Bibliography

Primary Sources(17)
Benjamin, Stan. "EPA Order to Ban Domestic Use of DDT Is Appealed." The Oneonta Star
[New York] 15 June 1972: 29. Print.
This article was written a few years after Silent Spring was published and rght around the
time that DDT was banned. In this article it explains how hard the fight was to get DDT
banned. The opposing side fought a hard battle and tried to appeal. The article says that
Carson and her book was the main reason DDT was banned and people even cared about
it in the first place. The article says that slowly one by one a different food would not be
allowed to have DDT on it. This article shows the shock people had when DDT was
banned and the uproar that Silent Spring caused.
Bird Populations Rise After DDT Ban." The New York Times. The New York Times, 10 Mar.
1982. Web. 02 Jan. 2015.
This article which was written twenty years after the publication of Silent Spring reports
that the interior Department found that bird populations have comeback since the banning
of DDT. DDT threatened many populations of birds lives but since it was banned, DDT
no longer killed huge populations of birds. DDT caused the birds egg shells to be too
thin which threatened the life of the bird inside the egg. If Carson had not led people to
protect the environment and learn what pesticides are doing to the environment, then
many bird populations would probably be extint.
Carson, Rachel. "Control of Pesticides and Other Chemical Poisons." Environmental Hazards. 4
June 1963. Rachel Carson Council. Web. 5 Oct. 2014.
In this speech Rachel Carson gave to the Subcommittee on Reorganization and
International Organization of the Committee on Government Operations, she talked
about the effects of DDT and other chemicals on the environment. She talked about the
research she and other biologists did on how the chemicals affect the environment. She
tried to prove that the chemicals are eliminating species of animals and are even harmful
to humans. She is a very persuasive speaker because she was straight to the point and
backed her ideas up with facts. She led the discussion of the dangers of the chemicals
when speaking to Congress. She was fighting for what she believed in during this speech
and you can tell by the way she brought up her points and put herself into the argument.
Carson, Rachel. Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson. Ed. Linda J. Lear.
Boston: Beacon, 1998. Print.
This book consists of journal articles, letters, and other unpublished writings by Rachel
Carson which were gathered into this book by Linda Lear. Linda Lear is a historian who
mainly focuses on Rachel Carson and her impact on the world. Before every chapter
Linda Lear wrote a small paragraph about the historical context of each letter or article
and how it impacted the way people viewed the environment and the dangers of chemical
pesticides. Carson wrote about how the environment is changing and people need to step
up and protect it from dangerous pesticides and other harmful things. She stresses the
importance that we cannot just sit back and watch it happen but we must protect it and
ensure that the environment will not be harmed. This led the way for people to follow in
her footsteps and be inspired by her writings to go out and do something. Also, through

her different writings, you can tell how passionate she is about what she is writing about
which makes her a good leader who stands behind what she is writing.
Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. N.p.: Mariner (Houghton Mifflin), 2002. Print.
Rachel Carsons most influential work Silent Spring published in 1962 explores
the effects on chemical pesticides and the environment. Drawing from the realms of
medicine, chemistry, ecology, agriculture, Carson argues against the excessive use of
pesticides, making connections of spraying the popular pesticide DDT to be the cause of
death for multiple humans, fish, birds, plants among a range of living things. Beginning
with a fable about a utopian community stained with evil, where wildlife began to die.
Carson forces the reader through her poetic nature to draw connections from her writings
and apply them to their everyday life. Silent Spring as a source provides historical context
to why Carsons words were so influential and is a significant central piece in
understanding the environmental movement as a whole.
Carson, Rachel, and Dorothy Freeman. Always, Rachel: The Letters of Rachel Carson and
Dorothy Freeman, 1952-1964. Ed. Martha E. Freeman. Boston: Beacon, 1995. Print.
This book consist of a collection of letters from Rachel Carson to Dorothy Freeman. In
this book we found how much Carson loves the beach and nature. She expresses her ideas
about nature and her new books to Freeman. This book shows all of the struggles she
went through in creating the books and the struggle against cancer she had towards the
end of her life. She was a leader because she thought of new ideas about the environment
and dared to challenge the chemical industry.
"Clean Air Act." (2004): n. pag. Epw Senate. Web. 27 Dec. 2014.
This document is from the US Senate Committee on Environmental and Public Works.
This document outlines the goals of the Clean Air Act and the new amendment to be
made to the old act. It shows how it wants the government to handle the act and make
sure it is obeyed by everyone. The act starts off with talking about its research and
background on the act. Then it goes into the actual amendments to the old version of the
Clean Air Act. It shows how the government is actively trying to improve the
environment and protect it. This is following in Carsons lead of protecting the
environment
Darby, William J. 1962. Silence, Miss Carson. Chemical & Engineering News (Oct. 1); 62-63.
This article from 1962 was written by professor and chairman of the department of
biochemistry at Vanderbilt University school of medicine, Dr. William Darby. Written
for Chemical & Engineering News, Darby critiques Rachel Carsons work, Silent Spring
in an effort to prove Carsons work noncredible. Darby writes how Carson contributes no
new facts to the information found by scientists and does not include information to allow
the everyday reader to interpret the information Carson is providing. Darby claims that
Carson by mixing factual information with her own opinion, it makes it impossible for
the reader to distinguish fact from fiction. Darbys review gives historical context into the
professional reception of Carson's work. The review is an example of one of the multiple

reviews aiming to tear down Carsons credibility after publishing Silent Spring and also
the prejudice against women working and succeeding in the field of science.
"Federal Water Pollution Control Act." (2002): n. pag. Epw Senate. Web. 27 Dec. 2014.
This document is from the US Senate Committee on Environmental and Public Works. It
starts off explaining the objective of the act. Which is to restore and maintain the
chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nations waters. It is to control the
amount of pollution in the oceans, rivers, and lakes. It also explains what the government
has to do in order for this act to work and be effective. This act follows in Rachel
Carsons lead because it is all about protecting the environment and ensuring it stays safe
from harsh chemicals.
John F. Kennedy. Press Conference 42. Rec. 29 Aug. 1962. N.d. Web.
In this audio recording of a news conference with President John. F. Kennedy from the
JFK library, Kennedy was asked multiple questions about the situation with Russia and
other questions concerning the US senate. Among some of these questions was whether
they should take a closer look at the effects and dangers of DDT on the environment and
people. President Kennedy's response was that they are examining it because of the issues
brought up in Carson's book. Her book led the government into taking a closer look at the
use of DDT and other pesticides. This audio recording shows that even the president is on
her side and believes there is an issue.
Lee, John M. "'Silent Spring' Is Now Noisy Summer." New York Times 22 July 1962: n. pag.
Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
In this article, Lee writes how Carsons book was criticized by the people who published
it. Some of this criticism was helpful and good but some was cruel and unhelpful for
Carson. It also talks about the very first reactions of Silent Spring including from the
chemical industry. It also said that the people who opposed her book had no valid
evidence that refuted Carsons ideas. This article came out right after Carsons book was
published so it gives a good perspective of what people were thinking in that time
period.
Lykken, Louis, and Robert White-Stevens. "DDT Ban: A Judgement of Emotion and Mystique."
Science ns 170.3961 (1970): 928. Web.
Written shortly after the official ban of DDT in the United States, letters written by Louis
Lykken of the Entomology Division of the University of California and Robert WhiteStevens of the Bureau of Conservation and Environmental Science at Rutgers University
were submitted to the AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
Science magazine. The two authors reference pieces of information Rachel Carson
provides in Silent Spring, as being purely emotional rather than factual. The Authors
write about the effectiveness of pesticides eradicating the pest population, though ignore
and discredit the effect of chemicals have on the environment as a whole. The letters give
historical to another viewpoint of chemical pesticides other than Rachel Carsons.
Lykkens and White-Stevens writing also show the longstanding resistance to believe
the truth in Carsons work and to discredit her legacy.

Massive DDT Spraying in San Antonio Texas. HD Stock Footage. N.p., 14 Feb. 2013. Web. 27
Dec. 2014
This is a video made around the time that DDT was very popular. It was an advertisement
for DDT. It explained how DDT worked and how it killed any insect that went near it. It
was guaranteed to get rid of any unwanted bugs or insects. It showed women who
sprayed it in the rooms of their houses and sprinkled a powder form of it on their
couches. It was also being sprayed on rivers and in public parks. When it was sprayed in
peoples faces, they didn't even seem to notice, they would just carry on like nothing
happened. This gives context to how people viewed DDT before Carsons book.
Milne, Lorus, and Margery Milne. "There's Poison All Around Us Now." Rev. of Silent Spring.
n.d.: n. pag. Print.
Educators and biologists Mr. and Mrs. Milne in 1962 reviewed Rachel Carsons Silent
Spring for the New York Times. The duo briefly summarize Carsons thesis then go into
supporting her persuasive argument. The review takes elements of Silent Spring and puts
it into the historical context of the 1960s, letting people know the urgency of the
dilemma presented by Carson. The Milnes, following the steps of Rachel Carson, wrote
It is high time for people to know about these rapid changes in their environment, and to
take an effective part in the battle that may shape the future of all life on earth. The
review gives insight on the immediate effect that Rachel Carsons work had on society.
Carsons legacy rose from her work inspiring others to take action and creating a standard
in which people could establish the environmental movement.
Nixon, Richard. "215 - Special Message to the Congress About Reorganization Plans To
Establish the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration July 9, 1970." 9 July 1970. The American President Project.
Web. 27 Dec. 2014.
This message to Congress by President Richard Nixon talked about his plans to create
the Environmental Protection Agency. He stated his reasons why it should be created and
how it would help to protect and improve the environment. He established the roles and
functions of the EPA and how that would help the other parts of the government such as
the Council on Environmental Quality. Nixon can be given a lot of credit for creating the
EPA because he brought it up to congress however, Carson was the one who had
influenced Nixons view on the Environment. The EPA is still around today and it is part
of Carsons legacy.
Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. President's Office Files. Departments and
Agencies. President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC): Pesticides report, 15 May
1963
This report by President Kennedys Science Advisory Committee explores the positives
and negatives of the use of pesticides. The information in the report supports Rachel
Carsons findings explicated in Silent Spring. Inspired by the information and influence
of Silent Spring, President Kennedy enlisted the Science Advisory Committee to
research pesticides. The Committee reports that while chemical pesticides do have some
benefits, they are far outweighed by the hazards. Synthetic pesticides, as reported are
harmful towards humans with coming in contact, and harmful towards other animals,
increasing mortality in birds and other forms of wildlife. This government document

shows Rachel Carsons immediate impact in the 1960s, her leadership in the
environmental scene influencing the government to become more aware of, and to
investigate the impact of synthetic pesticides on the environment.
White-Stevens, Robert. "The Year of the Pest." Clinical Toxicology 14.5 (1979): 599-606. Web.
The Year of the Pest published in 1979 was written by Robert White-Stevens, one of
Carsons larges critics and spokesperson for the chemical industry during the time of
Silent Spring. The journal article is a critic on the ban of DDT and other organo
pesticides. A negative outlook on Carsons legacy, it focuses on how DDT and other
organo pesticides help eradicate pest populations. White-Stevens argues that chemical
pesticides were unceremoniously and irresponsibly banned; superstition and political
caprice triumphed over science and human decency. White-Stevens alludes to
questioning the credibility of Carsons work, though he himself relays false facts on the
concept of species resistance to chemicals over generations. White-Stevens writing
provides historical context on the blind faith people held in chemicals and science. It also
provides an insight on the resistance to Rachel Carsons findings in Silent Spring, and
how some counterpoints to Carsons arguments failed to prove that her research was
false.
Secondary Sources (28)
Brinkley, Douglas. "Rachel Carson and JFK, an Environmental Tag Team."Audubon Magazine.
National Audubon Society, May-June 2012. Web. 27 Sept. 2014.
This article, written by Douglas Brinkley, professor of history at Rice University, goes
into the relationship Rachel Carson and President John F. Kennedy shared holding
similar views towards saving the environment. Written for Audubon Magazine, an
environmental resource for the Audubon Society that both Carson and Kennedy were
involved with, Brinkley writes the influence Carson had on the Kennedy administrations
actions. Both Carson and President Kennedy shared a love for the environment,
particularly the shoreline and the two set out to preserve it. Due to this similar mindset,
Carson was a big supporter of Kennedy, volunteering her time on his campaign,
eventually leading to opportunities to work on committees regarding the environment.
Brinkley focuses in on Carsons leadership skills; her ability to network within the
environmental and political community to promote her work with Silent Spring and to
have a support system to back up her work against the chemical companies when they
came down on her credibility after the publication of the book.
Coates, Gary Yates. "The American Environmental Revolution." Thesis. North Carolina State
University, 1995. NCSU Libraries. NC University, 21 May 2013. Web. 21 Sept. 2014.
This work by Gary Yates Coates looks into the environmental revolution as a whole. This
piece explores the two parts of the environmental revolution, the conservationist
movement in the 1800s and the environmental revolution in the mid 1900s. Coates in
his argument explores the perspectives of economists, environmentalists, and congress to
capture a broad view of societys outlook on the environment during environmental
revolution.

Gore, Al. "Introduction." Introduction. Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994. N.
pag. Print.
Former Vice President Al Gores Introduction to Carsons Silent Spring shows a case of
her legacy impacting an individuals life. Gore recalls how Silent Spring influenced his
interest and involvement in the environment and inspired him as well to write his own
work Earth in the Balance. Gore analyzes the strengths Carson held in a sense of
leadership. One was that she valued truth in her writing and the other her courage. Carson
was not afraid to poke the beast that was the chemical industry. Gore explains the
continuing legacy of Silent Spring is due to the standing relevance of the dangers of
pesticides. Due to the ongoing relevance and significance of the book, Carsons has been
able to leave traces of her legacy throughout government institutions and reforms
regarding the environment.
Griswold, Eliza. "How Silent Spring Ignited the Environmental Movement." The New York
Times. The New York Times, 22 Sept. 2012. Web. 15 Sept. 2014.
Griswolds article from the New York Times gives a look into what made Rachel
Carsons work so influential. Griswold includes insight from those who have worked
alongside Carson with facts about Carsons life that motivated her to make a stand in the
environmental scene. From this source we are able to see into parts of Carsons
arguments and how she captured the attention of people across the country. Through this
article we are also revealed to criticism against Carsons that is important in
understanding the reason what she had to overcome in order to send out her message.
Hamill, Sean. "Was Rachel Carsonright?" Pittsburgh Quarterly. N.p., 2012. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
This article by Sean Hamill talks about the opposing views of Rachel Carson. Sean
Hamill is a writer for the Pittsburgh Quarterly. This article includes an interview by
Linda Lear who is an historian who has written many articles about Carson. In the
interview section of the article, Lear says that people used to say Carson was a "baby
killer" because she prevented mothers from taking in chemicals that they thought would
have protected their babies but in turn would have killed them sooner. It also says that
Carson could not have known that some pesticides caused cancer because they didn't
even know what DNA was yet. This may be true but Carson was still the one who
pointed out and said the chemicals are doing something harmful to all species of animals.
This is a crucial piece of information because she led the way in discoveries of what
chemicals could do to a persons body or a species of animals.
Henricksson, John. Rachel Carson: The Environmental Movement. Brookfield, CT: Millbrook,
1991. Print.
In this biography by John Henricksson, former director for the State of Minnesota
Department of Tourism, he provides an in depth look on to Carsons purpose for writing
Silent Spring and her other works. Henrickssons work follows the cause and effects in
Carsons life that contributed to the success of Silent Spring. Carson did not originally
start her writing career with books, but found opportunities through her work at the
United States Bureau of Fisheries. Carson, in writing scientifically for the public know
that her work had to be engaging but most importantly based on fact. Henricksson
introduces American physicist, Thomas Kuhns theory of a paradigm shift that is a
change in basic assumptions, so that you look at the world from a different angle.

Carsons leadership, as Henricksson explains in drawing to the paradigm shift, was not
hands on. She did not resolve the environmental problems that she was so passionate
about. Her approach to leadership was to provoke thought in everyday people, awakening
them to problems of the environment and influencing them to take a stand.
Johnson, Caitlin. "The Legacy Of "Silent Spring"" CBSNews. CBS Interactive, 22 Apr. 2007.
Web. 26 Sept. 2014.
This CBS Broadcast is a news report titled The Legacy of Silent Spring by Caitlin
Johnson for CBS News Sunday Morning. Including audio and video clips of Carson
during the 1960s the broadcast features how Carson impacted others through her book,
Silent Spring. The broadcast explains how in the post war world, Carson shook up the
confidence people had in chemicals involved in agriculture, such as pesticides. Johnson
interviews, Robert Kennedy, son of Robert F. Kennedy, who recalls his childhood and
the casual use of DDT in everyday life. Later, Johnson explores the outcome of the
awareness Carson brought to the environment, drawing the attention of President John F.
Kennedy leading the creation of a commission to the investigate DDT and Carsons
finding. Rachel Carson's legacy is exemplified by the broadcast, exploring her influence
on the governments involvement in environmental issues, the creation of The United
States Environmental Protection Agency. Carsons work has saved species driven to
near extinction by DDT to thrive once more.
Lewis, Jack. "The Birth of EPA." EPA Journal (1985): n. pag. The Birth of EPA. United States
Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 21 Sept. 2014.
Lewis journal article for the United States Environmental Protection Agency follows the
causes and effects within the environmental revolution. Beginning with Rachel Carsons
Silent Spring, Lewis follows how the one book inspired others to take action with the
environment. Though this article one sees how Carsons message impacted the
government, including president Nixon, and the creation of environmental agencies.
Lear, Linda J. "Introduction." Introduction. Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel
Carson. Boston: Beacon, 1998. 11-20. Print.
This introduction by Linda Lear who is a historian who mainly focuses on Rachel
Carsons work provides insight on how Rachel Carsons writings impacted the
Environmental Movement. Even though Carson had personal problems at home including
adopting a young child and battling breast cancer, she still managed to write four books
that changed the way the world viewed the environment. Carson considered her
contributions to scientific fact less important than her attempts to awaken an emotional
response to the world of nature. She was trying to get a response from her books
whether it was good or bad. She just wanted to raise awareness of the effects DDT and
other pesticides could have on the environment.
Lear, Linda. "Introduction." Introduction. Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002. XXix. Print.
This introduction to Carsons Silent Spring, Linda Lear, notable author of multiple Rachel
Carson biographies and research, sets the historical context in which Carson wrote this
work. Carson had a love of nature and writing. At the beginning of her career she wrote

radio scripts for the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries which later gave her a foothold in both the
scientific and writing fields. Lear commemorates Carson of her fortitude against the brash
criticism of Silent Spring by the chemical industry, and her determination to let the world
know that human health would ultimately reflect the environmental ills Lears
introduction supports Carsons leadership, stating She was a revolutionary spokesperson
for the rights of all life. She dared to speak out and confront the issue of the destruction of
nature and to frame it as a debate over the quality of all life.
Lear, Linda. "Rachel Carson and the Awakening of Environmental Consciousness." National
Humanities Center. National Humanities Center, 2002. Web. 20 Sept. 2014.
Lear's essay from the National Humanities Center shows how Rachel Carson influenced
the environmental movement. Linda Lear is a historian who mainly focuses on who
Rachel Carson was and how she changed the world. This essay showed how Carson felt
about this issue and why she felt this way. Lear also showed how Carson started and lead
the whole debate over whether people should be allowed to use DDT or not. Lear also
included views from other people and organizations about Rachel Carson and the use of
DDT.
Lear, Linda. "Rachel Carson's Silence." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. PG Publishing Co, 13 Apr.
2014. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
This article by Linda Lear explains how even though Rachel Carson was fighting a battle
of her own with breast cancer, she was still willing to fight a battle against DDT and the
use of harmful chemicals in pesticides. Linda Lear is a historian who focuses on Rachel
Carson and her impact on the world. By having breast cancer and putting up a fight
through her whole process of writing Silent Spring, Carson showed how truly heroic she
was. She even hid the fact that she had cancer so that the chemical industry wouldn't
accuses her of blaming her cancer on the use of pesticides. This just shows that Carson
was a good leader because she put the cause she was standing for before herself and her
own needs.
Lear, Linda. "The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson." The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson.
Connecticut College, 1996. Web. 11 Sept. 2014.
Linda Lear's article and website on Rachel Carson gives good background to who Carson
was and why she was a leader. It shows her childhood and how events in her childhood
influenced her career in environmentalism. It also gives information about her education
and the jobs she had. It gives a background to who she was and her motivation behind
leading the environmental movement. It also gives a list of books and articles about and
by Rachel Carson.
Mahoney, Linda. "Rachel Carson (1907-1964)." National Women's History Museum. NWHM,
n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2014.
This article by Linda Mahoney gives background information about Rachel Carson and
her book, Silent Spring. It says how she got interested in the environment and writing.
Also, it shows why she wrote the book, Silent Spring. The article also included the
reaction Carson's book got from different people and groups. We also can see from this

article the legacy she left with her book and how it impacted the Environmental
Movement.
McCarthy, Michael. "Rachel Carson: The Green Revolutionary." The Independent. N.p., 11 June
2012. Web. 20 Sept. 2014.
This newspaper article by Michael McCarthy is about Rachel Carson's impact on the
Green Revolution. It puts Carson in perspective with the Green Revolution and shows
how she lead it and got it going. She brought up important points about the effects of
pesticide and how they killed many species and birds and other animals not just insects.
McCarthy also explained how Carson's book, Silent Spring, became a legacy and is still
affecting the views on pesticides today.
McKie, Robert. "Rachel Carson and the Legacy of Silent Spring." The Guardian. Guardian
News and Media, 26 May 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2014.
This article by Robert McKie is about the goals of Rachel Carson and her books and the
importance the books still have today. Robert McKie is a science and technology editor
for The Observer. This article explains how the book, Silent Spring, is still important
today. It shows that the environment still needs to be taken care of and there are still a lot
of harmful things out there. There are other chemicals that are harming other species of
animals similar to the way DDT was harming birds and other species of animals. The
article explains how Carson led the way in bringing attention to the environment and the
things that were harming it.
Musil, Robert K. "Epilogue." Afterword. Rachel Carson and Her Sisters: Extraordinary Women
Who Have Shaped America's Environment. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 2014. 25256. Print.
This Epilogue by Robert Musil makes clear connections to how Rachel Carsons legacy
still lives on today. There are many female political leaders that are environmentalists.
Rachel Carson paved the way for this by bringing environmental issues up to Congress
and other parts of the government. Before Carson and while she was alive there were no
connections between politics and the environment. Carson led the country and the
government to help and protect the environment.
Musil, Robert K. "Introduction." Introduction. Rachel Carson and Her Sisters: Extraordinary
Women Who Have Shaped America's Environment. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP,
2014. 1-11. Print.
This Introduction to the book, Rachel Carson and Her Sisters, explains how even though
Carson was a major role in the Environmental Movement, she was not alone. There were
many women who came before her and followed in her footsteps after her death. Musils
said his goal in this book is to place Rachel Carson in a larger context of women activists,
novelists, and scientific writers. Carson was known as jump-starting the Environmental
Movement but she could not have done it without having followed in the footsteps of
other people and taking what she learned from them and building her own ideas off of it.
Other women after her death did the same thing to Carson.
Palacios, Zulima. 'Silent Spring' Turns Fifty. Voice of America. Washington, DC, 4 Sept. 2012.
Television.

In this news report, Palacios interviews different people including Linda Lear, a historian
and author, and Norman Borlaug, a Nobel Peace Prize winner on Rachel Carson and her
book Silent Spring. It gives a negative and positive view on the book. One says without
DDT, the world could go hungry and agriculture in America will decline. Another view
says that this book is very important because it led Americans in the Environmental
Movement and it brought to the attention of all people that pesticides are harmful to all
living things. It also says that even after fifty years, the book is still important and the
controversy over pesticide use that Rachel Carson sparked is still going.
Rachel Carson Centennial. Thomas J. Putnam (Introduction), Annick Smith (Mediator), Ronald
Clement (Panellist), Edward O. Wilson (Panellist), Stewart L. Udall (Panellist)." CSPAN, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston. 2 June. 2007.
This panel on the centennial of Rachel Carsons birth, celebrates Carsons life and
accomplishments. Introduced by Putnam, president of the JFK Presidential Library and
Museum, the panel of Ronald Clement, former staff biologist and vice president of the
Audubon Society, Edward Wilson, Harvard professor and conservationist author, and
Stewart Udall, former Secretary of the Interior for the Kennedy administration, answer
questions regarding their experience with and opinions of Rachel Carsons works. Udall
emphasizes the significance of Carson and her work, reaching out to influence scientists
across the world with Silent Spring, explaining she was a shy yet courageous leader.
Smith provides historical context of Rachel Carsons life and goes into her leadership,
continuing to promote the ideas of Silent Spring why her body was wrecked with cancer.
Rome, Adam. ""Give Earth a Chance": The Environmental Movement and the Sixties." Journal
of American History 90.2 (2003): 525-54. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
This is a scholarly journal by Adam Rome who is an environmental historian. He puts
Rachel Carson in the context of other major environmental acts and important people.
He focuses on Earth Day and the important events that came out of that and how it
related to the cold war. He also gave examples of war posters used to promote the
protection of the environment while protesting the war. It shows the strong connection
between pesticides and chemicals in the environment and the Cold War which triggered
the use of a lot of chemicals.
Ropeik, David. "The Rise of Nuclear FearHow We Learned to Fear the Radiation | Guest Blog,
Scientific American Blog Network." Scientific American Global RSS. Scientific
American Inc., 15 June 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2014.
This article by Harvard Extension School instructor and Scientific American journalist
David Ropeik explains the historical context of the beginnings of the environmental
movement in link with the Cold War. The context of the article goes into Spencer R.
Wearts argument in his book The Rise of Nuclear Fear. Ropeik delves into societys fear
of nuclear fallout and nuclear radiation, and with the progression of nuclear testing, the
less people trusted science and technology to be their savior. Ropeik article puts Rachel
Carsons reasoning for writing, and argument of Silent Spring, where she links the fear of
radiation with chemical pesticides in order to evoke an emotion response of her readers.

Souder, William. On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson. New York:
Crown, 2012. Print.
This book by William Souder who is an author who focuses on the environment shows
the life and legacy of Rachel Carson. It tells how she not only started the Environmental
Movement but also left it in a way that it could continue on its own. It also shows the
reactions of different people to her different books. This includes President John F.
Kennedy and his relationship with Carson. Souder cites many accounts of Kennedy
backing Carson up in the controversy over the use of pesticides. Also, it shows why some
people thought her book, Silent Spring, was a "distortion of the actual facts" and other
people thought that the book and Carson "has awakened the Nation". This book gives
insights to the reaction from other people about her book and the legacy she left behind.
Souder, William. "William Souder Interview." Telephone interview. 6 Jan. 2015.
This was an interview with William Souder who wrote On a Farther Shore. He is an
award-winning author. He talked about Carsons legacy and leadership. He said how the
reaction from Silent Spring is very much why the environmental issues today are treated
the way they are. She brought a lot of attention to the environment especially from the
government. He also related the book to organic foods and nuclear weapons used in
todays world.
University of California Television (UCTV). "Rachel Carson's Legacy: The Silent Spring Series
- Exploring Ethics." YouTube. Youtube, 10 January 2013. Web. 21 Sept. 2014
This talk given by Mitchell Thomashow at the University of San Diego, goes into Rachel
Carsons methodology in Silent Spring. Mitchell Thomashow is highly involved in the
environmental community, being the director of Second Natures Presidential Fellows
Program. In this talk Thomashow explores Carsons persuasive techniques of her writing
that made her works so influential. It also explores the environment and society of how it
has evolved from the 1950s to today.
Walls, David. "Environmental Movement." Sonoma State University. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Dec.
2014.
This article talks about the Environmental Movement as a whole. It was written by a
professor at Sonoma State University. It starts at the roots of the Environmental
Movement in 1845 when Henry David Thoreau left Concord, MA to write and study
nature. He then talks about how the conservation movement took form in the 1890s. It
moves through all the major events of the Environmental Movement. It also lists all of
the acts and laws passed to protect the environment. Some of these acts he said were
caused by Silent Spring. This article put Carson in perspective in the Environmental
Movement.
Wilson, Edward O. "Afterword." Afterword. Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
357-63. Print.
This afterward by Edward O. Wilson, Harvard Professor and biologist, sets historical
context of Carsons Silent Spring and looks into the effects the work had in the scientific
community. In the 1950s and 60s, the environment had little importance in a political

scope. In the heat of the Cold War, science and technology was devoted to a nuclear
focus. Carsons work vaulted peoples awareness into the biological realm, making people
more aware of toxins and pollution. Carsons and Silent Springs legacy as Wilson
explains, includes responsibility for the establishment of the Environmental Protection
Agency as well as turning over the responsibilities of the Department of Agriculture of
the task of pesticide oversight and the Food Safety Inspection Services to a new agency.
Rachel Carson made a significant move in writing Silent Spring, collecting information
from areas of science and synthesizing them into a work that inspired the world to take
action in the environment that they live in.
Woodley, Sherri. "Sherri Woodley Interview." E-mail interview. 5 Jan. 2015.
This interview was with Sherri Woodley who is a novelist whos work is based off of
Carsons writing style. She talked about the leadership and legacy of Rachel Carson. She
said that she sees her spirit alive today in the youth of today. She followed in Carsons
footsteps since she first saw her on TV when she was younger. She believed Carson
paved a way for women to voice their opinion and share what is important to them.
Pictography(59):
Area-wide DDT Application circa 1950. 1950. UF/IFAS Pesticide Information Office. Pest
Management and Pesticides: A Historical Perspective. Web. 13 Dec. 2014.
Carson, Rachel. A Battle in the Clouds. Digital image. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 4 June 2006.
Web. 8 Nov. 2014.

CBS reporter interviews Carson for CBS Reports. Digital image. Silent Spring on Television.
Environment and Society. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.
Civil Defense Office. Survival Under Atomic Attack. Digital image. Survival Under Atomic
Attack. Government Printing Office, 25 June 2006. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.
Civil Defense Poster, Get the Facts. Digital image. Civil Defense Art Gallery. Civil Defense
Museum. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
Civil Defense Poster, Protect Your Family and Livestock. Digital image. Civil Defense Art
Gallery. Civil Defense Museum. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
Clear Water. Digital image. Earth Times. The Earth Times, 1 June 2011. Web. 5 Jan. 2015.

Council on Environmental Quality. Digital image. Council on Environmental Quality. N.p., n.d.
Web. 5 Jan. 2015.
DDT Advertisement Flyer circa 1950. 1950. UF/IFAS Pesticide Information Office. Pest
Management and Pesticides: A Historical Perspective. Web. 13 Dec. 2014.
DDT for Control of Pests. Digital image. Modern Environmental Movement Photos. Earth Day
Network. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.
DDT Spraying. DDT Returns. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.
De Loutherbourg, Philip James. Coalbrookedale by Night. 1801. Coalbrookdale by Night.
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Web. 14 Dec. 2014.
Department of Defense, and Department of the Air Force. Hiroshima. 1947. National Archives.
National Archives. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
Diagram of Aldrin molecule. Digital image. Organochlorines. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services.
Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
Diagram of DDT molecule. Digital image. Organochlorines. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services.
Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
Diagram of Dieldrin molecule. Digital image. Organochlorines. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services.
Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
Doval, Valero. Illustration. Digital image. How 'Silent Spring' Ignited the Environmental
Movement. New York Times, 21 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.
Earth Day. Digital image. Mountain Island Technology Lab Wiki. Mountain Island, n.d. Web. 11
Nov. 2014.
Endangered Species Act. Digital image. Fishery Nation. WordPress, n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2015.
First Earth Day. Digital image. Mount Holyoke. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2015.

Frye, Mary. Rachel Carson in Woods Hole. 1929. Lear/Carson Collection. Carson at the MBL.
Web. 9 Nov. 2014.
Global Warming. Digital image. Mayapedia. WordPress, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
Go Green Emblem 2010. Digital image. Renegade Eye. Blogger, 27 Mar. 2011. Web. 9 Nov.
2014.
Green Works. Digital image. Green Works Cleaners. The Clorax Company, n.d. Web. 2 Jan.
2015.
Houghton Mifflin Company. Cover of Monograph, Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin. Digital
image. Rachel Carson Collection. College Archives, Chatham College, 2005. Web. 14
Dec. 2014.
Houghton Mifflin Company. Cover of Monograph, The Edge of the Sea. Digital image. Rachel
Carson Collection. College Archives, Chatham College, 2005. Web. 14 Dec. 2014.
Lee, John M. "Silent Spring Is Now Noisy Summer." Mind Fully. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014
Levy, Charles. Nagasaki Bomb. 1945. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
Mark Stoll. Digital image. Texas Tech University. Texas Tech University, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
Meiners, Roger E., Pierre Desrochers, and Andrew P. Morriss. Silent Spring at 50: The False
Crises of Rachel Carson. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 2012. Print.
Moran, Thomas. Tower Falls and Sulfur Mountain, Yellowstone. C1875. Tower Falls and
Sulphur Mountain, Yellowstone. Comp. L. Prang & Co. Library of Congress. Web. 15 Nov.
2014.
National Environmental Policy Act. Digital image. Environmental Assurance Program. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.

National Wildlife Refuge System logo. Digital image. National Wildlife Refuge System. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Services. Web. 17 Dec. 2014.
Oxford University Press. Cover of Monograph, Under the Sea Wind. Digital image. Rachel
Carson Collection. College Archives, Chatham College. Web. 14 Dec. 2014.
Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. President's Office Files. Departments
and Agencies. President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC): Pesticides report, 15
May 1963
Photograph, John F. Kennedy, Press Conference. 1962. Papers of John F. Kennedy.
Presidential Papers. President's Office Files., n.p.

Poulter, Sean. "DDT Found in Salmon." Daily Mail 8 Mar. 2014: 43. Mail Online. Associated
Newspapers Ltd, 7 Mar. 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.
Rachel and Candy. Digital image. Biophilic Cities. 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.
Rachel Carson and Bob Hines. 1952. Carson at the MBL. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.
Rachel Carson as Infant. Rachel Carson Collection, College Archives, Chatham College. Rachel
Carson Council. Web. 14 Dec. 2014.
Rachel Carson at Her Desk. Digital image. Huffington Post. Huffington Post Inc., 29 Apr. 2014.
Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
Rachel Carson. Digital image. From Calm Leadership, Lasting Change. New York Times. Web.
8 Nov. 2014.
Rachel Carson in Yearbook Photo. 1928. Rachel Carson Collection, College Archives, Chatham
College. Comp. PCW/Chaham College. Rachel Carson Collection. Web. 14 Dec. 2014.
Rachel Carson. N.d. NNDB. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.

Rachel Carson on PCW Campus. Digital image. Rachel Carson Collection. College Archives,
Chatham College, Apr. 2006. Web. 14 Dec. 2014.
Rachel Was Wrong. Digital image. Rachel Was Wrong. WordPress, n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.
Robert White-Stephens of the American Cyanamid Co. as He Appeared on CBS Reports, April
1963. 1963. CBS Archives. The Pop History Dig. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.
Sherri Woodley. Digital image. The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson. Connecticut College, n.d.
Web. 2 Jan. 2015.

Silent Spring book with Pesticide warning sign. Digital image. Modern American History.
WordPress, 2 May 2011. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.
Smoke Stack. Digital image. Inhabitat. N.p., 6 Nov. 2008. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
Stamps saying save our cities, soil, air, and water. Digital image. Geosciencebigpicture.
WordPress, 10 Aug. 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.
Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir on Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, California. c1906.
Library of Congress. The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920. Web. 10
Dec. 2014.
Union Carbide. Complexion Care for Apples. Do Not Kill the Fly! Web. 16 Nov. 2014.
Union Carbide. Synthetics...why They Spell a Better Life for You. 1955. Power in the Pen. Web.
16 Nov. 2014.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Digital image. US Environmental Protection
Agency. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.
U.S. Fish and Wild Life Services logo. Digital image. Conserving the Nature of America. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Services. Web. 17 Dec. 2014.
Walden Title-page. 1854. Walter Harding Collection. Walden. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.

Whole Foods. Digital image. Whole Foods Market. Whole Foods Market, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
William Souder. Digital image. Minnesota Post. MinnPost, 7 Sept. 2012. Web. 6 Jan. 2015.

videography(3):
About Fallout. Wilding Picture Productions, Inc., 1955. Prelinger Archives. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson. Perf. Rachel L. Carson and Eric Sevareid. CBS News, 1963.
Doomsday for Pests. Prod. Jerry Fairbanks. Sherwin-Williams Paints, 1946.

Discography(1):

Stoll, Mark. "Rachel Carson Leadership and Legacy." E-mail interview. 5 Jan. 2015.