Phasor Measurement and WAM

Phasor Measurement and
Wide Area Monitoring

GRID
Agenda
1st topic
Phasor Measurement
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 32
Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 2
What is a phasor?
A phasor is a measure of the amplitude and phase of an alternating waveform
Some waveforms may be made up of several sinusoidal signals of different

frequencies. A phasor represents just one such signal
Phasors may be represented by their real and imaginary (complex)

components or RMS magnitude and phase angle (polar) components
X = X r + jX i
X = (Xm
2 ) e j
What is a synchrophasor?
It can be useful to be able to measure the difference in phase
angle between two electrically distant busses within a power
system
In order to do this we need measure the phase angle at each bus
at exactly the same time
The Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) timing signal used by the

Global Positioning System (GPS) can be adopted for this purpose
What is a synchrophasor?
A synchrophasor is a phasor representation of a signal where the

instantaneous phase angle is given relative to an ideal cosine
function at the nominal system frequency synchronised to UTC.
V4
V
1
Phase
V4, V1
Magnitude
Time
GPS
Timestamp
How do we measure synchrophasors?
GPS
Receiver
Synchrophasors are
measured using a
combination of a GPS
receiver and a Phasor
Measurement Unit
(PMU)
The PMU function is
often incorporated in
a multifunctional
Intelligent Electronic
Device (IED)
V
1pps
Phasor
Calculation
IRIG-B
Demodulated
C37.118
Data Framing
Comms
PMU
Ethernet
Current and future Phasor Measurement Unit standards

IEEE C37.118-2005
IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems
IEEE C37.118.1-2011
IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power
Systems
IEEE C37.118.2-2011
IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Data Transfer for Power Systems
IEC 61850-90-5
IEC 61850 for transmitting synchrophasors
All are designed to facilitate multi-vendor interoperability

IEEE C37.118 Standard for Synchrophasors for Power

Systems
Successor to the original IEEE 1344 1995 standard
Defines Phasors and Synchrophasors
Introduces Total Vector Error (TVE)
Standardises steady state performance of PMUs
Standardises synchrophasor message format
IEEE C37.118 Reporting rates

Reporting rate defines the data reporting rate in sub multiples
of nominal system frequency
Eg. For Fs = 10, reporting is every 100msec
Most vendors additionally support reporting rates at the

nominal frequency
Some applications may require even faster reporting rates!
IEEE C37.118 Reporting rates
Observing phasor at interval T0 equal to an integer multiple of the

period of the sinusoid T = 1/f, then a constant phasor is obtained at
each observation
If the observation interval T0 is not an integer multiple of T, the

observed phasor has a constant magnitude, but the phase angles of the
sequence of phasors {X0, X1, X2, X3, } will change uniformly at a rate
2(ff0)T0,
IEEE C37.118 Performance requirements
IEEE C37.118 Message format
IEEE Std C37.118 2005 Protocol

Configuration frames
Describes either present or maximum device configuration sent
to the higher order system on demand or automatically upon
configuration change of the PMU
Command frames
Sent by higher order system and received by the PMU to stop
or resume data transmission, request configuration data or
execute actual commands
Data frames
Continuously sent by the PMU at regular standardised intervals
IEEE C37.118-2005 Data Frame structure

Field function
Field size (bytes)
Message synchronization
Frame size definition
PMU ID code
Real time timing information
Status information
Phasor data values
Typically 96
System frequency measurement
Rate of change of system frequency
Digital data values
Frame checksum
Total
Typically 124
IEEE C37.118 bandwidth calculation

Considering a typical C37.118 2005 Data Frame of 124 bytes
TCP/IP overhead is 62 bytes per frame made up of
TCP 24 bytes per frame
IP 20 bytes per frame
MAC 18 bytes per frame
UDP/IP overhead is 28 bytes per frame made up of
Source port 2 bytes
Destination Port 2 bytes
UDP length 2 bytes
UDP checksum 2 bytes
IP 20 bytes per frame
Thus total frame size is 186 bytes for TCP and 152 bytes for UDP
IEEE C37.118 bandwidth calculation

The resulting bandwidth of the maximum frame rate is thus:
186 * 8 * 50 = 74.4 kbps for a maximum frame rate of 50 fps (TCP)
186 * 8 * 60 = 89.3 kbps for a maximum frame rate of 60 fps (TCP)
152 * 8 * 50 = 60.8 kbps for a maximum frame rate of 50 fps (UDP)
152 * 8 * 60 = 73 kbps for a maximum frame rate of 60 fps (UDP)
IEEE C37.118-2005 shortcomings
Unrecognised PMU requirements

Dynamic performance
Configurability
Data handling (access and management of locally and
remotely stored data)
Data use in Applications
PMU networking topologies
Some IEEE C37.118-2005 performance

requirements are impractical!
IEEE C37.118 today
As of 28th December 2011 the IEEE C37.118 standard was split

into 2 new standards:
IEEE C37.118.1-2011 IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor
Measurements for Power Systems
Reporting rates
P & M classes
Temperature variation
Frequency & df/dt limits and characteristics
Dynamic performance
IEEE C37.118.2-2011 IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Data

Transfer for Power Systems
Configuration Frame 3
IEEE C37.118.1-2011
Additional reporting rates:

Level 0 and Level 1 have been replaced with Protection (P) and
Measurement (M) performance classes
An IEEE C37.118.1-2011 M class PMU will perform approximately
the same under steady state conditions as a IEEE C37.118-2005
Level 1 PMU
Additional reporting latency requirements:
IEEE C37.118.1-2011
Steady state synchrophasor measurement compliance
IEEE C37.118.1-2011
Steady state synchrophasor measurement compliance
C37.118.1-2011
Steady state frequency & df/dt measurement compliance
C37.118.1-2011
Dynamic compliance modulation
Synchrophasor measurement bandwidth requirements under
amplitude and phase modulation tests
Frequency and df/dt performance requirements under frequency

modulation tests
C37.118.1-2011
Dynamic compliance frequency ramping
Synchrophasor performance requirements under frequency ramp
tests
Frequency and df/dt performance requirements under frequency

ramp tests
C37.118.1-2011
Dynamic compliance step change
Synchrophasor performance requirements under input step
change
Frequency and df/dt performance requirements under input step

change
IEEE C37.118.2-2011
New configuration Frame (Configuration Frame 3) that supports

the following additional fields:
G_PMU_ID - Global PMU ID
PHSCALE Magnitude and angle scaling for phasors along with
flags to indicate other adjustments, test signal, resampling,
calibration etc
PMU_LAT PMU latitude
PMU_LON PMU longitude
PMU_ELEV PMU elevation
SVC_CLASS Service class (M or P)
WINDOW PMU filter window length
GRP_DLY Phasor measurement group delay
What is a Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)?
Receives multiple PMU streams

Phasor stream rate conversion
Phasor stream time alignment
Multi-rate stream outputs
User defined content for stream outputs
Local rolling buffer storage
Cyber-security
Phasor data concentration

PMU A
PMU B
A3
A2
A1
B3
B2
B1
Packet Switched network

B3
A3
A2
A1
B2
B1
[A3 B3] [A2 B2] [A1 B1]
Small pilot system
Phasor data concentration

PDC A
PDC B
[A3 B3]
[A2 B2]
[A1 B1]
[C3 D3 ]
[C2 D2 ]
[C1 D1 ]
Packet Switched network

[C3 D3 ]
[A3 B3]
[A2 B2]
[A1 B1]
[C2 D2 ]
[C1 D1 ]
[A3 B3 C3 D3 ] [A2 B2 C2 D2 ] [A1 B1 C1 D1 ]
Enterprise class system
Agenda
1st topic
Phasor Measurement
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 32
Wide Area Monitoring history

Following a blackout in US in 1965, a federal commission
was appointed
Fault found with utility companies: no real-time knowledge
of the state of the power system
Recommendation made: establish a real-time
measurement system and develop computer based
operational and management tools.
This launched the activities which led to state estimation
and real-time contingency analysis
This was the starting point for Wide Area Monitoring
Systems (WAMS)
Wide Area Monitoring System overview
PMU
PMU
GPS
Client applications
PMU
EMS Integration
Ethernet
IEEE C37.118
SCADA
IEC60870-5-104
Application overview
ELECTRO-TECHNICAL
Strategic
decision
Adaptive
relaying
Visualization,
Contingency Analysis
Manual reconfiguration,
Volt/Var/PSS regulation
Special Protection
Scheme/Fast acting
Load & generation
shedding/WAPCS
Dynamic line
Rating & Curtailment
Grid
Corridor
Smart
Sensors
Substation/
Generation
plant
Voltage and angular

instability detection,
phasor estimation,
load shedding
Low frequencies
identification,
Voltage control
Setting coordination
& check, disturbance
analysis, preventive
maintenance
Network
analysis
Primary device
condition
monitoring
IED Hidden
Failure detection
TIME
<1 s
>1 minute
OPERATIONS
>1 Month
>1 hour
MAINTENANCE
Fully automatic
PLANNING
Computer aided decision
Situational awareness / visualisation

Phase angular spread
across power system
Most common
application
Sub-second data
available to operator
Monitor Angle Separation
between source & sink
Visualisation of phase
angle differences across
the network
Fast threshold based
alarming
Improving state estimation

Phasor data can be
integrated into a
Hybrid State Estimator
Key benefits:
RTU (SCADA)
PMU
State estimation
becomes state
measurement
Real time monitoring
of power system
dynamics
Post event analysis
Market Operations
System Operations
and Planning
Key benefits
SCADA data
Phasor data
Refresh rate 2-5 seconds
Refresh rate 50 samples/sec
High latency
Time tagged data, minimal latency
Older legacy communication
Compatible with modern

communication technology
Responds to static behavior
Responds to dynamic system behavior
X-ray
MRI
Wide Area Monitoring Protection And Control Systems

(WAMPACS)
Phenomena observed during a power system
disturbance/blackout
Voltage collapse
Frequency collapse
Loss of synchronism
Large power swings
Cascade of overloads
Preventive actions can be implemented to avoid such

phenomena by using Wide Area Monitoring Systems
(WAMS)
Curative actions can be implemented to avoid cascade
failures by using Wide Area Control/Protection/Defence
Systems (WACS, WAPS, WADS)
Case study 10th November 2009
22:00
23:00
Case study - Brazil
PMU roll-out in Brazil
Islanding, Resynchronisation & Blackstart (IRB)

Used to detect and resynchronise a power system that has split
into islands
Islanding detection is made with no reference to topology
Fast islanding detection! (typically within 1 sec)
Islanding, Resynchronisation & Blackstart (IRB)
Small signal oscillatory stability

Slow inter-area system oscillations (~0Hz 5Hz) that are
caused by:
Power oscillations between two areas of generation, running at
slightly different speeds
Small system perturbations such as load switching or tap
changes
These oscillations do not die away if there is insufficient system

damping
Could escalate and lead to an out-of-step condition and
therefore system separation if no pre-emptive action is taken
PMUs can detect these oscillations and trigger corrective
actions
Small signal oscillatory stability
Small Signal Oscillatory Stability
Real small signal stability application - Columbia
During 2008 the Columbian power system experienced large low frequency
oscillations lasting up to 90 minutes
In some case this triggered their SIPS and resulted in load shedding
The oscillations had a frequency of around 0.06 Hz which is typically

associated with turbine and speed governing dynamics
SCADA measurements and dynamic system model were unable to help in

diagnosing the problem
We installed a WAMS (4 PMUs) to monitor the situation
This allowed for the diagnosis of inappropriate governor control settings at

a hydro power plant which have since been reviewed
Transfer constraint relief

Great Britain
Scotland England
Interconnector
Australia
Queensland NSW
Interconnector
AREA 2
+300MW
+300MW
AREA 1
Transmission Corridor
Net Transfer Capacity
Damping Measurement for Real-Time Constraints
Modelling uncertainty requires large margin
Use margin as long as observed damping is good
Reduce transfer if poor inter-area mode damping occurs
Oscillation contribution identification
Coherent phase
oscillations
Opposing phase
oscillations
Oscillation
Power Path
Observing oscillations
alone is not sufficient
for taking corrective
action
You need to know
A) Which regions are
contributing to the
oscillation
B) The path of the
oscillations power
flow across the grid
Mode Power Path (MPP) method
Power and Angle/Speed Oscillations occur together
Relative Amplitude and Phase used to show Contribution
Oscillating power shows:

Where generator / group contributes to energy of mode
Path of oscillation through network
Aggregation shows regional contribution
Power oscillations
in interconnecting
path
Angle oscillations,
Generator #1
Angle oscillations,
Generator #2
Opposing phase
PSS tuning process
Generator
Monitoring
System
Monitoring
Governor/Prime Mover
(0.01-0.1Hz)
Krafla
Blanda
Fljtsdalur
Sigalda
PMU location
Data Centre
Generator/AVR/Exciter
(0.2-2.0Hz)
220kV
132kV
66kV
PSS tuning process
Characterisation Tests
Replicate Plant in Model...
PSS tuning process
Filters
Referenced signals:
PSS Pg=Input to block 4
PSS Fg=Input to bock 1
PSS Pg f=Output from block 6
PSS Fg f=Output from block 3
PSS Pa=Input to block 9
PSS Ut=Output from block 12
PSS
PSS tuning process
WAMS observation of
system stability
Generator Test Signal I/O

and Visualisation
Continuous read-out of
key generator data
(P, Q, V, )
Controller
under test
Isolation, amplification and manual

over-ride of injected test signal
PSS tuning process
Mode Amplitude (MW)
0.8Hz Mode
Before PSS tuning

After PSS tuning
ing e
c
rov
Imp orman
f
r
pe
Mode Decay Time Constant (sec)
Deploy PSS parameters

Dynamic performance review
Acceptance or review
Performance improvement
No increased risks
Mode Amplitude
(MW)
After ~ 2-4 weeks
0.8Hz Mode
Before PSS tuning

After PSS tuning
ing
rov ance
p
Im orm
f
per
Before PSS tuning

After PSS tuning
2.0Hz Mode
Before PSS tuning

After PSS tuning
Mode Amplitude
(MW)
Mode Amplitude (MW)
1.2Hz Mode
Landsnets Wide Area Defence scheme
Total load in Iceland 2100 MW

Aluminum smelters/potlines 1300 MW very large unit loads
Faults in the power system often cause potline trips.

Some thyristor controlled potlines must trip on line fault, to
protect thyristors
Frequency deviation causes trip
If a potline trips, large part of the load is lost

Geothermal plants may trip, several hours to reinstate
Transmission system may split into 2 islands weaker system,
less able to stabilize
Problem of SW smelter load loss
Allowable angle difference
Problem of SW smelter load loss

Loss of Large Smelter in SW
Frequency rises
more slowly
Angle difference
increase
Frequency rises
rapidly
E FREQ
Trip Gen
proportionally
in correct zone
SW FREQ
Smelter load
132kV ring power
Nearby generators change

speed/angle quickly
Main generation area
WADS tripping characteristic
Frequency
Difference
WADS
Generation Tripping
Angle Difference
Example ,f relationship
Frequency difference is gradient of angle
difference. Use with present angle difference to
estimate angle difference in x seconds
For example:
Time
WADS tripping characteristic

40
Frequency
Difference
0.7Hz
WADS
Generation Tripping
0.4Hz
0.2Hz
Angle Difference
Tripping criteria
(1)
Angle separation is the fundamental problem. Angle

difference must be large, South West leading East.
(2)
Frequency higher in South West than in East, thus

angle separation increasing
(3)
Direction of trajectory system is heading for

instability
(4)
Only high frequency problems trigger. Note (2) and (4)

implicitly require fi > 50.35Hz. Delay to prevent all
plants tripping at the same time
BUR 0ms, KOL 60ms, REY 120ms
(5)
Only trip a generator if it is accelerating; if it is

decelerating then the system can still stabilise.
(6)
Inhibit the scheme if an islanded condition is detected

between SW and E. At this stage, action is too late.
Implementation - Logic
Effect of power system instability on distance protection
Power swings and voltage instability can cause impedance based relays to
measure a fault impedance when there is no fault
This is particularly an issue where line BC is a lot longer than line AB, as the
Z3 characteristic must have a comparatively large reach
This issue has caused a number of large scale blackouts such as the 2003
North East USA blackout
Z3
Z2
Time
Z1
A
Illustration of basic power swing

jX
Power Swing
Locus
Z3
Z3 blocking using wide area measurements
There are various techniques to detect power swings and block

the operation of distance protection
Conventional methods use local measurements such as dv/dt &
di/dt
Wide area measurements from PMUs can also be used to block
the distance protection (based on current differential technique)
Z3
Z2
Time
Z1
A
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Phasor Measurement and WAM

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Phasor Measurement and

Wide Area Monitoring

Wide Area Monitoring

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 2

A phasor is a measure of the amplitude and phase of an alternating waveform

Some waveforms may be made up of several sinusoidal signals of different

Phasors may be represented by their real and imaginary (complex)

The Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) timing signal used by the

A synchrophasor is a phasor representation of a signal where the

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 5

How do we measure synchrophasors?

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 6

Current and future Phasor Measurement Unit standards

All are designed to facilitate multi-vendor interoperability

IEEE C37.118 Standard for Synchrophasors for Power

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 8

IEEE C37.118 Reporting rates

Most vendors additionally support reporting rates at the

IEEE C37.118 Reporting rates

Observing phasor at interval T0 equal to an integer multiple of the

If the observation interval T0 is not an integer multiple of T, the

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 10

IEEE C37.118 Performance requirements

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 11

IEEE C37.118 Message format

IEEE Std C37.118 2005 Protocol

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 12

IEEE C37.118-2005 Data Frame structure

Field size (bytes)

Frame size definition

Real time timing information

Phasor data values

System frequency measurement

Rate of change of system frequency

Digital data values

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 13

IEEE C37.118 bandwidth calculation

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 14

IEEE C37.118 bandwidth calculation

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 15

IEEE C37.118-2005 shortcomings

Unrecognised PMU requirements

Some IEEE C37.118-2005 performance

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 16

IEEE C37.118 today

As of 28th December 2011 the IEEE C37.118 standard was split

IEEE C37.118.2-2011 IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Data

Additional reporting rates:

Additional reporting latency requirements:

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 18

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 19

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 20

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 21

Frequency and df/dt performance requirements under frequency

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 22

Frequency and df/dt performance requirements under frequency

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 23

Frequency and df/dt performance requirements under input step

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 24

New configuration Frame (Configuration Frame 3) that supports

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 25

What is a Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)?

Receives multiple PMU streams

Phasor Measurement & Wide Area Monitoring - 04/07/2012 - P 26