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1 Show that the ultimate load for a strip footing under long-term conditions
1
using the two triangle failure surfaces shown in Fig. P12.1 is Pu B 2 N ,
2
2
2 tan tan 3
2sin 3
where N
1 tan 2 2 1 tan cos sin 3
Solution 12.1
P
B
WB
B
NB
TAB
TAB
NAB
WA
A
TA
TB
NA
Z
X
A N A tan
AB
Fx
N AB tan
0 : N AB N A sin 45 A cos 45 0
Putting equation (1) into (3) we get
(1)
(2)
(3)
N AB
NA
Fz 0 :
2
N A 1 tan
2
N AB
2 1 tan
AB WA N A cos 45 A sin 45 0
(4)
(5)
(6)
N AB tan WA
2
N A 1 tan
2
(7)
1 tan
WA
N AB tan
1 tan
1 tan
1
B2 1 tan
WA 1 tan
N AB
2
tan 2' 2tan' 1 tan 2' 2tan' 1
where WA
(8)
1 2
B
2
N AB
2
N B 1 tan
2
(9)
Similarly summing forces in the z direction for B, after substituting (9) and simplifying we get
1 2tan tan 2
N AB
= WB P
1 tan
WB
1
1 2
B and P B 2 N
2
2
(10)
(11)
2tan tan 2 3
2tan 3 6tan
B/2
d
dl
5m
Slope = 7/5
Radius = B
10 kPa
The answer will vary according to the assumed failure mechanism. The eccentricity could be to the right
(e) or left (-e) of the centerline.
Assume a circular failure plane and consider an element at a depth z. The undrained shear strength at this
depth is su = 7z/5 + 3
Now, consider an element d as shown in the figure above.
The arc length is dl = B d and z = B sin
The force on this arc length = su B d = (7z/5 +3) B d = (7B sin /5 +3) B d
Mo 0 :
/ 2
B
7
Pu e 2 Bsin 3 Bd B 0
2
0 5
/ 2
B
7
Pu e 2 Bcos 3 B2 0
2
5
0
(The 2 in the second term of the above equations comes from the fact we are integrating over a quadrant
and we have two quadrants.)
/ 2
/ 2
Pu
585.7
5
0.75
2
180.2kN or 334.7kN
12.3
Solution 12.3
P
1.5m
2.5m
r = 1.5m
3.5m
E
cut
= 450
C
Section B
45 45
2
Assuming a circular failure mode for the footing. We find that the circular failure surface intersects with
the failure plane of the cut.
Therefore, we can assume that the surface CE has no shearing resistance.
B/2
3.5m
su (CD)
B
su
Mo 0 :
B
s u ( B 1.178 ) B ( s u 1.061 cos 45 ) 3.5 0
2
2.5P 20( 5 1.178 ) 5 ( 20 1.061 cos 45 ) 3.5
1400
560 kN / m
2.5
su (CD) cos 45
12.4
Calculate the ultimate net bearing capacity of (a) a strip footing 2 m wide,
(b) a square footing 3 m 3 m, and (c) a circular footing 3 m in diameter.
All footings are located on the ground surface and the groundwater level is
at the ground surface. The soil is medium-dense coarse-grained with
sat = 17kN/m3 and p' = 30 from direct shear tests.
Solution 12.4
1
BN s , = 17 9.8 = 7.2 kN/ m 3
2
N 0.1054 exp (9.6' ) 16.06
qu
B B
B
0 (strip footing)
1 (square footing),
,
L L
L
s 0.6 (square or circular footing); s 1 (strip)
s 1 0.4
1
7.2 2 16.06 1 = 116 kPa
2
1
7.2 3 16.06 0.6 = 104 kPa
(b) q u (square)=
2
1
7.2 3 16.06 0.6 = 104 kPa
(c) q u (circular)=
2
(a) q u (strip)=
12.5
A strip footing, founded on dense sand ( 'p = 35 from direct shear tests.and
sat = 17kN/m3 ), is to be designed to support a vertical load of 400 kN per
meter length. Determine a suitable width for this footing for FS = 3. The
footing is located 1 m below the ground surface. The groundwater level is
10 m below the ground surface.
Solution 12.5
Assume B = 1.2m and the test data are from plane strain tests. Use Davis & Booker expression for N .
Using the spreadsheet with B =1.1 m
q u Df (N q 1) s q d q 0.5 B N s d
q u (17 1 32.3 11.23) (0.5 17 1.2 37.1 1 1) 1023kPa
400
363.6
1.11
1023
FS
3.0
363.6 17 1
12.6
Solution 12.6
Stiff clay
s u 100kPa, sat 20kN / m 3
q u 5.14s u sc d c
sc 1.2,d c 1.17
Position (1): D f 1.5m
qa
Position (2): Df 0
q u 617
206kPa
3
3
Comment on the use of the (su)p value for both the embedded and the surface footing.
The (su)p may not be the same. The value of su depends on the void ratio (or confining pressure).
The confining pressure changes with depth so su will change with depth. Also, soils tend to be
overconsolidated near the surface with the possibility that a tensile rather than a general failure
mode can occur.
qa
12.7
Solution 12.7
Clay
sat 18.5kN / m3 , su 55kPa , ' 8.7kN / m3 ,
TSA
Assume B =2 m
B
1.2
L
= 5.14 55 1.2 1.33 = 451 kPa
applied stress, = a
FS =
750
187.5 kPa
2 2
451
3
187.5 8.7 2
Use B =2 m
, dc 1.33
12.8
Repeat Exercise 12.7 with a moment of 250 kN.m about an axis parallel to
the length in addition to the vertical load.
Solution 12.8
Clay
sat 18.5kN / m3 , su 55kPa , ' 8.7kN / m3 ,
TSA
eB
250
0.33 m
750
Assume B = 2.8 m
max
750 6 0.33
1
164 kPa
2.8
2.82
TSA
qu 5.14 55 1.2 1.31 444 kPa
FS =
444
3
164 2 8.7
12.9
to be saturated.
Solution 12.9
Nq 33.3, Nq 1 32.3, N 37.13
iq 0.63 i 0.46, 18.5 9.8 8.7 kN/ m 3
ASD:
Vertical load = 500 cos (15) = 483 kN
Applied stress =
FS =
483
188.7 kPa
1.62
528
3
188.7 20.2
LRFD
Vertical load = 775 cos (15) = 748.6 kN
qult 528 20.2 548.2kPa
748.6
292.4 kPa < 438.6
1.62
kPa
The footing size is more than adequate for LRFD. You can use a smaller footing ( B =
1.2 m can be used)
12.10 The footing for a bridge pier is to be founded in sand, as shown in Fig.
P12.10. The clay layer is normally consolidated with Cc = 0.25. Determine
the factor of safety against bearing capacity failure and the total settlement
(elastic compression and primary consolidation) of the pier. The shear
strength parameters were obtained from direct simple shear tests.
Cc = 0.25
Solution 12.10
B = 3m, Df 5m B, GWL below B from base. No effect from GWL
q applied
12 103
400 kPa
3 10
Dense sand:
2.7 0.52
3
sat
9.8 20.8 kN m
1 0.52
20.8 9.8 11.0 kN m 3
Clay:
2.7 0.92
3
sat
9.8 18.5 kN m
1 0.92
qu 20.8 5 36.8 1.22 1.25 0.5 20.8 3 43.9 0.88 1.0 7042 kPa
7042
23.8
400 20.8 5
Bearing capacity of clay
FS =
H cr =
2 cos 45 p
'
' p
A 45
36
radians
0.47
4 2 180
3
H cr =
exp 0.47tan36 4.64m > (9 m 5 m = 4 m)
36
2 cos 45
2
Ab
2
4L
B 3
0.3
L 10
emb 1 0.04
5
3
2
1 3 0.3 0.81
A w 23 5 10 5 130m 2 ;
A w 130
4.33
Ab
30
12 10 3
10
55 10 3
2
= 0.0143m = 14.3mm
Now
Df 9m
emb 1 0.04
9 4
7 3
12 103
1 0.452
14
15 103
2
Primary consolidation:
zo 20.8 8 11 1 8.7 0.5 , 181.8 kPa
:At center of clay:
z 143.4 kPa( surface stresses utility computer program)
1000
325.2
0.25 log
32.4mm
1 0.95
181.8
0.5
58
6
122
25
156
qu 20.4 3 13.7 1.41 1.02+0.5 11.5 ( 9 20.4 10.6 49 ) 0.69 1 = 3994 kPa
Long side failure
sq 1.69 s 0.48,dq 1.01,d 1
qu 20.4 3 13.7 1.69 1.01+0.5 11.5 ( 9 20.4 10.6 66 ) 0.48 1 lk= 3869 kPa
Long side failure governs
FS =
3869
13.4
350 61.2
331.2
263.6
192
139.6
100
76
59.6
47.6
Ab
4L2
z 210kPa
B 58
0.77
L 75
emb 1 0.04
3
58
2
1 3 0.77 0.98
A w 2 358 75 798m 2 ;
Aw
798
0.18
Ab
58 75
58 75 350 10 3
1 0.3 2 0.5 0.98 0.94 = 170 mm
75
100 10 3
2
Primary consolidation:
The depth corresponding to a stress increase of 210 kPa is 40 m from the bottom of the footing
zo 20.4 12 10.6 31 573.4 kPa
: zc 10 573.4 5734kPa
zo z 573.4 210 783.4kPa zc
2 58 1000
783.4
0.035 log
351mm
1 0.57
573.4
Solution 12.12
You can set up a spreadsheet to do the calculations as shown below.
ASD
Assume zero eccentricity
B = Width
Square
1.35 m
Depth of embedment
L
l
k
M
gsat
5.8 mm
Ip
0.218
p'o
33.2 kPa
Iq
0.388
qo
-12.4 kPa
24.9 kPa
Dp
59.8 kPa
p'k
149.3 kPa
1 m
Dq
106.4 kPa
qk
111.9 kPa
124.1 kPa
p'c
207.6
Ro
6.3
qyH
300 kN
Iz
Eccentricity
FS
Total - ASD
500 kN
Ductility
0.7
1.32 OK
s'zc
223.9 kPa
s'xo
37.3 kPa
s'yo
37.3 kPa
30 degrees
0.08
Cr
0.016
9
18.8 KN/m3
Long term
3.1
f'cs
0.52 radian
f'cs
30.00 degrees
Total
3.1
mm
total
Ko nc
1-D
5.8
mm
max
Ko
oc
0.50
1.50
eo
0.851111
ec
0.838
Sample depth
1.675 m
ek
0.836
Depth of groundwater
Poisson's ratio
LOADING CONDITION
Select
1m
0.35
tc
m
Rt
0.14
axisymmetric
kPa
1.0544 OK
SETTLEMENT
Cc
Unit weight
0.8
0.03
0.007
1.20
18.8
s'zo
200 kN
OCR
274.3 kPa
Surface stress
Help
nt
no
mu
E
G
rz
0.51
7.25
3
1.8
0.35
49363.266 kPa
18282.6911 kPa
3.1107252 mm
B = Width
Square
1.5 m
Depth of embedment
L
l
k
M
gsat
3.3 mm
Ip
0.218
p'o
34.1 kPa
Iq
0.388
qo
-12.8 kPa
Dp
53.3 kPa
p'k
153.3 kPa
Dq
94.8 kPa
qk
115.0 kPa
104.2 kPa
p'c
268.3
Ro
7.9
300 kN
Iz
0.025
500 kN
Ductility
0.08
Cr
0.016
9
Long term
kPa
1.27 OK
s'zc
230.0 kPa
1.0761 OK
s'xo
38.3 kPa
s'yo
38.3 kPa
30 degrees
Cc
Unit weight
FS
0.4
SETTLEMENT
OCR
25.6 kPa
1 m
qyH
0.8
0.03
0.007
0.87
18.8
s'zo
200 kN
Total - ASD
244.4 kPa
Surface stress
Help
2.6
f'cs
0.52 radian
f'cs
30.00 degrees
Total
2.6
mm
total
Ko nc
1-D
3.3
mm
max
Ko
18.8 KN/m3
oc
0.50
1.50
eo
0.851111
ec
0.837
Sample depth
1.75 m
ek
0.836
Depth of groundwater
Poisson's ratio
LOADING CONDITION
Select
1m
0.35
tc
m
Rt
0.20
nt
1.73205081
plane strain
no
mu
E
G
rz
0.29
5.00
1.8
0.35
63750.2355 kPa
23611.1983 kPa
2.58191326 mm
Square
B = Width
1.66 m
Depth of embedment
s'zo
Ip
0.218
p'o
35.0 kPa
Iq
0.388
qo
-13.1 kPa
Dp
67.4 kPa
p'k
157.6 kPa
Dq
120.0 kPa
qk
118.2 kPa
107.1 kPa
p'c
275.8
Ro
7.9
qyH
300 kN
Iz
0.027666667
775 kN
FS
Ductility
0.4
1.00 OK
0.8494
SETTLEMENT
30 degrees
Cc
0.08
Cr
0.016
OCR
Long term
3.5
236.4 kPa
s'xo
39.4 kPa
s'yo
39.4 kPa
f'cs
0.52 radian
f'cs
30.00 degrees
3.5
mm
total
Ko nc
1-D
4.5
mm
max
Ko oc
0.50
1.50
eo
0.851111
ec
0.837
Sample depth
1.83 m
ek
0.836
Depth of groundwater
Poisson's ratio
LOADING CONDITION
Select
1m
0.35
tc
m
Rt
0.20
nt
1.73205081
plane strain
kPa
s'zc
Total
18.8 KN/m3
Unit weight
26.3 kPa
1 m
200 kN
LRFD
0.8
0.03
0.007
0.87
18.8
309.4 kPa
L
l
k
M
gsat
Surface stress
Help
no
mu
E
G
0.29
5.00
1.8
0.35
65546.7196 kPa
24276.5628 kPa
For LRFD the minimum footing size to satisfy the requirements is 1.66 m x 1.66 m
Conventional method
Ng 0.1054 exp (9.6' cs ) 16.06; Ng 18.4; Ng 1 17.4
sg 1 0.4
B
0.6 , dq = 1.2, all other geometric factors are equal to 1
L
1
gBN g s g 18.8 117.4 1.58 12 0.5 ( 18.8 9.8 ) 1.2 16.06 0.6 672kPa
2
FS = 667/(244.4 18.8) = 3
12.13 A circular foundation of diameter 8 m supports a tank. The base of the foundation is at 1 m from the
ground surface. The vertical load is 20 MN. The tank foundation was designed for short-term loading
conditions (su = 80 kPa and sat = 19 kN/m3). The groundwater level when the tank was initially designed
was at 4 m below the ground surface. It was assumed that the groundwater level was stable. Fourteen
months after the tank was constructed and during a week of intense rainfall, the tank foundation failed. It
was speculated that failure occurred by bearing capacity failure. Establish whether this is so or not. The
friction angle is
p' 25
Solution 12.13
Applied vertical stress =
20 103
398kPa
2
8
4
Short term
sc 1.2,dc 1
qu 5.14 80 1.2 1 493 kPa 398 kPa
Long Term
(no failure)
25
qu 9.2 1 9.7 1.47 1.04 0.5 9.2 8 6.95 0.6 1 289 kPa 398 kPa
Solution 12.14
M 150
B 0.6 0.6 2.1 3.3 6.6
0.28m;
1.1m
P 535
6
6
6
B' 6.6 2(0.28)=6.04m
q u 0.5 B' N s d
q u (0.5 18 6.04 43.9 11)
2386 kPa
applied(max)
FS
535 6 0.28
1
102 kPa
6.6 1
6.6
2386
23.4
102
The settlement is not expected to be uniform because the vertical stresses at the base are non-uniform.
B
However, the eccentricity is small e , so any tilting of the base would be within tolerable limits.
6
Solution 12.15
Assume a square footing of width B
Assume that the groundwater is more than B below the footing base and that B < 4 m.
From Table A.11, the estimated unit weight is 18.5 kN/m3
Therefore use the N value for the top layer 0 to 5 m. Assume B = 1 m
1/2
N1 1.9 28 53
q ult 32 53 B 1696 B kPa
ASD
q ult (FS) P / B2 1696 B
3 700 / B2 1696 B
B 1.07 m
Use a footing of size 1.1 m x 1.1 m
LRFD:
1125 3
B
1.14 m
1696 .45
Use a footing of size 1.2 m x 1.2 m
12.16 The column load for an office building consists of a dead load of 200 kN and a
live load of 250 kN. The soil at the site for the office building is a fairly homogeneous
clay. Soil samples at a depth of 2 m gave the following average results. Triaxial tests:
Isotropic consolidated CU tests on saturated samples, su = 36 kPa, confining stress = 100
kPa and average water content of 40%; One-dimensional consolidation tests: Cc = 0.16,
Cr = 0.04 and OCR = 9. The minimum embedment depth of the footing is 1 m.
Groundwater level is at the surface. Check the suitability of a 3.0 m square footing using
the conventional ASD method with an FS = 3. Compare the results of the conventional
method with CSM using an FS = 1.25. Assume = 0.35.The tolerable settlement is less
than 20 mm. assume the samples represent the soil at a depth 0.5B below the bottom of
the footing.
Solution 12.16
Calculate initial values.
G e
2.7 1.08
3
sat = s o w
9.8 17.8 kN / m
1 1.08
1 eo
( )
su f
'
po
su f
'
ic zo
0.25
3sin ' cs 1
3 sin ' cs 2
3sin ' cs 1
M 1
=
2 2
3 sin ' cs 2
ic
0.75
' cs 21.6o
Mc =
6sin ' cs
6 sin 21.6o
0.84
3 sin ' cs 3 sin 21.6o
[(
[(
(
(
)
)
'
k
q
k
M 2 p'k
= 108.5
53.32
145.6 kPa
0.842 108.5
Table 12.7:
Table 12.7:
Slope of TSP is
tc
1
1
0.07
2
nt 1 9
1 2 0.842
Rt =1/0.07 = 14.3 > 5.7; failure would not occur from tension
[ (
[
(
]
)
Therefore, the imposed stress state in the soil will be in ductile region. The footing size
for bearing capacity requirement can be reduced. However, we need to check that
serviceability is satisfactory.
Calculate the settlement.
= 0.35.
ec eo ln R = 1.08 -0.017 ln (5.7) =1.05
z
q s B
10
Iq I p
pc 1 ec
3
50 0.017 3 103
145.6 1 1.05
10
0.55 3 0.33 14 mm
Conservative settlement
z 1.88
qs Cr BIz
50 0.04 3000 0.7
1.88
26.7mm
zc 1 ec
144 1 1.05
The conventional method required the peak undrained shear strength. We need to make
an estimate this. However, we have to use CSM to do so.
Calculate (su)f for OCR = 9 (Ro* = 5.7)
su f su f
0.75
*
' ' R o 0.25 5.5 0.92
po po ic
su f 0.92 25.6 23.6kPa
Calculate the initial yield value to check whether the intact soil would show a peak shear strength
response
Use su f 23.6kPa in the conventional bearing capacity method
sc = 1.2
qu = 5.14 x 23.6 x 1.2 = 146 kPa
FS = 146/(50 1 x 17.8) = 4.5
We do not have enough information to calculate settlement unless we use CSM to estimate E.
12.17 The results of a representative field vane shear test at a site are shown in
Fig.12.22a. Previous studies reveal that = 0.8 and = 0.12 for the gray clay. A
building with different column loads is to be erected on the site. Estimate the
maximum centric load that a 2 m square footing can support using CSM. The
minimum factor of safety is 1.25 and the settlement should not exceed 25 mm.
Assume = 0.35.
Solution 12.17
Step 1: Inspect and interpret vane shear test data.
Inspection of the vane shear test data shows that the soil is overconsolidated
above 7 m and normally consolidated below 7 m. Recall that normally consolidated soils
tend to show linear increase of shear strength with depth. In other words, the normalized
shear strength is constant with depth.
'
0.5sincs
DSS
14
0.5 sin ' cs
56.8
sin ' cs 0.493
' cs 29.5o
M c = 3 sin' cs 3 0.493 = 0.85
Step 3: Calculate the initial stresses, overconsolidation ratio and
preconsolidation stress at B/2 below the footing.
The calculations will be done for 3 m x 3 m. A spreadsheet will be used for
other footing sizes.
The depth from the surface at B/2 below the maximum size footing is 2 +
(3/2) = 3.5 m
Vertical effective stress at 3.5 m is
(
'
2
2
zo DSS
0.85 OCR
28
32.3 2 2
DSS
0.8
OCR = 4.9
From Fig. 11.29, Ro = 4.2
(
(
)
)
[(
]
(
G e
sat = s o w
1 eo
2.7 eo
16.8
9.8; eo 1.38
1 eo
)
)
1
1
0.194
2
2
nt
3
1 2 1
M 0.852
1
1
Rt
5.2 4.2
tc 0.194
tc
[ (
(
]
)
P 6e P 6 0.1B 1.6P
1 2 1
B2
B B
B B2
qs B
pc 1 ec
3
Iq
2
1.54Ip
1.6P
B
2
q s B
3
3
B
z
Iq 1.54I p
Iq 1.54I p
pc 1 ec o 2
pc 1 ec 2
1.6P
1.6P
0.024
3
3
B
B
Iq 1.54I p
0.49 1.54 0.15 Note:
pc 1 ec 2
147.2 1 1.35 2
7.27 105
P
m
B
The settlement from the above equation is dependent only on P/B ratio
because all the other parameters are constant. The maximum allowable
settlement is 25 mm. Therefore
0.025 7.27 105
P
B
P
343; P 343 2 686 kN
B
Since the load for bearing capacity consideration is lower than for settlement,
bearing capacity governs the design. The allowable load is 230.8 kN ( say 231
kN)
12.18 Fig. P12.18 shows a proposed canal near a 5 story apartment building 30 m wide x
50 m long. The building is founded on a mat foundation. Describe and justify some of the
concerns you may have regarding the stability of the mat foundation with constructing
such a canal. If the owner insists on constructing the canal, research methods that you
would consider so that the canal can be designed and constructed safely.
Solution 12.18
Concerns:
1. The top layer (sand mixed with silt and clay) can slide along the silt layer leading to instability.
2. Sliding is also possible at the interface of the fine sand and the silty clay.
3. General slope stability failure.
4. Seepage of water into the canal can lower the groundwater leading to additional settlement.
The groundwater level is unlikely to be lowered uniformly so additional differential settlement
could occur. Even for uniform decreases in groundwater level, the settlement would be nonuniform.
5. The additional differential settlement will cause addition bending moment and rotation of the
mat.
A possible alternative design method is to use a retaining wall rather that cutting a slope.
Bedrock