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Objectives of Chapter 5
Examine the principles and applications of diffusion in materials.
Diffusion how do atoms move through solids?
Diffusion mechanisms
Vacancy diffusion
Interstitial diffusion
Impurities
The mechanism of diffusion
Steady-state diffusion (Ficks first law)
Factors that influence diffusion
Diffusion species
Host solid
Temperature
Microstructure
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is material transport by atomic motion.
Vacancy diffusion
Diffusion of atoms when an atom leaves a
regular lattice position to fill a vacancy in the
crystal.
Interstitial diffusion
Diffusion of small atoms from one interstitial
position to another in the crystal structure.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Self Diffusion
Self-diffusion: In an elemental solid, atoms also migrate.
C
A
D
B
Vacancy Diffusion
Vacancy diffusion
To jump from lattice site to lattice site, atoms need energy to break bonds
with neighbors, and to cause the necessary lattice distortions during jump.
This energy comes from the thermal energy of atomic vibrations (Eav ~ kT)
Interstitial Diffusion
Interstitial diffusion
Substitutional Diffusion
Substitutional Diffusion:
applies to substitutional impurities
atoms exchange with vacancies
rate depends on:
--number of vacancies
--activation energy to exchange.
Ionic Diffusion
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
Interdiffusion
In an alloy, atoms tend to migrate from regions of
large concentration to regions of low concentration.
Initially
100%
11
0
Concentration Profiles
Department of Mechanical Engineering
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
12
Figure: Diffusion of
copper atoms into
nickel. Eventually,
the copper atoms are
randomly distributed
throughout the nickel
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Diffusion Flux
The flux of diffusing atoms, J, is used to quantify how fast diffusion
occurs. The flux is defined as either the number of atoms diffusing
through a unit area and per unit time (e.g., atoms/m2-second) or in
terms of the mass flux - mass of atoms diffusing through unit area
per unit time, (e.g., kg/m2-second).
J = M / At (1/A) (dM/dt) (Kg m-2 s-1)
where M is the mass of atoms diffusing through the unit area A per unit time t.
14
2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
15
Steady-State Diffusion
Steady state diffusion: the diffusion flux does not change with time.
Concentration profile: concentration of atoms/molecules of interest as function of
position in the sample.
Concentration gradient: dC/dx (Kg.m-4): the slope at a particular point on
concentration profile.
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Concentration
of Ni [kg/m3]
Adapted
from Fig.
5.2(c),
Callister 6e.
Position, x
Diffusion and host species: D= f (T, D0, Qd) is different for every
solute, solvent pair
18
19
Figure:
- A high energy is
required to
squeeze atoms
past one another
during diffusion.
This energy is the
activation energy
Q.
20
- Generally more
energy is required
for a substitutional
atom than for an
interstitial atom
Department of Mechanical Engineering
22
Arrhenius plot of
diffusivity data for some
metallic systems
23
Smaller atoms diffuse more readily than big ones, and diffusion is faster in open
lattices or in open directions
24
Fig. 5.0,
Callister 6e.
(Fig. 5.0 is
courtesy of
Surface
Division,
MidlandRoss.)
close-packed structures
materials w/secondary
bonding
materials w/covalent
bonding
cations
anions
27
Summary
Make sure you understand language and concepts:
Activation energy
Concentration gradient
Diffusion
Diffusion coefficient
Diffusion flux
Driving force
Ficks first law
Interdiffusion
Interstitial diffusion
Self-diffusion
Steady-state diffusion
Vacancy diffusion
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