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Chapter 13 Preserving and Restoring Nature

1. Natural landscaping involves


A. minimal human input.
B. mimicking nature.
C. no human input; letting nature go.
D. topiary and bonsai pruning styles.
E. a natural geometry of straight lines and symmetry.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

2. Frederick Law Olmsted, known as the father of American landscape architecture, is known for designing
_________ and then becoming the original commissioner of _____________ National Park.
A. New Yorks Central Park, Yosemite
B. Niagara Falls, Yellowstone
C. Greek-style public gardens, Yellowstone
D. Yellowstone National Park, Yosemite
E. Chicagos City Parks, Yellowstone
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

3. The United States first two national parks are


A. Glacier and Great Smoky Mountains.
C. Yellowstone and Everglades.
B. Olympic and Yosemite.
D. Yosemite and Yellowstone.
E. Great Smoky Mountains and Yellowstone.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

4. _________ is believed to be the first national park in the world.


A. Glacier National Park
B. Yellowstone National Park
C. Banff-Jasper National Park
D. Yosemite National Park
E. Great Smoky Mountains
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

5. National parks are an important part of our heritage,


A. and they remain pristine and undisturbed because of their park status.
B. but they lack any protection from mining, logging, and grazing.
C. but they are endangered by overcrowding, pollution, and in some places, mining.
D. that unfortunately exist only in remote inaccessible areas.
E. but they are endangered by overcrowding.
Answer: C

Question Classification: Comprehension

6. Over the past decade, the number of park visitors has _______ and park budgets have ________.
A. increased by more than one half; increased by about 25%
B. increased by one third; decreased by about 25%
C. decreased by more than one half; decreased by about 25%
D. decreased by one third; increased by about 25%
E. stayed about the same; decreased by about 25%
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

7. One way to control herd sizes in national parks is the reintroduction of predators, but this course is opposed by
A. animal rights activists.
B. neighbors and local ranchers.
C. wilderness advocates.
D. scientists.
E. park rangers.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

8. Which of the following factors is probably the most important in the success of the reintroduction of wolves in
Yellowstone National Park?
A. The cooperation of local residents.
B. The genetic diversity in the population.
C. The availability of prey species.
D. The hybridization of the species with coyotes.
E. Both The cooperation of local residents and The availability of prey species.
Answer: E
Question Classification: Comprehension

9. As officially defined by Congress in the 1964 Wilderness Act, wilderness is


A. any area with important scenic, historic, and recreational value.
B. undeveloped land where humans have little impact and temporary presence, and visitors can find solitude.
C. a place where people live in harmony with nature, building only low-impact structures and roads.
D. an area of at least 10,000 acres with no human intrusion.
E. an area of at least 10,000 acres with low-impact development by humans
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

10. A de facto wilderness is an area that


A. is legally classified as wilderness.
B. contains only small human settlements.
C. is gradually returning to wilderness conditions.
D. is wild but not legally recognized or protected.
E. was once developed but no longer has human development.
Answer: D

Question Classification: Knowledge

11. Many rural communities object to nearby wilderness designations because they
A. depend on natural resources in the area.
B. dislike and misunderstand wildlife.
C. object to subsidies for wildlife.
D. dislike having wilderness nearby.
E. object to all of the campers and hikers who visit the area.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

12. Wilderness proponents emphasize that ninety-six percent of the United States is open to development; the
remaining four percent consists mainly of areas developers
A. could not enter because of legal restrictions.
B. felt was too beautiful to ruin.
C. agreed was culturally important.
D. could not reach or did not want.
E. agreed was important for ecological services.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

13. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has described five categories of protected areas
based on _______.
A. size
B. importance
C. human impact and intervention
D. world cultural value
E. ecological value
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

14. How is the Annapurna Conservation Area Project different from other ecotourism regions in Nepal?
A. It is visited by tourists less often and therefore suffers from less environmental damage.
B. It was recently opened to tourists but is currently suffering from environmental degradation.
C. It is the only pristine wilderness area that tourists can visit in Nepal.
D. It is managed so that the fees paid by tourists go directly to local people.
E. It is visited by tourists more often and therefore suffers from more environmental damage.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

15. The boundaries of a park or nature preserve are usually based on


A. how much land can be effectively managed.
B. political considerations.
C. animal territories.
D. an entire ecosystem.
E. watersheds.

Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

16. Poor people in developing countries often threaten wildlife preserves because
A. they dislike unsettled territory.
B. they need the resources to survive.
C. they enjoy sport hunting.
D. vandalism is a popular use of spare time.
E. their religion often emphasizes the action of dominating wildlife.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Comprehension

17. Which part of a biosphere reserve has the most intensive human impact?
A. in the core zone
B. in the buffer zone
C. in the multiple use zone
D. there is no human impact in a biosphere reserve.
E. there is the same amount of human impact throughout the biosphere reserve
Answer: C
Question Classification: Comprehension

18. If managed carefully, ecotourism benefits natural areas by giving economic value to land and water resources
A. that have no other value.
B. that no one is interested in.
C. that never existed before.
D. without destroying them.
E. All of these are economic benefits of carefully managed ecotourism.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Comprehension

19. The Serengeti is home to the worlds


A. rarest tropical rainforests.
B. most endangered zebra and wildebeest populations.
C. driest deserts.
D. highest density of ungulates.
E. most biologically diverse biome.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

20. The greatest threat to animals of the Serengeti comes from


A. natural dry spells.
B. predation.
C. poachers.
D. pollution.
E. tourists.
Answer: C

Question Classification: Knowledge

21. Landscape ecology includes many perspectives that, at least in part, ecology that is more traditional has held in
the past. However, one distinction between landscape ecology and traditional ecology is the inclusion of
A. humans in the system.
B. a systems perspective.
C. an ecocentric philosophy.
D. modern technological tools.
E. a philosophy of the dynamic nature of the ecosystem.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Comprehension

22. Corridors have the potential to effectively enlarge which of the following?
A. preserve areas
B. genetic pools
C. feeding ranges
D. areas of refuge against natural disasters (e.g., fire).
E. Corridors have the potential to enlarge all of these.
Answer: E
Question Classification: Comprehension

23. Which of the preserve shapes above has the greatest interior area relative to perimeter area?
A. a
B. b
C. c
D. d
E. All of the shapes have about the same interior/perimeter measurements.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Analysis

24. Which of the preserve shapes above is the worst shape for a species that requires a core area?
A. a
B. b
C. c
D. d
E. All of the shapes have about the same measurements.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Analysis

25. Which of the preserve shapes above would support the most species that require a core area?
A. a
B. b
C. c
D. d
E. All of the shapes have about the same measurements.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Analysis

26. The amount of interior area in a preserve is important because


A. humans and other hardy species encroach on preserve margins.
B. it is more economical to buy large land areas.
C. many threatened species cannot survive environmental conditions on preserve margins.
D. All of these.
E. Both humans and other hardy species encroach on preserve margins and many threatened species cannot
survive environmental conditions on preserve margins.
Answer: E
Question Classification: Comprehension

27. If you were going to hypothesize about the results of the World Wildlife Fund and Smithsonian experiment in the
Brazilian rainforest to determine the effects of shape and size on biological reserves you would probably use the
model of ____________ and expect the quick disappearance of some species especially those species that are
__________ and located in _____ areas.
A. island biogeography; specialists; small
B. biogeographical areas; generalists; small
C. island biogeography; specialists; large
D. biogeographical areas; consumers; large
E. reserve areas; consumers; remote
Answer: A
Question Classification: Application

28. Efforts to repair or reconstruct ecosystems are known as


A. land stewardship.
B. conservation reserve programs.
C. landscape ecology.
D. restoration ecology.
E. mitigation.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

29. Restoration ecology is similar, at least in part, to stewardship and management. However, the main distinction
that sets restoration ecology apart from stewardship and management is
A. that humans are a part of the system.
B. direct human intervention for a predetermined end.
C. a philosophy that nature will heal without intervention.
D. the use of modern technological tools such as geographic information systems.
E. a philosophy that humans will not be able to fix a system.

Answer: B
Question Classification: Application

30. The word mitigation has come to mean to


A. let nature heal itself.
B. partially restore an ecosystem.
C. restore or create an ecosystem in exchange for a similar damaged one.
D. move to a new environment when one has been damaged.
E. use natural processes to treat sewage water.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

31. What was the most important factor in restoring the Curtis Prairie at the University of Wisconsin, Madison?
A. removal of alien intruders
B. reintroduction of native bison
C. planting seeds
D. periodic fires
E. allowing domestic livestock to disperse seeds
Answer: D
Question Classification: Knowledge

32. Wetlands are critical for wildlife survival because they


A. are productive sources of food.
B. allow animals too cool off.
C. contain few, but rare, species.
D. provide vast amounts of habitat.
E. All of these are reasons wetlands are critical for wildlife survival.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

33. Wetlands and floodplains control flooding by


A. temporarily storing water.
B. diverting water to other drainage basins.
C. evaporating most of the water.
D. helping rain flow faster into rivers.
E. Wetlands and floodplains control flooding by all of the above methods.
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

34. Floods are worse after levees are built and wetlands are drained because
A. water moves into rivers more quickly.
B. rainfall becomes more intense per unit area.
C. the total volume of water increases.
D. people complain more about damage.
E. All of these are reasons floods are worse after levees are built and wetlands are drained.
Answer: A

Question Classification: Knowledge

35. Which of the following perspectives is not a difference between ecosystem management and traditional policies
of the past?
A. Humans cannot be separated from nature.
B. Scientific knowledge is provisional and as more knowledge is gained, policies change.
C. Scientific knowledge is the basis for management since science is free from bias.
D. Ecosystem management requires a high level of routine monitoring.
E. All of these are perspectives that reflect a difference between ecosystem management and traditional policies of
the past.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Comprehension

36. In criticizing ecosystem management, one of your classmates says that it is arrogant for us to think that we can
manage nature. You respond that you think she probably has a(n) ______________ worldview.
A. biocentric
B. anthropocentric
C. expansionist
D. anthropomorphic
E. stewardship
Answer: A
Question Classification: Application

37. The principal purpose of Arcata, Californias, marsh and wildlife sanctuary is to
A. re-establish populations of rare cranes.
B. provide an educational resource for school students.
C. filter the citys sewage.
D. store drinking water for urban use.
E. provide open park space for the citys community.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge

38. The first wildlife refuges were established in the United States shortly after 1960.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

39. Hunting is not allowed in wildlife refuges.


A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

40. Flood-control structures on all rivers help decrease the level of floods when there are especially hard rains.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Question Classification: Knowledge

41. One benefit of transboundary Peace Parks in Africa is that border fences will be removed and historic wildlife
migrations can resume.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A
Question Classification: Knowledge

Short Answer/Essay Questions


42. Draw a series of three diagrams that depicts how a patch of habitat becomes reduced and fragmented as
vegetation gaps and human disturbances affect it. Label the fragmented area c. Draw another picture labeled d
that shows how you could decrease the effects of fragmentation on the resident species, facilitating interbreeding
and decreasing species vulnerability to stochastic events (allowing the species to escape if local conditions become
unfavorable).
Answer: For a total of 10 points (Note: The numbers can be changed to fit your assessment needs.)
10 =
Provided an accurate depiction of how fragmentation occurs; Drew corridors between the fragmented areas
5=
Provided a fairly accurate depiction of how fragmentation occurs; Drew lines between the fragmented areas
0=
Provided an inaccurate depiction of how fragmentation occurs; Did not connect the fragmented areas

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