1. How long does it take a packet of length 1.

2 kbytes to propagate down over a

link of distance 100 m, propagation speed 2.5E8 m/s, and transmission rate 622
Mbps?
1. Summary
1. Answer
Propagation delay = distance / propagation
speed = 400 nsec.
Not asked: Transmission delay = (packet size /
transmission rate) = 15.434 usec.
Not asked: Total delay = (transmission delay +
propagation delay)
= 15.834 usec.

Packet length:
Link distance:
Propagation
speed:
Transmission
rate:
Propagation
time:

1.2 kbytes
100 m
250,000,000
mps
622 Mbps
____________

2. Suppose Host A want to send a large file to Host B. The path from Host A to
Host B has three links, of rates R1 = 100 Mbps, R2 = 1 Gbps, and R3 = 512
kbps.
(A.) Assuming no other traffic in the network, what is the throughput for the file
transfer?
(B.) Suppose the file is 25 kbytes. Dividing the file size by the throughput,
roughly how long will it take to transfer the file to Host B?
2. Summary
2. Answer
(A)Throughput = min(R1, R2, R3)
= 512 kbps
(B)Transfer time = FileSize / Throughput
= 390.625 msec

Link R1:
100 Mbps
Link R2:
1 Gbps
Link R3:
512 kbps
File Size:
25 kbytes
(A) Throughput: ____________
(B) Transfer time: ____________

3. A packet switch receives a packet and determines the outbound link to which
the packet should be forwarded. When the packet arrives, one other packet is
halfway done being transmitted on this outbound link and 90 other packets are
waiting to be transmitted. Packets are transmitted in order of arrival.
Suppose all packets are 1.45 kbytes and the link is 50 Mbps. What is the queuing
delay for the packet?
3. Summary
3. Answer
Queuing delay = ((packet_len * (queue+1) current_transmitted) / (transmission_rate)
= 20.996 msec

Packet length:
Transmission rate:
Current packet
transmission:
Packets in queue:
Queuing delay:

1.45 kbytes
50 Mbps
50%
90 packets
____________

4. Consider a router buffer preceding an outbound link. In this problem you will
use Little's formula, a famous formula from queuing theory. Let N denote the
average number of packets in the buffer plus the packet being transmitted. Let a
denote the rate of packets arriving at the link. Let d denote the average total
delay (i.e., the queuing delay plus the transmission delay) experienced by a
packet. Little's formula is N = a d. Suppose that on average, the buffer contains
160 packets (in addition to the packet currently being transmitted) and the
average queuing delay is 8 sec The links transmission rate is 20 packets/sec.
Using Little's formula, what is the average packet arrival rate, assuming there is
no packet loss?
4. Summary
4. Answer
Average packet arrival rate =
avg_in_buffer_packets / (packet_trans_delay +
avg_queueing_delay)
= 19.876 packets/sec

Average packets
160 packets
in buffer:
Average queuing
8 sec
delay:
Packet
20 packets/sec
transmission rate:
Average packet
____________
arrival rate:

5. Suppose you would like to urgently deliver 7.5 Tbytes of data from Boston to
Los Angeles. You have available a 1 Gbps dedicated link for data transfer.
Would you prefer to transmit the data via this link or instead use FedEx
overnight delivery? Explain.
5. Summary
Data size:
7.5 Tbytes
5. Answer
Transmit time: 16.667 hr Transmission rate: 1 Gbps
Transmit time:

____________

6. Suppose two host, A and B, are separated by 500 m and are connected by a
direct link of R = 5 Gbps. Suppose the propagation speed over the link is
2.5108 meters/sec.
a. Calculate the bandwidth delay product, R dprop
b. Consider sending a file of 1.6 Tbits from Host A to Host B. Suppose the file is
sent continuously as one large message. What is the maximum number of bits
that will be in the link at any given time?
c. Provide an interpretation of the bandwidth delay product.
d. What is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link?
e. Derive a general expression for the width of a bit in terms of the propagation
speed, s, the transmission rate, R, and the length of the link m.
6. Summary

6. Answer
a. bandwidth delay product: 10 kbits
b. Max bits in link: 10 kbits
c. bandwidth delay product is the (max)
number of bits that could be in the link
d. Width of bit: 0.05 m
e. Width of bit = s/R

Distance between host: 500 m

File Size:
200 Gbytes
250,000,000
Propagation speed:
mps
Link Rate:
5 Gbps
a. bandwidth delay
____________
product:
b. bits in the link:
____________
c. bandwidth delay
____________
product (define):
d. Width of a bit:
____________
e. Width of a bit
____________
(formula):

7. Suppose two host, A and B, are separated by 50 m and are connected by a

direct link, R. Suppose the propagation speed over the link is 2.5108 meters/sec.
For what value of R is the width of a bit as long as the length of the link?
7. Summary
7. Answer
R: (Propagation_speed/width_of_bit) = 5
Mbps

Distance between
host:
Propagation speed:
R:

50 m
250,000,000
mps
____________

8. Suppose two host, A and B, are separated by 50 m and are connected by a

direct link of R = 56 kbps and will send a file of 8 Tbytes. Suppose the
propagation speed over the link is 2.5108 meters/sec.
a. How long does it take to send the file, assuming it is sent continuously?
b. Suppose now the file is broken into packets of length 1.518 kbits. Suppose
that each packet is acknowledged by the receiver and the transmission time of
the acknowledgment is negligible. Finally assume that the sender cannot send a
packet until the preceding one is acknowledged. How long does it take to send
the file?
c. Compare the results from (a) and (b).
8. Summary

8. Answer
a. Transmit time continuous: 36.24
years
b. Transmit time segmented: 36.24
years
c. Compare:1.0000147562582 times
longer.

Distance between host:

File Size:
Propagation speed:
Link Rate:
Packet Size:
(a) Transmit time
continuous:
(b) Transmit time
segmented:
(c) Compare:

50 m
8 Tbytes
250,000,000
mps
56 kbps
1.518 kbits
____________
____________
____________

9. Suppose there is a 128 kbps microwave link between a geostationary satellite

and its base station on Earth. Every minute the satellite takes a digital photo and
sends it to the base station. Assume a propagation speed of 2.4108meters/sec.
a. What is the propagation delay of the link?

b. What is the bandwidth delay product, Rdprop?

c. Let x denote the size of the photo. What is the minimum value of x for the
microwave link to be continuously transmitting?
9. Summary
9. Answer
a. Propagation delay = 150 msec
b. Bandwidth delay product = 19.2
kbits
c. Photo size = 7.68 Mbits or 960
kbytes

Orbit:
Propagation speed:
Link Rate:
(a) propagation delay:
(b) bandwidth delay
product:
(c) size of the photo:

36,000 km
240,000,000
mps
128 kbps
____________
____________
____________

1. How long does it take a packet of length 1000 bytes to propagate over a link of distance
2,500 km, propagation speed 2.5x10^8 m/s, and transmission rate 2 Mbps? More
generally, how long does it take a packet of length L to propagate over a link of distance
d, propagation speed s, and transmission rate R bps? Does this delay depend on packet
length? Does this delay depend on transmission rate?
Answer: tprop = d/s = 2500x103/(2.5x108) = 10.00 msec; no; no
2. Suppose Host A wants to send a large file to Host B. The path from Host A to Host B has 3
links, of rates R1 = 500 kbps, R2 = 2 Mbps and R3 = 1 Mbps.
a) Assuming no other traffic in the network, what is the throughput for the file
transfer?
Answer: The min throughput available = 500 kbps
b) Suppose the file is 4 million bytes. Dividing the file size by the throughput,
roughly how long will it take to transfer the file to Host B?
Answer: File size/throughput = 4x106x8 / (500x103) = 64 s
c) Repeat (a) and (b), but now with R2 reduced to 100 kbps.
Answer: 100kbps; 320 seconds

BT. Suppose two hosts, A and B, are separated by 10,000 kilometers and are
connected by a direct link of R = 2 Mbps. Suppose the propagation speed over the
link is 2.5 * 10^8 meters/sec.
Problem 25 - Chapter 1 (numbers are changed)
a. Calculate the bandwidth-delay product , R * d_prop.
2 Mpbs * (10000*1000 / (2.5*10^8)) = 0.8 Mb
b. Consider sending a file of 1000,000 bits from host A to host B. Suppose
the file is sent continuously as one large message. What is the maximum
number of bits that will be in the link at any given time?
Maximum number of bits : 0.8 M bits
c. Provide an interpretation of the bandwidth-delay product.
It is the maximum number of bits that the link can contain in the same time.
BT

a) d prop m / s seconds.
b) d trans L / R seconds.

c) d end to end ( m / s L / R ) seconds.

d) The bit is just leaving Host A.
e) The first bit is in the link and has not reached Host B.
f) The first bit has reached Host B.
g) Want
L
100

m S
2.5 108 893 km.
3
R
28 10

Problem 24: Suppose two hosts, A and B, are separated by 20,000 kilometers
and are connected by a direct link of R = 2Mbps. Suppose the propagation
speed over the link is 2.5 108meters/sec.
1. Calculate the bandwidth-delay product, R dprop
2. Consider sending a file of 800,000 bits from Host A to Host B. Suppose
the file is sent continuously as one large message. What is the
maximum number of bits that will be in the link at any given time?
3. Provide an interpretation of the bandwidth-delay product.
4. What is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link? Is it longer than a
football field?
5. Derive a general expression for the width of a bit in terms of the
propagation speed s, the transmission rate R, and the length of the
link m.

a. bandwidth delay product = R x dprop = 10^9 x 0.08 = 80000000 bits

b. max number of bits in the link at any given time
= min (bandwidth delay product,packet size)
=(80000000,800000)
so, 810^5 bits can be sent as continuous transmission.

c.
width of a bit in the link = s/R
= 2.5e8/10^9
= 0.25 meters

P.24 Suppose two hosts, A and B, are separated by 20,000 kilometers

and are connected by a direct link of R = 2 Mbps. Suppose the
propagation speed over the link is 2.5 . 10H meters/sec.
a. Calculate the bandwidth-delay product, R . d prop '
b. Consider sending a file of 800,000 bits from Host A to Host B. Suppose
the file is sent continuously as one large message. What is the maximum
number of bits that will be in the link at any given time?
c. Provide an interpretation of the bandwidth-delay product.
d. What is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link? Is it longer than a
football field?
e. Derive a general expression for the width of a bit in terms of the
propagation speed s, the transmission rate R, and the length of the link
m.
Solution
a) R* (D/V) = 2M *20,000 k / 2.5*10^8 = 160,000 bits
b) 160,000 bits because the link can only has a number of bits equals
bandwidth delay product.
c) The bandwidth-delay product of a link is the maximum number of bits
that can be in the link.
d) the width of a bit = length of link / bandwidth-delay product, so 1 bit is
125 meters long.
e) s/R

Consider problem P24 but now with a link of R =1 Gbps.

a. Calculate the bandwidth-delay product, R . d prop
b. Consider sending a file of 800,000 bits from Host A to Host B. Suppose
the file is sent continuously as one big message. What is the maximum
number of bits that will be in the link at any given time?
c. What is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link?
Solution

a) 80,000,000 bits
b) 800,000 bits, this is because that the maximum number of bits that will
be in the link at any given time = min(bandwidth delay product, packet size)
= 800,000 bits. (the same concept of throughput measurement)
c) .25 meters

a. What is the URL of the document requested by the browser?

The URL of the document is cs453/index.html.
b. What version of HTTP is the browser running?
The browser is running version 1.1 of HTTP.

c. Does the browser request a non-persistent or a persistent connection?

The browser requests a persistent connection. This is shown by the line Connection:keepalive.
d. What is the IP address of the host on which the browser is running?
The IP address of the host on which the browser is running isgaia.cs.umass.edu.
e. What type of browser initiates this message? Why is the browser type
needed in an HTTP request message?
The type of browser that initiates this message is Mozilla 5.0 on Windows. The browser type is
needed in an HTTP request message because different browsers may handle the same
webpage differently, due to having different capabilities.

HTTP/1.1 200 OK<cr><lf>Date: Tue, 07 Mar 2008 12:39:45GMT<cr><lf>Server:

Apache/2.0.52 (Fedora)<cr><lf>Last-Modified: Sat, 10 Dec2005 18:27:46
GMT<cr><lf>ETag: 526c3-f22-a88a4c80<cr><lf>Accept-Ranges:
bytes<cr><lf>Content-Length: 3874<cr><lf> Keep-Alive:
timeout=max=100<cr><lf>Connection:Keep-Alive<cr><lf>Content-Type:
text/html;
charset=ISO-8859-1<cr><lf><cr><lf><!doctype html public -//w3c//dtd html 4.0
transitional//en><lf><html><lf><head><lf> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type
content=text/html; charset=iso-8859-1><lf> <meta name=GENERATOR
content=Mozilla/4.79 [en] (Windows NT 5.0; U) Netscape]><lf> <title>CMPSCI
453 / 591 /NTU-ST550A Spring 2005 homepage</title><lf></head><lf><much
more
document text following here (not shown)>
a. Was the server able to successfully find the document or not? What time was the
document reply provided?
b. When was the document last modified?
c. How many bytes are there in the document being returned?
d. What are the first 5 bytes of the document being returned? Did the server agree to
a
persistent connection?
a. The status code of 200 and the phrase OK indicate that the server was able to
locate the
document successfully. The reply was provided on Tuesday, 07 Mar 2008 12:39:45

Greenwich Mean Time.

b. The document index.html was last modified on Saturday 10 Dec 2005 18:27:46
GMT.
c. There are 3874 bytes in the document being returned.
d. The first five bytes of the returned document are : <!doc. The server agreed to a
persistent connection, as indicated by the Connection: Keep-Alive field