Chapt 12

Chapter 12 Land Use: Forests and Grasslands
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World Land Use
1. Looking at the world land use pie graph shown below lets you know
A. how many hectares are devoted to each land use.
B. approximately what proportion of earths land surface is used in each of four ways.
C. the relative amounts of land use for different parts of the world.
D. precisely what percentage of land uses exist.
E. approximately what proportion of the earths biomes are used in each of four ways.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Analysis
2. Closed canopy forests are those in which tree crowns

A. include all sizes of trees.
B. are filled in by smaller vegetation.
C. cover about 20 percent of the ground surface.
D. cover at least 90 percent of the canopy.
E. cover less than 20 percent of the ground surface.
Answer: C
Question Classification: Knowledge
3. _________, ___________, and ___________ have vast areas of temperate deciduous or boreal
coniferous forest.
A. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico
B. Canada, Europe, the United Kingdom
C. Brazil, Africa, Southeast Asia
D. Russia, Canada, the United States
E. Europe, Russia, Central Africa
Answer: D
4. Which of the following statements about old-growth forests is true?

A. Humans do not reside in old-growth forests.
B. Old-growth forests have been without disturbance of any kind for at least 100 years.
C. The largest remaining areas of old growth in North America are in the Pacific Northwest.
D. Old-growth forests include temperate rainforests, tropical rainforests, boreal forests, and deciduous
forests.
E. All of these statements are false.
Answer: D
Question Classification: Comprehension
5. Developed countries produce __________ of all industrial wood and account for ________ of its
consumption.
A. more than half, less than half
B. less than half, about 80 percent
C. more than half, about 80 percent
D. less than half, about half
E. less than half, about 20 percent
Answer: B
6. Ironically, as the worlds largest net importer of wood, ________ has strict environmental laws against
harvesting local forests. Therefore, this countrys forests are preserved while it clears other countrys
forests.
A. England
B. Costa Rica
C. Japan
D. Russia
E. Canada
Answer: C
7. Fuelwood harvests
A. make up about half of all wood harvests.
B. make up only 1 percent of industrial timber harvests.
C. are far greater than industrial timber harvests.
D. make up about 10 percent of all wood harvests.
E. are mainly in developed countries.
Answer: A
8. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of fuel used for cooking is to use
A. sustainably harvested fuelwood.
B. biomass for fuel instead of wood.
C. food that does not require as much cooking time.
D. stoves to replace cooking over open fires.
E. All of these.
Answer: D
9. When fuelwood demand exceeds supplies,

A. forest regeneration becomes more difficult.
B. fewer people rely on fuelwood.
C. increased sunlight improves forest regeneration.
D. agricultural land usually improves and expands.
E. technology for alternative ways of cooking improves dramatically.

Answer: A
10. Forest management means planning for

A. gaining maximum, quick profit from trees.
B. sustainable harvests and forest regeneration.
C. a continual increase in forest complexity.
D. building the maximum biodiversity in a forest.
E. old-growth status in the managed forests.
Answer: B
11. After losing nearly all its trees in the civil war, South Korea is now
A. beginning to plan replanting.
B. nearly 10 percent reforested.
C. 70 percent reforested.
D. an eroded wasteland.
E. under tremendous pressure for fuelwood harvests.
Answer: C
12. A disadvantage of monoculture agroforestry is that it is

A. difficult to harvest with clear-cut methods.
B. susceptible to pests and requires pesticides.
C. difficult to replant.
D. economically inefficient.
E. takes more time to replant.
Answer: B
13. Monoculture agroforestry involves

A. harvesting a single type of tree in the forest and then using the land for agriculture.
B. multiple-species plantations whose trees are highly resistant to disease.
C. single-species tree plantations that are efficient but subject to diseases.
D. harvesting only a single type of tree in the forest that is especially useful.
E. Both A and D.
Answer: C
14. Leucaena trees are notable because they

A. enrich soil.
B. provide a fast-growing wood source.
C. provide animal fodder.
D. can become an aggressive weedy exotic if improperly managed.
E. All of the above are true.
Answer: E
15. Milpa and swidden agriculture are alternative terms for

A. slash and burn.
B. single-crop agriculture.
C. monoculture agroforestry.
D. conservation tillage.
E. mixed perennial polyculture.
Answer: A
16. Milpa or swidden agriculture in tropical forests is

A. an unsustainable practice that leads to land that is practically useless because of the loss of nutrients.
B. an unsustainable practice that leads to forest fires.
C. sustainable and highly productive if plots are reused every two to five years.
D. sustainable and highly productive if plots are left for 10 to 15 years.
E. usually used in temperate forests rather than tropical forests.
Answer: D
17. Milpa agriculture usually produces harvestable foods

A. in profusion in late fall.
B. in early spring.
C. after several years of work.
D. in a steady sequence year-round.
E. only once for a plot and then the farmer must move on to other areas.
Answer: D
18. Since tropical forests typically have only a few commercially valuable trees per acre, logging
operations
A. usually do little damage to the trees that are left.
B. do extensive damage because of road building and injury to surrounding trees.
C. generally do not encourage conversion of the forest to farmland.
D. are usually not successful.
E. Tropical forests typically have many more than a few commercially valuable trees per acre.
Answer: B
19. The most sustainable land use in tropical forests is probably

A. logging.
B. cattle grazing.
C. monoculture agroforestry.
D. intensive, efficient modern row cropping.
E. periodic mixed (swidden) agriculture.
Answer: E
20. Although most of the worlds forests are shrinking, biologists are especially concerned about tropical
forest loss because
A. they contain such high biodiversity.
B. tropical trees are the biggest trees in the world.
C. they contain irreplaceable wood resources.
D. there are fewer remaining tropical forests than any other forest type.
E. All of these are reasons that biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss.
Answer: A
21. Extracting just a few large trees often destroys tropical forest canopy cover because
A. wounded trees are highly susceptible to insects and diseases.
B. tractors and other logging equipment damage trees.
C. vines and interlocking branches pull down many trees at once.
D. tropical tree roots are shallow and trees fall over when there is a gap from logging.
E. All of these explain why extracting just a few large trees can destroy the tropical forest canopy cover.
Answer: E
22. Satyagraha movements in India work to achieve social and environmental goals
A. by controlling national politics.
B. by force.
C. using large amounts of money.
D. through passive, peaceful methods.
E. any way that they can, depending on the context of the situation.
Answer: D
23. Indias Chipko Andolan movement was charismatic,

A. and saved a large portion of forests in watersheds.
C. but it failed to actually save any forests.
B. using children to plant trees in a reforestation project.
D. but is now no longer active.
E. and emphasized force to save forests in watersheds.
Answer: A
24. International lending institutions are willing to cooperate in debt-for-nature swaps because
A. they want to encourage indigenous lifestyles.
B. they do not really expect to recover much of their loans.
C. they are concerned about the greenhouse effect.
D. the size of the loans is negligible.
E. they are attempting to support green business.
Answer: B
25. Debt-for-nature swaps are beneficial mainly to

A. lending institutions.
B. governments of developing countries.
C. environmental groups.
D. All of these.
E. None of these.
Answer: D
26. One-quarter of the worlds largest temperate forest reserves are in

A. Siberia.
B. the United States.
C. Western Europe.
D. China.
E. Canada
Answer: A
27. Old-growth forests are notable for containing species that

A. are exotic in North America.
B. have an unusually high market value.
C. are highly adapted to their special environment.
D. are found in other North American forests, in very different environmental conditions.
E. migrate long distances to feed in the old-growth forests.
Answer: C
28. Of all the old growth forests that stood in the United States before European settlement, how much
remains today?
A. about 50 percent
B. about 35 percent
C. slightly over 25 percent
D. about 15 percent
E. less than 10 percent
Answer: E
29. Spotted owls became the subjects of national controversy in 1989 because the Forest Service was
forced to
A. plant thousands of acres of new habitat.
B. limit logging to save habitat.
C. halt all mineral exploration.
D. cease issuing hunting permits.
E. build roads into forests.

Answer: B
30. Environmentalists say that the loss of logging jobs in Washington and Oregon result from
A. industry mechanization and raw log exports rather than spotted owls.
B. low quality work in timber communities rather than spotted owls.
C. the disappearance of the spotted owls.
D. legal limits on timber harvests rather than spotted owls.
E. the decreased amount of logging that was ordered to save the spotted owls.
Answer: A
31. Most commercial loggers prefer clear-cut harvesting because it

A. is the most environmentally sustainable type of harvest.
B. is the most efficient way to get valuable small timber without disturbing the larger early successional
trees.
C. is the most efficient, cheapest harvest method using large, fast machinery instead of costly labor.
D. is the most effective way to refresh soil with sun and rain.
E. does not waste any trees.
Answer: C
32. Economically, monoculture forestry is advantageous for the loggers because

A. it produces large quantities of a single type of tree for a particular use, such as building timber or paper
pulp.
B. it is labor-intensive and thus increases job opportunities for local people.
C. high levels of pesticides and herbicides may be needed, therefore there is more money spent and in the
system.
D. the increase in wildlife diversity is beneficial to the tourism industry.
E. a mix of the different trees leads to a good resource base if the market for one type of timber falls.
Answer: A
33. In the process of selective cutting, loggers

A. cut all trees in only 30 percent of a forest.
B. cut some of the mature trees every 10-20 years.
C. take all small vegetation as well as trees.
D. take only small trees.
E. only use horses or mules to skid out the logs.
Answer: B
34. The profits from a years harvest of salmon in a British Columbia river
A. can exceed the value of nonrenewable old-growth trees.
B. are negligible compared to timber values.
C. benefit fewer people than do logging proceeds.

D. can be gained only through sport fishing.
E. is significantly lower in value than harvesting old-growth trees, but is more sustainable.
Answer: A
35. Annually, the Forest Service __________ on timber sales mainly because of the emphasis on
________________.
A. makes a profit, building roads into wilderness areas
B. loses money, building roads into wilderness areas
C. loses money, exporting logs to Canada
D. makes a profit, exporting logs to Canada
E. loses money, replanting
Answer: B
36. The primary aim of the US Forest Service has historically been to provide ______________ based on
Pinchots philosophy of _________________.
A. the benefits of forests for current and future populations, ecocentric preservation
B. fire patrols to protect ancient forests, biocentric preservation
C. wildlife habitat, biocentric preservation
D. public recreation and education, pragmatic conservation
E. timber to logging companies, pragmatic conservation
Answer: E
Question Classification: Application
37. Why is there a need to reeducate people about the role of fire in natural systems?
A. People are still throwing away cigarette butts that can start forest fires.
B. People who camp are not putting their campfires out causing fires in inaccessible areas.
C. People do not understand that fire is a natural part of many biological ecosystems.
D. People are well educated about fire and do not need to be reeducated.
E. People are starting fires in wilderness areas to make the area available for logging.
Answer: C
38. Most rangelands are found on open grasslands where forests and crops do not grow because
A. temperatures are too high for forests or crops.
B. rainfall is too scarce or seasonal for forests or crops.
C. soil is too thin for forests or crops.
D. rainfall is too heavy for forests or crops.
E. there is not much biodiversity.
Answer: B
Number of threatened plant species
39. What conclusions can you make from examining the graph?
A. Ecosystem a has the most biodiversity.
B. Ecosystem a has the most threatened plant species.
C. Humans use Ecosystem a much more than Ecosystem b.
D. Ecosystem c is used by humans about twice as much as Ecosystem d.
E. None of these conclusions are supported by the data.
Answer: B
Question Classification: Analysis
40. Given what you know about land use, what ecosystem do you think Ecosystem a represents?
A. Rangeland
B. Forest
C. Barren
D. Wetland
E. Aquatic
Answer: A
Question Classification: Application
41. Seasonal migration allows grazing livestock to

A. use the most fertile pastures continuously.
B. use marginal lands year after year with modest environmental damage.
C. produce more young animals with less range.
D. depend more on domestic pastures.
E. use only the most nutritious plants in a pasture.
Answer: B
42. Nomadic pastoralists live by

A. foraging and hunting.
B. raising seasonal crops.
C. herding grazing animals.
D. raising chickens, ducks, and pigs.
E. All of these.
Answer: C
43. Which of the following is not a factor that would lead to the blockage of traditional migration routes for
nomadic herders?
A. political borders.
B. wars.
C. expanding farm lands.
D. changing climatic conditions on traditional ranges.
E. All of these would lead to the blockage of traditional migration routes for nomadic herders.
Answer: E
44. The first symptom of range overgrazing is usually

A. gullying.
B. the absence of trees.
C. the compaction of soils.
D. desertification.
E. the disappearance of palatable herbs.
Answer: E
45. World deserts are

A. decreasing as world climate becomes wetter.
B. increasing because of the increase in global carbon dioxide.
C. increasing because of logging and grazing.
D. decreasing because of massive reforestation.
E. about the same in area but have many threatened species of plants.
Answer: C
46. Places most susceptible to desertification are

A. jungle clearings.
B. desert margins.
C. temperate deciduous forests.
D. boreal landscapes.
E. open woodlands.
Answer: B
47. Meat from wild grazing animals may become a more important source of human food because
A. increased leisure time in the developed countries will encourage sport hunting.
B. wild animals are generally more efficient (less prone to predators and diseases, etc.) at converting plant
material into meat.
C. genetic engineering is decreasing flavor in domestic meat animals so consumers will be buying the
organic wild grazing species.
D. wild animals are easier to breed and control.
E. unlike domestic grazers, wild grazing animals uses symbiotic bacteria in their stomachs to digest
cellulose.
Answer: B
48. Most public rangelands are in poor condition due to

A. excessive populations of wild ungulates.
B. overcrowding of private livestock.
C. too many publicly owned animals on public lands.
D. excessive urban settlement in the West.
E. the lack of water.
Answer: B
49. Grazing fees on public lands have changed little because

A. political pressures ensure they remain low.
B. they remain at market value, so there is no reason to change them.
C. the public feels that the price is right.
D. livestock owners cannot afford higher fees.
E. political pressures ensure they remain high.
Answer: A
50. Land reform focuses on

A. modernizing farming systems.
B. replanting forests.
C. collecting land into a few large landholdings.
D. distributing land to poor populations.
E. improving the health of soils through natural farming.
Answer: D
51. Environmentalists are often concerned about land reform because

A. small farmers usually damage land more than large landowners.
B. tenant farmers are usually better stewards of the land than are independent peasants.
C. both landless squatters and absentee landowners are responsible for major environmental problems.
D. they are afraid it will facilitate similarities to colonial rule.
E. it is unethical for tenant farmers to work the land without owning it.
Answer: C
52. Land reform is an important political issue in many countries because

A. land is traditionally the main source of wealth and power.
B. land is a highly marketable commodity worldwide.
C. crowded urban populations are jealous of large landholders.
D. massive peasant populations are usually the most powerful political forces.
E. None of these.
Answer: A
53. Why would governments in the Philippines, Cameroon, and Tanzania consider indigenous people living
in the forests as squatters?
A. These governments had the right to take the land because it was uncultivated land.
B. These governments fail to recognize the rights of indigenous people.
C. The indigenous people sold their land to the governments and are still living on it.
D. The indigenous people recently moved to the forests and have recently claimed it.
E. The indigenous people are not using the land in a sustainable manner.
Answer: B
54. A woodland is an open canopy forest where tree crowns cover less than 20 percent of the ground.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A
55. A large portion of industrial timber comes from managed, replanted forests in North America and
Europe while tropical hardwoods in Latin America are cut mostly from virgin forest.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A
56. When the Menominee tribe in Wisconsin had accumulated a $10 million surplus, the Menominee elders
requested privatization to disperse the funds.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
57. Under new rules initiated by the Bush Administration in 2003, forest thinning is subject to more public
review with a longer public comment period.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
58. The balance of public and private regulations and property rights has recently shifted more in favor of
public rights.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Short Answer/Essay Questions

59. Consider the following statement: Granting a long-term concession to logging companies increases the
success of natural forest management. Discuss why or why you do not agree with this statement and
provide supporting explanations and/or evidence.
Answer: For a total of 15 points (Note: The numbers can be changed to fit your assessment needs.)
15 =
Agreed with the statement; Provided well-supported explanation; Communicated effectively with
a well written discussion
10 =
Agreed with the statement; Provided a fairly well-supported explanation; Communicated with a
fairly well written discussion
5=
Agreed with the statement; Did not provide a well-supported explanation; Communicated with a
poorly written discussion
0=
Disagreed with the statement; Did not provide a well-supported explanation; Communicated with
a very poorly written discussion
60. Explain the main argument of individuals who support compensation for environmental restrictions.
Make sure you explain takings in your explanation and discuss at least three examples.
20 =
Provided an accurate answer to the question; Accurately explained takings; Provided three
accurate examples; Supported the examples with accurate and appropriate reasoning;
Communicated with a well written summary
15 =
Provided an accurate answer to the question; Accurately explained takings; Provided two accurate
examples; Supported the examples with accurate and appropriate reasoning; Communicated with a
fairly well written summary
10 =
Provided a mostly accurate answer to the question; Fairly accurately explained takings; Provided
one accurate example; Supported the example with accurate and appropriate reasoning;
Communicated with a fairly well written summary
5=
Provided a mostly inaccurate answer to the question; Fairly accurately explained takings; Provided
one accurate example; Supported the example with inaccurate and inappropriate reasoning;
Communicated with a poorly written summary
0=
Provided an inaccurate answer to the question; Did not accurately explain takings; Provided no
accurate examples; Did not support the examples with accurate and appropriate reasoning;
Communicated with a very poorly written summary
61. Compare and contrast an old growth forest with a tree farm.
20 =
Provided at least three accurate comparisons; Supported the comparisons with accurate evidence;
Provided at least three accurate contrasts; Supported the contrasts with accurate evidence;
Communicated effectively with a well written summary
15 =
Provided at least two accurate comparisons; Supported the comparisons with accurate evidence;
Provided at least two accurate contrasts; Supported the contrasts with accurate evidence;
Communicated with a fairly well written summary
10 =
Provided at least one accurate comparison; Supported the comparison with accurate evidence;
Provided at least one contrast; Supported the contrast with evidence; Communicated with a fairly
well written summary
5=
0=
Provided at least one accurate comparison; Supported the comparison with accurate evidence OR
Provided at least one accurate contrast; Supported the contrast with accurate evidence AND
Communicated with a poorly written summary
Provided at least one comparison; Did not support the comparison with accurate evidence OR
Provided at least one contrast; Did not support the contrast with accurate evidence AND
Communicated with a very poorly written summary

Chapt 12

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Chapt 12

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Chapter 12 Land Use: Forests and Grasslands

World Land Use

2. Closed canopy forests are those in which tree crowns

4. Which of the following statements about old-growth forests is true?

Question Classification: Comprehension

9. When fuelwood demand exceeds supplies,

E. technology for alternative ways of cooking improves dramatically.

10. Forest management means planning for

12. A disadvantage of monoculture agroforestry is that it is

13. Monoculture agroforestry involves

14. Leucaena trees are notable because they

15. Milpa and swidden agriculture are alternative terms for

16. Milpa or swidden agriculture in tropical forests is

17. Milpa agriculture usually produces harvestable foods

19. The most sustainable land use in tropical forests is probably

23. Indias Chipko Andolan movement was charismatic,

25. Debt-for-nature swaps are beneficial mainly to

26. One-quarter of the worlds largest temperate forest reserves are in

27. Old-growth forests are notable for containing species that

E. build roads into forests.

31. Most commercial loggers prefer clear-cut harvesting because it

32. Economically, monoculture forestry is advantageous for the loggers because

33. In the process of selective cutting, loggers

C. benefit fewer people than do logging proceeds.

Number of threatened plant species

41. Seasonal migration allows grazing livestock to

42. Nomadic pastoralists live by

Question Classification: Knowledge

44. The first symptom of range overgrazing is usually

45. World deserts are

46. Places most susceptible to desertification are

48. Most public rangelands are in poor condition due to

49. Grazing fees on public lands have changed little because

50. Land reform focuses on

51. Environmentalists are often concerned about land reform because

52. Land reform is an important political issue in many countries because

Short Answer/Essay Questions

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