid points, a and b are randomly selected spline parameters, meeting the
relations of 0 6 a 6 1=2 and b 1=2  a. Eq. (12.1) is changed to tridiagonal matrix for solving, the form is shown below:

a
Dt

!
!
!
uni
1
2b
2
a uni
1
n
n
n1
n1
p
p
pn1


aux ni 

2b
u

x
x
i
i
i1
i
i1
2
2
2
2h
Dt
Dt 2h
Re h
Re h
Re h

uni
n
Du0 i uni ux ni uni for 0 6 i 6 N
Dt

13

n1
n1
(12.3) and (12.4) are substituted in the above equation and pn1
can be
1 and pN1 are removed, and then the unknown pi
obtained by Thomas Algorithm [17]. Thus, the function uni on computational grid point and its differential term within second order can be obtained quickly from Eq. (11).

Example 1. In order to evaluate whether the hybrid spline difference method is applicable to Burgers equation, this paper
considers 1-D steady-state Burgers equation having a general solution (Xiu and Karniadakis [18])

ux A tanh


A
x  zex ;
2v

1 < x 6 0

14:1

The boundary conditions are:

u0 0;

u1 A

14:2

Table 1
Computing mode and accuracy of different numerical methods.a
Item

Traditional spline method

Proposed method

Cubic spline [9]

a; b ! 1=6; 1=3

Parametric spline different method

0 6 a 6 1=2, b 1=2  a

Hybrid spline
different method
pi1 10pi pi1
12
pi1 pi1
 Du0i
2h

Parametric spline [14]

a; b ! 1=12; 5=12

ui

au0i1 2bu0i au0i1 ab

ui1  ui1 a
h

api1 2bpi api1

u0i

ui1 ui1
2h

pi1 pi1
2h

u00i

ui1 2ui ui1

2
h
2

ahu00i1 u00i1
ui1 ui1

2
2h
u00i1 2bu00i u00i1

First differential
accuracy
Second
differential
accuracy
a

Finite difference
a; b ! 0; 1=2

Oh
2

Oh

1
2
h

ui1  2ui ui1 a

Oh

Oh

Oh
Oh

pi1 2pi pi1

2
h
2

Oh  Oh

Oh  Oh

A recurrence relation, cannot be expressed directly by adjacent spline function.

pi1 2pi pi1

2
h
4

Oh

Oh

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C.-C. Wang et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 219 (2012) 10311039

Let A 1; zex and A @u=@xjxzex are the location of transition layer and the slope of the location of uzex 0 respectively. In
terms of physical signicance, the transition layer is between the laminar and turbulent, zex is set as 0 in this paper, meaning
that the uid in the x 2 1; 0 interval is turbulent. When x ! 1, the velocity reaches u1 resulting in velocity uctuation, so this paper uses 99% of free stream velocity u1 as the x value of boundary conditions of equation.
This paper uses nite difference method, cubic spline difference method, parameter spline difference method and the hybrid spline difference method proposed in this paper to solve the mean error of Parameter Re 10 and Re 3000 respectively. The difference among the solution methods is that when the nite difference method, cubic spline difference
method and parameter spline difference method are used, Eq. (13) neglects Du0i , and the corresponding parameters are
a ! 0; a ! 1=6 and a ! 1=12 respectively. The hybrid spline difference method proposed in this paper lets a ! 1=12 in
Eq. (13), and considers the hybrid correction effect of Du0i . According to Tables 2 and 3, the descending order of numerical
solution accuracies of the above four methods are: hybrid spline difference method, cubic spline difference method, parameter spline difference method and nite difference method. In addition, according to Tables 2 and 3, the hybrid spline difference method not only has high accuracy, but also the best convergence. This is because of the hybrid spline difference
method has the calculation of Eq. (11.2). The accuracy of the rst differential term and the second differential term can
4
be increased to Oh at the same time.

Table 2
If Re 10, mean error analysis of approximate solution in Example 1 x 2 1; 0.
Grids
(N)

Finite difference
a; b ! 0; 1=2

10
20
40
80
100

1.196E2
2.895E3
7.185E4
1.792E4
1.147E4
P uni uexact xi
meanerror N
.
i0
N

Cubic spline
a; b ! 1=6; 1=3

Parameter spline
a; b ! 1=12; 5=12

Proposed method Hybrid

spline

2.543E3
6.891E4
1.772E4
4.458E5
2.856E5

5.537E3
1.327E3
3.28E4
8.174E5
5.228E5

6.894E4
4.494E5
2.798E6
1.308E7
3.201E8

Table 3
If Re 3000, mean error analysis of approximate solution in Example 1 x 2 3:5E  3; 0.
Grids
(N)

Finite difference
a; b ! 0; 1=2

Cubic spline
a; b ! 1=6; 1=3

Parameter spline
a; b ! 1=12; 5=12

Proposed method Hybrid

spline

10
20
40
80
100

1.263E2
3.051E3
7.564E4
1.887E4
1.207E4

2.649E3
7.204E4
1.864E4
4.697E5
3.011E5

5.868E3
1.401E3
3.461E4
8.623E5
5.514E5

7.965E4
5.182E5
3.246E6
1.589E7
4.183E8

Fig. 1. Numerical solution oscillation of different numerical methods in Example 1 (Re 3000, N = 5 and x 2 3:5E  3; 0).

C.-C. Wang et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 219 (2012) 10311039

1037

According to previous studies, the numerical solution of Burgers equation is likely to have oscillation as the Parameter Re
increases. Therefore, if Re 3000, Figs. 1 and 2 show the numerical solution oscillation when number of grid points N = 5 and
N = 10 respectively. It is observed that the oscillation amplitude of numerical solution of any numerical method declines as
the number of grid points increases. In addition, according to the oscillation amplitude in Fig. 1, the cubic spline method has
the minimum oscillation, and then the hybrid spline difference method proposed in this paper. However, in terms of overall
accuracy, as seen in Table 3 and Fig. 2, the hybrid spline difference method is still the best. Therefore, the hybrid spline difference method proposed in this paper not only improves the numerical accuracy, but also reduces the numerical oscillation.
Finally, as for the selection of optimum parameter a, Tables 2 and 3 show the numerical accuracy of several common special parameters, and Figs. 3 and 4 show the solution error with and without the concept of hybrid spline varying with parameter a. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, the different Parameter Re and number of grid points of parameter spline difference method
without hybrid spline affect the value of optimum parameter a. According to Tables 2 and 3, the numerical accuracy of cubic
spline method (i.e. a ! 1=6) is higher than that of parameter spline method (i.e. a ! 1=12). Therefore, improper selection of
parameter often makes the result of parameter spline method worse than the expected one. However, how to nd out the
optimum parameter before calculation is always a trouble. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, when a ! 1=12 is adopted to correct
the rst differential term of hybrid spline as proposed in this paper, the optimum parameter of numerical solution of hybrid
spline is nearby a ! 1=12. Therefore, the hybrid spline concept proposed in this paper is an effective method that overcoming the problem in selecting the optimal parameter and improving numerical accuracy.

Fig. 2. Numerical solution of different numerical methods in Example 1 (Re 3000, N = 10 and x 2 3:5E  3; 0).

Fig. 3. Variation of optimum parameter a of parameter spline difference method with and without concept of hybrid spline in Example 1
(N = 100, x 2 1; 0).

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C.-C. Wang et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 219 (2012) 10311039

Fig. 4. Variation of optimum parameter a inuenced by grids in Example 1(Re 3000 and x 2 3:5E  3; 0).

Example 2. Next, let us consider another Burgers equation whose analytic solution (Chrisite et al. [19]) is:

ut; x

a l l  aeg
1 eg

0 6 x 6 1;

t>0

15:1

Where g Re ax  lt  c; a; l and c are constant values, and assumed to be 0.4, 0.6 and 0.125 [4,20], respectively, in this
paper. Thus, the initial and boundary conditions of this Burgers equation will be:

u0; x

a l eRe axc l  a

for 0 6 x 6 1
1 eRe axc
ut; 0  1 and ut; 1  0:2 for t > 0

15:2
15:3

Fig. 5 compares the transient approximate solutions and analytic solutions of nite difference method and the method of
this paper when Re 250, N i 50, Dt 0:005 and x 2 0; 1. It is observed that at the time points of t 0:2; t 0:5 and
t 1:0, the hybrid spline difference method proposed in this paper effectively avoids the nite difference method having
large numerical oscillation where there is drastic velocity change. Secondly, Table 4 lists the mean error analysis of different
numerical methods when Re 10; N i 50 and t 2 0; 1. It is observed that the hybrid spline difference method proposed in
this paper not only has better convergence rate, but also results in better numerical accuracy than other methods at different
time-steps.

Fig. 5. Numerical solution oscillation of different numerical methods with time item in Example 2 (Re 250, N i 50, Dt 0:005 and x 2 0; 1).

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C.-C. Wang et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 219 (2012) 10311039
Table 4
If Re 10; Ni 50 and t 2 0; 1 mean error analysis of approximate solution in Example 2 x 2 0; 1.
Grids
(Dt)

Finite difference
a; b ! 0; 1=2

1E3
5E4
1E4
5E5
1E5

Cubic spline
a; b ! 1=6; 1=3

3.642E5
4.011E5
3.368E5
2.466E5
3.654E5
1.229E5
3.723E5
1.075E5
3.783E5
9.531E6
PNt PNi uni uexact tn ;xi
meanerror n0 i0
, where N t Dtt.
Nt N i

Parameter spline
a; b ! 1=12; 5=12

Proposed method Hybrid

spline

3.159E5
2.015E5
1.646E5
1.668E5
1.700E5

3.094E5
1.548E5
3.084E6
1.535E6
2.963E7

7. Conclusions
According to the validation of numerical values, the spline difference method proposed in this paper can simplify the calculation procedure of traditional spline theory. The differential discrete spirit is very similar to nite difference method. Secondly, the problem in determining the optimal spline parameter can be avoided by using the concept of hybrid spline. The
derivative accuracy within second order is obviously increased by two orders and the numerical oscillation is improved
greatly as compared with the nite difference method. Considering these advantages, the hybrid spline difference method
of this paper is a simple and very potential numerical method, and it may be a feasible alternative the users when applying
nite difference method in the future.
Acknowledgement
Thanks for the subsidy of the Outlay NSC 100-2628-E-035-009-MY2 given by National Science Council, the Republic of
China, to help us nish this special research successfully.
References
[1] Kemal Altiparmak, Turgut zis, Numerical solution of Burgers equation with factorized diagonal Pad approximation, International Journal of
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