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AGGREGATES
Part III
1. Physical:
Particle shape, surface texture, size distribution,
Porosity, Soundness, Volume stability
(Freeze/Thaw) & Deleterious substances
2. Chemical:
3. Mechanical:
Freeze-Thaw Durability
z
Definition:
Resistance of the
concrete to the freezethaw damage
Distresses include:
D cracking
Scaling
Popout
D cracking
D cracking
Scaling
Scaling
Popouts
Freeze-Thaw Damage
z
Process:
(i) Hydraulic pressure developed due to rapid
expulsion of unfrozen water in the pores by
freezing action
(ii) Osmotic pressures due to differential
concentration of chemical solutions in the
capillaries and pores of cement paste and
aggregates lead to disruptive forces and
deterioration of concrete
Procedure A
Procedure B
Deterioration is measured by
changes in
(a) Fundamental transverse
frequency,
(b) Mass loss, and (c) Length
change.
for 300 cycles of freeze-thaw or
stiffness reduction to 60%,
whichever comes first
1. Air Entrainment
2. Good Drainage
3. Smaller Maximum Aggregate Size
4. Performance History
Cement
Water
Sand
Air
Coarse
Entrained
Coarse
Rain drops
z Inefficient
z Less protection
per unit volume
z More impact on
strength
1. Physical:
3. Mechanical:
Mass stability (Toughness)
2. Chemical:
Volume stability (Chemical)
Chemical Durability
Aggregate Properties
z
Fine
Fog droplets
Efficient
More protection per unit
volume
Less impact on strength
Alkali-Carbonate Reaction
z
Reaction Rim
ASR in Pavements
ASR in Bridges
ASR Details
z
ASR Identification
z
z
z
ASR Identification
1. "Map" cracking
2. Aggregate reaction rims
3. Field detection using Uranyl Acetate solution
Reactivity of Aggregate
z
Methods of testing:
Petrographic examination
ASTM C 295
ASTM C 856
Reactivity of Aggregate
1.00
0.90
Percentage Expansion
0.80
0.70
Early Expansion
Dolomitic Limestone
Methods of testing
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
Late Expansion
Dolostones
d.
0.20
0.10
-0.10
-0.20
Time in Years
ASR Control
(%)
Passing
10
Sieve size (mm)
100
Grading Requirements
for Sand (ASTM C33 & C144)
Concrete - L
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Concrete - U
Masonry-L
Masonry-U
(%)
100
80
60
Passing
Passing
(%)
10
Sieve size (mm)
Bulking of Sand
z Phenomena
100
40
20
0
0.01
0.1
1
Sieve size (mm)
10