MAT223 Test 2

Nov 5, 2014
No Aids Allowed
Duration: 50 Minutes
Instructors: Lukic, Eskandari
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Last Name:
Student Number:
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Afternoons

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Mon 4-5

Mon 5-6

Mon 6-7

Mon 7-8

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Tue 5-6

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Tue 7-8

Instructions:
Please have your student card ready for inspection. Turn off cell phones and other electronic devices.
Make sure this test has 7 pages, including this front page.
You can use the back of the pages for your rough work, or to continue your solution to a problem if
you need more space. In this case, clearly state in the space provided for the question Continued on
the back of page ....

Good Luck.
Question

10

10

13

Total

Mark
/

40

1. Given that a matrix A has row echelon form R,

A=
0 1
1 1 1
,
2 1 1 2 1
0 1

1 1 1 0 1

R=
0 1 3 2 1 ,
0 0 0 0 0

find the following:

(a) (1 point) The rank of A
Solution: The rank of A is 2.
We read this off from R: the rank is equal to the number of pivots of R.
(b) (1 point) The dimension of the null space of A
Solution: The dimension of the null space of A is 3.
It is the number of free columns in row echelon form, so 5 rank(A) = 5 2 = 3.
(c) (1 point) The rank of AT
Solution: The rank of AT is 2.
A and AT always have the same rank.
(d) (1 point) The dimension of the null space of AT
Solution: The dimension of the null space of AT is 1.
We use the same reasoning as in (b), but AT is a 5 3 matrix so the answer is 3 rank(AT ) =
3 2 = 1.

Page 2

(e) (2 points) A basis for the row space of A

Solution: We take the nonzero rows of R. A basis is composed of vectors




1 1 1 0 1 ,
0 1 3 2 1 .
(it is acceptable to write these as row vectors or as column vectors).
(f) (2 points) A basis for the column space of A
Solution: From R we see that the first two columns are pivot columns. Therefore, a basis is

0
1


composed of the first two columns of A, that is,
1, 1.
2
1
(g) (2 points) A basis for the null space of A
Solution: To find the general solution of Ax = 0, we use the row echelon form and express
pivot variables as
x1 = x2 x3 x5
x2 = 3x3 2x4 x5
or, expressing them exclusively in terms of free variables,
x1 = 2x3 + 2x4
x2 = 3x3 2x4 x5
In vector form, this becomes

2x3 + 2x4
2
2
0

3x 2x x
3
2
1
3
4
5

0
x=
=
x
+
x
+
x
x3
1
0
3
4
5

0
x
0
1
4

x5

Thus, a basis is composed of the vectors

2

3


1 ,


0

0

2


0 ,


1

0

Page 3

1


0


0

1

2. (10 points) Apply the GramSchmidt process to the vectors

1
2


1
0


~u2 = ,
~u1 = ,
0
0


1
1

3

1

~u3 =
1

1

to find an orthonormal basis of V = span{~u1 , ~u2 , ~u3 }.

Solution: We compute

1/ 3

1/3
~u1
~u1

w
~1 =
= =

ku1 k
3 0

1/ 3

1

1

~1 =
~u2 (w
~ 1 ~u2 )w
~ 1 = ~u2 3 w
0

0

1/ 2

~u2 (w
~ 1 ~u2 )w
~1
1/ 2
=
w
~2 =

k~u2 (w
~ 1 ~u2 )w
~ 1k 0

1

1

~ 1 ( 2) w
~2 =
~u3 (w
~ 1 ~u3 )w
~ 1 (w
~ 2 ~u3 )w
~ 2 = ~u3 ( 3) w
1

2

1/ 7

1/ 7
~u3 (w
~ 1 ~u3 )w
~ 1 (w
~ 2 ~u3 )w
~2

=
w
~2 =
k~u3 (w
~ 1 ~u3 )w
~ 1 (w
~ 2 ~u3 )w
~ 2 k 1/ 7

2/ 7

Thus, the orthonormal basis is

1/ 3

1/3

w
~1 =
,
0

1/ 3

1/ 2

1/ 2

w
~2 =
,
0

Page 4

1/ 7

1/ 7

w
~3 =
1/ 7

2/ 7

3. In this problem, we will use the vectors

~v1 =
2 ,
1

~v2 =
4 ,
2

~v3 =
2 ,
1

~v4 =
2 ,
5

w
~1 =
4 ,
8

w
~2 =
2
3

(a) (4 points) Find a basis for V = span{~v1 , ~v2 , ~v3 , ~v4 }.

Solution: We analyze the system
c1~v1 + c2~v2 + c3~v3 + c4~v4 = 0,
so we work with the augmented matrix

3  0


2
4 2 2  0



1 2 1 5 0

Transforming the augmented matrix to reduced row echelon form, we have





1 2 3
3  0
1 2 3
3  0
1 2 0 3  0


 0 7 0 0 4 8  0 7 0 0 1 2  0
7
0
0
4
8







0 0 4
8 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
The standard way to obtain a basis is to take pivot columns; in this case, c1 , c3 are pivot
variables, so one choice of basis is
~v1 , ~v3 .
(b) (1 point) What is the dimension of V ?
Solution: V has a basis composed of two vectors, so dim V = 2.

Page 5

(c) (4 points) Is w
~ 1 in the span V = span{~v1 , ~v2 , ~v3 , ~v4 }? If so, write w
~ 1 as a linear combination of
vectors ~v1 , ~v2 , ~v3 , ~v4 .
Solution: It suffices to check whether w
~ 1 is a linear combination of ~v1 , ~v3 . Thus, we work with
the augmented matrix


1 3  4

2 2 4




1 1 8
Its row echelon form is


3  4

0 4  12




0 0 16

which has a pivot in the last column, so this system is inconsistent. Thus, w
~ 1 is not in V .
(d) (4 points) Is w
~ 2 in the span V = span{~v1 , ~v2 , ~v3 , ~v4 }? If so, write w
~ 2 as a linear combination of
vectors ~v1 , ~v2 , ~v3 , ~v4 .
Solution: It suffices to check whether w
~ 2 is a linear combination of ~v1 , ~v3 . Thus, we work with
the augmented matrix


1 3  1

2 2 2




1 1 3
Its row echelon form is


3  1

0 4  4




0 0
0

which has a solution C2 = 1, C1 = 2. Thus, w

~ 2 is in V , and
w
~ 2 = 2~v1 ~v3 .

Page 6

4. (7 points) Show that if vectors ~u, ~v Rn are orthogonal, then

k~u ~v k2 = k~uk2 + k~v k2 .

Solution: The left hand side can be written in terms of dot products,
k~u ~v k2 = (~u ~v ) (~u ~v ) = ~u ~u ~v ~u ~u ~v + ~v ~v .
By orthogonality, ~u ~v = ~v ~u = 0, so this becomes
k~u ~v k2 = ~u ~u + ~v ~v = k~uk2 + k~v k2 .

Page 7