Survey Manual US

For Model 2010
SURVEY PROCEDURE MANUAL
Use of Generator and

methods of survey
Imperial Version
Dynalog Electronics Limited

Bristol, England
www.dynalog.co.uk
Dynalog Software
Please read License Agreement overleaf before installing
Contents
DCAPP 2010
This is the software needed to download data from a C-SCAN 2010 or CSCAN 2000 unit (See section 9 of survey manual for use).
To install place in CD drive. Installer should autorun. If Autorun fails to start,
open CD from My Computer and double click setup.exe
Folders created on root drive \DCAPP2010 & \DCAPP2010\archive\ &
\DCAPP2010\archive\original
C-SCAN Manuals
This is all the paper manuals in Adobe* PDF format. You must have Adobe
Acrobat* to read these.
C-SCAN Upgrader
This is a program that allows C-SCAN firmware upgrades. If you are sent an
upgrade file, this is the program to use. Should you be sent an upgrade, all
instructions for use will be included with the upgrade. Open CD from My
Computer and double click setup.exe
DCAPP for Excel

This is an older version of DCAPP that is compatible with the C-SCAN 2000
download format (see Section 8 of Survey Manual for use). To Install, open
CD from My Computer and double click install.bat. To run this program, you
will need Microsoft Excel** Version 7 or later
Folders created on C: drive \cscan & \archive\ & \cscandat
Note: The serial communications package must be installed for use. If DCAPP
for Excel shows Object not found when download is attempted, install the CSCAN upgrader, this will install the serial communications package.
Copyright Adobe Corporation
**
Copyright Microsoft Corporation
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are subject to this licence agreement namely DCAPP 2010, DCAPP for Excel, C-SCAN Upgrader, C-SCAN Manuals.
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8.3 The Purchaser agrees to supply vehicle statistics (excluding vehicle and personal specfic data) via electronic transfer on subsequent calibration of the product.
Leaders in Pipeline Survey Systems
C-SCAN SURVEY MANUAL
PREFACE
This manual explains the operation of the C-SCAN System for surveying the condition of the wrap
or coating on buried metal pipelines, and locating faults in the wrap. It is intended for the use of
surveyors with some experience of the survey and maintenance of pipelines.
While the C-SCAN equipment is reasonably robust and weatherproof, it contains delicate
electronic components and should be handled with reasonable care. Wherever possible it should
be transported in its specially designed foam lined case or otherwise protected from major
shocks. The C-SCAN Detector Unit can also be damaged by exposure to some forms of radiation
and to static electricity. Maintenance of this equipment should only be carried out by qualified
personnel using the Manufacturers Maintenance Manual.
The material contained in this Manual is copyrighted by Dynalog Electronics Ltd, and is not to be
photocopied, duplicated, or reproduced in any form without the express written consent of
Dynalog Electronics Ltd.
Publication in this manual of information on the design and operation of the C-SCAN System
does not confer any rights to use this information other than for the purpose of operating CSCAN equipment supplied by Dynalog Electronics Ltd.
Dynalog reserves the right to make improvements in its products without incurring any obligation
to incorporate such improvements into products already sold.
Specifications, instructions, and other information contained in this Manual are subject to change
without notice.
Any comments, queries or suggestions concerning this manual
should be sent to :
enquiry@dynalog.co.uk
web: www.dynalog.co.uk
1
SURVEY PROCEDURE MANUAL Version 4.05
OUTLINE OF THE C-SCAN SYSTEM______________________________ 5

1.1
Signal generator ________________________________________________ 5
1.2
Detector unit ___________________________________________________ 6
SIGNAL GENERATOR FRONT PANEL ____________________________ 8
SIGNAL GENERATOR - GENERAL DESCRIPTION __________________ 8
3.1
Operating environment___________________________________________ 8
3.2
Power requirements/batteries _____________________________________ 9
3.3
Charging the signal generator _____________________________________ 9
GENERATOR - FIELD OPERATIONS ____________________________ 10

4.1
Excessive Voltage message _____________________________________ 10
4.2
Connection to pipe _____________________________________________ 11
4.3
Setting the signal current________________________________________ 11
4.4
Automatic level adjustment ______________________________________ 11
4.5
Apparent problems with current value _____________________________ 12
GROUNDING (Signal Generator Ground Connection) ______________ 15

5.1
Cathodic protection system ground bed ___________________________ 15
5.2
CP test posts __________________________________________________ 15
5.3
Other grounds _________________________________________________ 15
5.4
High soil resistivities ___________________________________________ 16
5.5
Ground lead interference ________________________________________ 16
SURVEY PLANNING AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS _________ 16

6.1
Preparation ___________________________________________________ 16
6.2
Planning ______________________________________________________ 17
6.3
Common fault areas ____________________________________________ 17
6.4
Reference readings_____________________________________________ 17
6.5
Distance between survey points __________________________________ 17
6.6
Attenuation values _____________________________________________ 18
6.7
Initial survey __________________________________________________ 19
6.8
Signal range __________________________________________________ 20
6.9
Fault size _____________________________________________________ 20
6.10
Minimum distance between survey points ________________________ 21
6.11
Reading accuracy ____________________________________________ 21
2
6.12
Close interval surveys_________________________________________ 21
6.13
Repeat surveys ______________________________________________ 21
6.14
Long term programme ________________________________________ 22
6.15
Changes in soil resistivity _____________________________________ 22
6.16
New pipelines________________________________________________ 22
INTERFERENCE AND FIELD DISTORTION _______________________ 23

7.1
The C-SCAN signal _____________________________________________ 23
7.2
Other signals carried by the pipeline ______________________________ 23
7.3
Buried metal structures _________________________________________ 23
7.4
Cross bonds __________________________________________________ 24
7.5
Sacrificial anodes ______________________________________________ 24
7.6
Pipeline Bends and Tees _______________________________________ 24
7.7
Insulating flanges ______________________________________________ 24
7.8
Sleeves_______________________________________________________ 24
7.9
Effects of Return Current _______________________________________ 25
7.10
Orientation of Detector to Pipe Axis _____________________________ 25
DCAPP 2010 ________________________________________________ 28

8.1
Setting up DCAPP ______________________________________________ 31
8.2
Additional windows Pipeline layout ______________________________ 32
8.3
How to download from C-SCAN __________________________________ 33
8.4
Additional windows Table ______________________________________ 33
8.5
Additional windows Pipeline Details _____________________________ 34
8.6
Advanced Tools _______________________________________________ 35
8.6.1
GPS re-sequence ______________________________________________________ 35
8.6.2
Auto Analyse __________________________________________________________ 36
3

Principles of operation
An electrical current applied to a well wrapped buried metal pipeline will decrease gradually with
increasing distance from the current injection point, as the current escapes to ground through the
wrapping.
If the wrap has a uniform thickness and separates the pipe from the surrounding soil at all points,
the strength of the signal current on the pipe will decline logarithmically, and the rate of decline
will be dependant primarily on the electrical resistivity of the wrap or coating in use, and the area
of wrap in contact with the soil per unit length of pipe (i.e. for a given coating, the decline is
proportional to the circumference of the pipe). [Note: because of the relative magnitude of the
resistances involved, local changes in soil resistance can usually be ignored].
If there is a low resistance electrical path from the pipe direct to the soil at any point, there will be
a substantial local increase in the rate of loss of signal current. Such a low resistance path could
arise from: incorrectly applied wrapping, mechanical damage to the wrap before, during or after
installation, decay of the wrap due to soil conditions, disbonding of the wrap from the pipe
(provided that ground water has penetrated into the gap to provide an electrical path to ground),
or a leak in the pipe itself causing the wrap to fail at the leak point.
Because the resistance of such a path is likely to be several orders of magnitude less than the
resistance of the undamaged wrap, the resultant loss of current, even from a single small fault
less than 0.252in, can usually be detected by a significant increase in the apparent rate of current
decline over quite a long length of pipe.
In practice, the existence of one or two small faults on a section of pipeline several hundred feet
in length can usually be tolerated because the Cathodic Protection System can be expected to
prevent serious corrosion developing quickly. In this case it may not be necessary to locate the
specific faults immediately but the rate of logarithmic decline of current between two specific
points can be logged for future reference so that any deterioration of the condition of the pipeline
can be monitored. [Note: the logarithmic rate of decline of the current (attenuation) measured in
millibels per metre, is effectively independent of the applied current and is only marginally
affected by seasonal changes in soil resistivity, so that it is virtually an absolute indication of the
average condition of the wrap between two given points at the date of the survey].
If the attenuation level over a given section of pipeline is particularly high, serious faults
(or a large number of small faults) in the protective wrap are indicated. Intermediate readings of
attenuation levels can be taken to identify the worst sections, and the precise location of faults
(generally to an accuracy of 3-6 ft) can be determined by recording and plotting the actual current
levels at close intervals (6-30 ft) over the suspect section and noting those places where the rate
of current decline is steepest. The most serious faults can then be excavated and repaired.
4
1 OUTLINE OF THE C-SCAN SYSTEM

The main elements of the C-SCAN Pipeline Wrapping Evaluation System are the Signal
Generator and the Detector Unit.
The Signal Generator is attached to the pipeline and to an appropriate ground point, and
produces a constant AC signal which passes along the pipe.
The Detector Unit measures the electromagnetic field radiating from the pipeline and uses this to
locate the pipeline, determine the depth of the pipe and the residual strength of the signal current
at the observation point. This data is stored in the memory of the Detector Units computer and is
used to compute and store attenuation rates between any two given observation points. The
complete record of the survey (with time and date) may be printed out at the end of the survey to
provide a permanent record.
1.1
Signal generator
The C-SCAN Signal Generator is a self-contained unit producing an AC signal current of 937.5
Hz.
Pressure relief
valve instructions
Pressure relief
valve- press when
lid is hard to open
Catches - when
closed seals the
box to IP65
PIPE connector connects generator

to pipeline via
cable
Auxiliary Power socket

for connection of
charger OR external 12
volt supply for
extended operation
PIPE
WARNING!
HIGH VOLTAGE
GROUND
Auxiliary Power
GROUND
connector- connects
generator to ground
bed or ground spikes
The output from the Signal Generator is a sine wave signal at a frequency of 937.5Hz, with a
nominal maximum voltage of 60V p-p. The maximum current obtainable is approximately 1A.
The RMS value of the current being produced is displayed on the LCD on the control panel,
expressed in mA. The actual level of current produced is set by the Surveyor using the
instruments controls. Once set, this current level will be maintained at a constant level (despite
any transient changes in soil resistivity) until the batteries are exhausted. In tests, the unit when
fully charged, has maintained a constant output of 600mA for up to 8 hours continuous operation
when using the internal batteries. Use of an external 12 volt supply can extend this time
indefinitely.
5
1.2
Detector unit
The Detector Unit is housed in a weatherproof plastic case.

The front tube contains the antenna system, and the keyboard, LCD display and main computer
are mounted on the top of the tube, behind the LCD. The base compartment contains the
batteries, charger and connectors.
Display and
Keypad
Tube containing air

cored antennae
Carrying Handles
Base Unit
containing
batteries
Battery Charger
Input and PC connection
The antenna consists of a number of large diameter air cored coils.

In operation, the computer calculates the vector sum of the field strengths measured by the coils
over the length of the instrument.
When the instrument is stationary in the OVERHEAD position, the operator can then generate
an accurate reading by collecting a sample of 300 readings of the field strength values measured
by the antenna over a period of approximately six seconds. Provided the standard deviation of
the sample is below a threshold value, the computer will then calculate the depth of the pipe
(below the bottom of the unit to the centre line of the pipeline) and the strength of the residual
signal current on the pipe.
The depth and current values (in feet and mA) are then shown on the LCD.
6

The operator can store the displayed data (which is automatically given a reference number), and
request the computer to calculate the logarithmic attenuation of the signal from any previous
location stored in its memory. This information is displayed on the LCD and is also stored. The
computer can store up to 999 complete sets of data, spread over 99 surveys (location reference
number, depth of pipe, strength of signal current, distance from a previous location reference, and
logarithmic attenuation of the signal, in millibels per metre, between the two points). At the
beginning of each survey, the computer will also note automatically the time and date using the
internal clock, and this information will also appear on the subsequent printout.
At the end of a survey (or whenever required) the Detector Unit may be plugged into a standard
computer (RS232 serial interface) and the survey report can be printed out in full, using DCAPP.
The Detector Unit is powered NimH rechargeable or alkaline batteries which will normally provide
enough power to run the instrument continuously for over 20 hours. There is, in addition, a builtin lithium power source to maintain the data stored in the memory when the batteries have been
exhausted. This has an estimated life of ten years.
The C-SCAN System is not immune to electromagnetic interference but it incorporates a number
of features which are designed to keep such interference to an absolute minimum. Briefly these
features include: the generation of a pure sine wave so that no complex harmonics are produced,
the use of a carefully selected frequency with virtually no harmonics in common with other
frequencies in general use, the narrow bandwidth of the filters in the Detector Unit, and the
collection of 300 signal samples over a period of approximately 6 seconds to eliminate transient
interference. The instrument can usually be used in the presence of mains AC current and is not
affected by any residual ripple in operating DC (rectified) Cathodic Protection systems.
For further details of the detector operation see the Operators Manual.
7
2 SIGNAL GENERATOR FRONT PANEL

RECALL key sets output
current to level set when
STO pressed
Power OFF key switches off unit

immediately
STORE key stores present

current setting for RECALL
on future surveys
Power on key - keep

pressed for 2
seconds to switch on
Auto Select key Sets the

output to 600mA OR to the
maximum attainable
current below 600mA
UP or DOWN keys used

when in MANUAL mode to
increase or decrease set
current
LCD display
showing current
state of unit
Manual Select key allows

current to be set by the
keys above.
LCD Contrast key - each

press increases the contrast
until LCD goes blank.
Continue pressing to restore.
Function select keys.

Pressing this will give
approximate battery time
remaining at set current.
3 SIGNAL GENERATOR - GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The C-SCAN Signal Generator is a self-contained unit producing an AC signal current of 937.5
Hz.
3.1
Operating environment
The generator is housed in a strong weatherproof metal case, but it is not designed for total
immersion and is not certified for use in hazardous areas. The Signal Generator will operate
between -20oC and +50oC. The efficiency of the generator is however reduced under extreme
conditions and it is advisable to protect it from prolonged direct sunlight in desert operations.
8

3.2
Power requirements/batteries
The generator has a built-in re-chargeable power supply of three sealed lead-acid batteries, each
producing 12 volts and having a nominal capacity of 7 ampere/hours. The nominal output voltage
is 50 volts peak-to-peak (theoretical maximum 60 volts), which is 18 volts rms.
An external 12 volt battery (Car battery etc.) can be connected using the cable supplied. This will
extend the usable time to the capacity of the external battery. Note: the external battery must be
charged separately.
The generator is charged by an external power unit which will accept mains power at 120 volts or
240 volts and at frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz automatically.
A full charge should last for two to three days of normal survey work (depending on level of signal
current). The batteries should not be allowed to discharge completely. If possible, the generator
should be put on charge at the end of each days survey. This will extend the life of the batteries.
The generator is supplied in a low charge condition and should be fully charged before use.
3.3
Charging the signal generator
Charging is initiated by attaching the charger power unit to the Auxiliary Power connector (see
diagram) and plugging the charger unit into the mains power. Selection of mains voltage
(240,220,110 etc) is automatic. When powered the charger unit will show a green light. This light
is only a power indicator light and does not show charge status.
Switch on the generator unit (power ON key). The generator LCD screen will show:
C-SCAN GENERATOR UNIT

2000 SERIES VERSION X.XX
The batteries are checked for voltage and condition of charge, then the message:
CHARGING BATTERY A
CHARGING BATTERIES ---will show. This message indicates that battery A (there are three batteries, ABC) is being
charged. After 2 minutes or less, the message will change to charging battery B and then to
battery C. If the batteries are very empty, this cycle will continue i.e. A then B then C then A etc.,
until a point is reached when it is safe to charge all three batteries at once. At this time the
message:
CHARGING BATTERIES ABC

CHARGING BATTERIES ----
will show
This message will then continue until all batteries are charged. When each battery is charged it
will automatically be disconnected from the charger - it is therefore impossible to overcharge the
batteries. When all batteries are charged the message:
BATTERIES CHARGED !!!

SWITCHING OFF !!
will show.
9

At this point the unit will switch off. If the charge cycle is interrupted by disconnecting the external
power or by manually switching off, then when the unit is next powered on the message:
WARNING !! LAST CHARGE

CYCLE NOT COMPLETED !!
will show. This indicates that a previous charge cycle did not fully charge the batteries. Removal
of power or switching off may have been intentional and this message should not mean that there
is a fault with the batteries. The unit is now ready for use.
4 GENERATOR - FIELD OPERATIONS

Selecting the Signal Injection Points - It should be remembered that the signal will travel in both
directions from the Signal Injection Point, and that the Detector can operate moving towards the
Generator (when attenuation values will be negative) as well as away from it. Thus a signal
injection point (CP Test Post, etc) in the middle of the section to be surveyed will probably give
better overall results (because of the higher average signal level) than one at the end of the
section. Other points to consider when selecting the signal injection point are availability of a
good GROUND, and the fact that a section of line 30-45 feet either side of the injection point
cannot be surveyed because of mutual interference between the fields radiating from the
GROUND LEAD and the pipe. Thus if it is intended to survey a road crossing, it is better not to
use the CP Test Posts either side of the road to be checked.
Connecting the generator directly to CP transformer/rectifier stations, whilst CP is still switched on
has damaged a number of generator units. Despite warnings in the manual against this,
accidents do happen. Dynalog has added new checks to the generator to help guard against
these accidents. Although not foolproof, the new checks should stop 90% of mistakes.
4.1
Excessive Voltage message
When AUTO, MAN or RCL keys are pressed, the generator will check the existing AC voltage on
the pipeline (the AC component of the pipe to soil potential). If this is too high (greater than 6v
rms) then a warning will be shown. IT IS ESSENTIAL that the following procedure is carried out
to avoid damage to the generator:
Disconnect all CP stations and crossbonds to other pipelines within 3000ft (this
should have been done)
Re-check generator (go through switch on procedure again)
If EXCESSIVE VOLTS message still appears and indicated voltage is greater than
10v p-p then there is a foreign signal on the line DO NOT CONNECT
GENERATOR.
If EXCESSIVE VOLTS message still appears and indicated voltage is less than
10v p-p use a multi-meter set to AC current and connect between the PIPE and
GROUND leads (disconnect from generator first). If value is above 100mA rms
then there is a foreign AC signal on the line DO NOT CONNECT GENERATOR
If EXCESSIVE VOLTS message still appears and indicated voltage is less than
10v p-p use a multi-meter set to DC volts and connect between the PIPE and
GROUND leads (disconnect from generator first). If the DC voltage is greater than
+/-10v DO NOT CONNECT GENERATOR
To proceed with the connection press MANUAL.
NOTE:
It is the responsibility of the surveyor to check
the pipe-to-soil voltage (AC and DC) and current (AC) before proceeding.
10
4.2
Connection to pipe
The fully charged Signal Generator should be placed close to the selected CP Test Post (or other
selected signal injection point), and connected to it using one of the short leads, plugged into the
PIPE CONNECTION socket. The other short lead should be plugged into the GROUND
CONNECTION socket. If a CP input position has been selected as signal injection point, the CP
System should be switched off, the ground bed disconnected, and the GROUND CONNECTION
lead should be attached to the CP ground bed lead. If a CP Test Post or valve is being used, the
GROUND CONNECTION lead should be clipped to one end of the long lead on the frame, and
this lead should be unreeled to a suitable grounding point as far away as possible from the line of
the pipe and at right angles to it. One or more of the GROUND SPIKES should be driven into the
ground at the ground point and the long lead should be attached to them (using the jump leads
provided, as necessary).
4.3
Setting the signal current
When pipe and ground connections have been made, the Signal Generator should be switched
ON. The Generator will carry out its own internal checks. When this check is completed
satisfactorily, the Operator can set the signal current. The flow diagram overleaf outlines the
detector operation.
The signal current is set using either the AUTO, RCL or MAN keys. AUTO automatically sets the
current to 600 mA. If the resistance of the ground/pipe circuit is such that 600mA cannot be
attained then the generator will automatically back off the current until a good signal is attained. If
the signal is satisfactory, the survey can start.
4.4
Automatic level adjustment
Once the Signal Current has been set, it will remain constant until the batteries are exhausted.
Any changes in operating conditions during the survey (e.g. changes in resistance at the
GROUND SPIKE due to rain or capillary action) will be automatically compensated for. If
conditions change dramatically such that the unit is unable to maintain the correct current, the
unit will set the output to zero and maximum every 2 seconds. This will be picked up by the
surveyor (the detector operator) alternating as NO SIGNAL then ACQUIRED or CLOSE. This
is an indication that the something has gone wrong with the generator.
11
4.5
Apparent problems with current value
The resistances in the generator/pipe circuit define the maximum operating current. The circuit
resistances consist of the following components:
1.
2.
3.
Pipe to soil resistance (usually small because of the large area in contact) 3 ohms.
Generator to pipe connection (should be zero for good connection) 0 ohms
Generator to Ground connection (dependent on grounding system used see page 15
12

GROUNDING (Signal Generator Ground Connection))
If the user is unable to get any current at all i.e. the generator backs off to OFF or displays the
message Output disconnected high resistance, this is usually because of a high value for item 3
above.
The graph below shows the required ground contact resistance for the required current.
Earth spike resistance Vs Current mA
Resistance (ohms)
10000
1000
100
10
1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Current (mA)
13

C-SCAN GENERATOR
2000 SERIES VERSION 2.5
! EXCESSIVE AC VOLTS !
! POTENTIAL DAMAGE !
SEE LABEL IN LID
13.45 V P-P
14
5 GROUNDING (Signal Generator Ground Connection)

The selection of an appropriate ground point and the optimum siting of the GROUND SPIKES (if
these are used) and the GROUND LEAD are extremely important if useful results are to be
obtained from a survey.
5.1
Cathodic protection system ground bed
The best ground point is usually the ground bed of the Cathodic Protection System, and this
should be used whenever possible. When the ground bed is used, it is necessary to switch off
the CP System for the duration of the survey and ensure that any cross connections from the CP
injection point to other pipes in the area are disconnected. The ground bed and the pipe should
be disconnected from the CP Unit and connected to the Signal Generator using the two short
leads (with plug on one end and crocodile clip on the other). Using a CP ground bed as the
ground point will allow the surveyor to put a large signal on the line (500-700mA) without any
danger of distorting the signal, and survey a considerable length of line (five to ten kilometres in
each direction on a well protected pipeline) without having to relocate the Generator.
5.2
CP test posts
If it is not possible to obtain access to the CP injection point, or if it is not feasible or permissible
to turn off the CP current, the surveyor can use one or more of the GROUND SPIKES provided
with the generator. In this case, a ground point should be selected where ground resistance is
likely to be low, e.g. moist ground with a good depth of soil, generally away from rocky outcrops.
The ground point should be as far as possible from the Signal Generator and the pipe, on a line
roughly perpendicular to the axis of the pipe, and away from other pipes or similar long buried
metal structures. Approximately 90 feet of cable is provided on the frame to facilitate selection of
a suitable site for the ground.
The Signal Generator is placed near a convenient CP Test Point (or valve, etc if no other
connection to the pipe is available) and the Generator is connected to the pipe using one of the
short leads with plug and clip, via the PIPE CONNECTION socket. A similar lead is plugged into
the GROUND CONNECTION socket, and the free end of the long ground cable on the frame is
connected to the clip end of the GROUND lead. The cable is then unreeled towards the
selected ground point and the other end is clipped to the GROUND SPIKE with the frame and
any remaining cable at the GROUND SPIKE, not near the pipe. If insufficient signal current is
obtainable with one GROUND SPIKE, additional spikes can be used. These should be
connected to the first GROUND SPIKE using the short jump leads (with clip on each end)
supplied.
The GROUND SPIKES should be driven as far as possible into the ground to ensure good
contact, and in particularly dry conditions it may be necessary to pour some water onto the
ground around the point of entry of the spike.
5.3
Other grounds
Use of existing ground points (other than CP ground beds), such as water pipes, lamp posts,
steel fences, pylons, etc, may be necessary in some situations but is not recommended. If such
structures are used as ground points it is essential to ensure that they do not approach or cross
over the pipeline being surveyed at any point.
15
5.4
High soil resistivities
If the ground resistance is extremely high, it may not be possible to obtain a useful signal current,
even with all the available GROUND SPIKES in use. This may occur in extremely dry terrain
(desert or semi-desert) or where there is only a thin covering of soil over rock with a high
electrical resistance (e.g. granite). In this situation, it may be necessary to prepare a special
ground bed to minimise the resistance. This can be done by connecting the GROUND LEAD to
a sheet of aluminium foil which is placed in a trench, covered with brine, and buried.
5.5
Ground lead interference
When the Generator is switched on, the GROUND LEAD will emit a signal similar to that of the
pipe at the signal input point, and the signal will divide where it enters the pipe, with roughly half
of the signal going in each direction, there will therefore be considerable mutual interference of
radiating fields around the signal input point. In order to minimise the length of pipe over which
this interference is likely to prevent useful readings, it is essential that the cables are laid out
perpendicular to the pipe axis, and the ground point is as far away as possible. In normal
circumstances, a length of pipe 15-45 feet (depending on depth of pipe) either side of the signal
injection point cannot be surveyed and must be covered in the next leg when the Signal
Generator has been moved to its next location.
6 SURVEY PLANNING AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

No two pipelines will produce identical survey results because of variations in size, coating, age,
soil conditions, etc. but Dynalog has built up field experience over an extended series of trials
which can provide initial guidance on survey planning and on interpretation of the results
obtained. As the Operator acquires his own field experience, particularly with repeat surveys on
the same pipe lines, he will refine and add to these techniques and develop additional skills in
interpretation.
6.1
Preparation
Before starting any pipe line survey, it is advisable to assemble as much information as possible
about the line. This should include a large scale map (say 1:5000 or better) showing the location
of the line and any other pipelines in the area, the approximate positions of all branches, valves,
CP Test Posts, anodes, sleeves, and any other relevant information. The Surveyor should also
review the available data on the lines history: date of installation, nature of wrap or coating, all
recent survey reports, including Pearson surveys and CP potential surveys, and when and
where the line has been excavated and the coating repaired over, say, the last five years,
together with reports on defects found when excavating.
16
6.2
Planning
In planning a survey, particularly on a pipe line that has not been C-SCAN surveyed before, it is
helpful if possible reference locations and signal input locations can be marked on the map.
Signal input requires access to the pipe and must therefore be at CP Test Posts, CP Input
positions, or possibly block valves, etc. When selecting these, it should be remembered that the
area in the immediate vicinity of the signal input cannot be surveyed, thus if a particular road or
stream crossing is likely to be the site of faults, this requires that the Generator is NOT sited at
the CP Post alongside the road but at the next one. There will generally be some degree of
overlap in the lengths of pipe that are surveyed from each Generator position to ensure that the
dead spots are adequately covered.
6.3
Common fault areas
The most common sites for wrap and coating defects are: where the pipe runs underneath
roadways and rivers or streams, where the pipe trench has been cut through rock rather than soft
sub-soil, and where other excavations (for civil engineering work or laying additional pipe lines)
have taken place close to the line of the pipe after it was installed. Other areas to be checked
include block valves, joints between sections installed by different teams at different times, steep
slopes, and areas where the pipe line changes direction with a relatively small radius. It is
suggested that in these areas, the survey points should be relatively close together.
6.4
Reference readings
The sites for reference readings will frequently be dictated by the topography. Reference
locations must be identifiable so that readings can be repeated at a later date to check for
progressive deterioration of the line. This means that they should generally be at road crossings
or field boundaries which can be identified on the map and on the ground.
6.5
Distance between survey points
The optimum distance between readings will depend on two main factors: the general quality of
the line and the minimum size of fault that is likely to require accurate location for excavation and
repair. On a pipeline that has not been surveyed with a C-SCAN system before, it is important
that the distance is short so that all anomalies can be captured.
17
6.6
Attenuation values
Typical attenuation values for well protected lines of various sizes are:
Values of conductance imposed by NACE TM0102-2002 fall into the following categories:
Less than
100uS to
500uS to
Above
100 uS/m2
500 uS/m2
2000 uS/m2
2000 uS/m2
Excellent coating
Good to fair coating
Fair to bad coating
Bad to no coating
Translating into ohms.m2

Greater than
10,000 to
2,000 to
Below
10,000 ohm. m2
2,000 ohm. m2
500 ohm. m2
500 ohm. m2
Excellent coating
Good to fair coating
Fair to bad coating
Bad to no coating
This falls very well into the C-SCAN limits for good /bad coating.
NOTE: C-SCAN 2010 assumes 1000 ohm cm soil
Size
inches
Size
metres
9
36
0.219
0.914
Attenuation
range mB/m
excellent
0.01 - 0.80
0.05 1.50
Attenuation
range mB/m
average
0.80 2.00
1.50 3.00
Attenuation
range mB/m
poor
2.00 4.00
3.00 7.00
Attenuation
range mB/m
bad
4.00 10.00+
7.00 11.00+
The actual values obtained on well-protected lines may be outside these ranges, particularly if the
average ground resistance is abnormally high or low.
18
Research has been carried out on the relationship between coating conductance and attenuation.
The above graph shows the relationship, assuming the ground resistance is1000 ohm cm. The
C-SCAN 2010 indicates coating conductance (see 2010 operators manual).
6.7
Initial survey
When starting on a new line, the Operator should make some test readings over two or three
sections (typically 150-300 ft). If the line is say, a 24 pipeline and all the test readings are in the
range 2.0-2.5 mB/m, this indicates that the wrap is in poor condition but this may not be due to
discrete faults but rather to general deterioration or porosity of the wrap. This general condition
might be confirmed by reference to recent CP potential readings. In this situation, it is unlikely
that the line owners are going to re-wrap long sections of line, so the Operator will record the
general condition as a baseline for future surveys and will only try to locate individual faults where
the average attenuation is significantly higher than the test range - say over 3.0 mB/m on a 1500
foot section. Such a reading could indicate a single point fault of 250-500 mb in addition to the
general deterioration. This could rapidly be confirmed by halving the section (taking a reading
mid-way between the two last readings, and measuring the attenuation in both directions - see
example in appendix).
19
6.8
Signal range
The range of a signal is dependant on the following criteria:

1.
2.
Wrap/coating condition
Amount of signal applied.
For a pipe with poor coating, the attenuations will be high and therefore the range will be limited.
If a low signal is applied the range is also reduced. The following graph shows the relationship
between the maximum range versus attenuation for a given generator current. The graph
assumes that the generator current is split into two at the injection point. If a survey starts at an
insulating flange then the current is doubled.
Range Vs attenuation
1000000
100000
distance (feet)
10000
1000
100
10
1
0
Attenuation mb/m
1000mA
6.9
600mA
150mA
Fault size
On trial surveys it has been found that there is some correlation between point attenuation and
size of fault. A local loss of 100-150 mb (10-15% reduction in signal current) has indicated a
pinhole fault of about 1/600 square inch. While at the other extreme a loss of 1,500 mb (85% loss
of signal current) was associated with approximately 10.5 square feet of exposed pipe. There is
no general linear relationship between local attenuation figures and size of fault. These can be
affected by local soil resistivity (in particular whether the pipe is above or below the local water
table), and by the build-up of corrosion deposits at a fault over time. It is also possible that an
apparently small fault at the surface of the wrap is related to a large area of hidden wrap
disbondment and therefore produces a large local attenuation. It is probable that for any given
pipe, the correlation between fault size and local attenuation will be closer, but confirmation of this
requires more data collected over an extended period.
20

If the Operator wishes to locate only faults in excess of, say, 500 mb, in his initial survey, and the
pipe is believed to be in generally good condition, this will indicate the maximum distance
permissible between readings. On a 20 (500 mm) pipe with good attenuation levels of 0.2-0.4
mb/m, a single 500 mb fault in 1500 feet of pipe will raise the average attenuation level to 1.2 1.4 mb/m. Even given the normal variations experienced in the field, such a difference should be
clearly apparent. Even at 3000 foot intervals, the single fault would produce readings 0.7 - 0.9
mb/m, but at say 6000 feet, such a fault could be lost in the general background losses. In this
case, the maximum permissible interval between readings would probably lie in the range 15003000 feet. The intervals could of course be greater on a smaller pipe in equally good condition
because the background attenuation would be correspondingly lower.
6.10 Minimum distance between survey points

Unless a pipe is in extremely poor condition, it is not generally advisable to take attenuation
measurements at less than 50 feet intervals, because the possible signal errors are of a similar
size to the signal loss on a well protected pipe over such a short distance. The attenuation
readings obtained would thus be virtually meaningless. This does not of course apply when the
Operator is using the halving technique to narrow down the section in which a fault lies, and is
looking for large local differences in attenuation (see example in appendix).
6.11 Reading accuracy

The accuracy of the readings obtained is generally in the range +/- 2% but this can be affected by
a number of factors: depth of pipe, strength of signal, the presence of large faults, field distortion
due to other pipes or buried structures close by, etc. etc. In tests, using a signal level between 90
and 140 mA, and with minimum local distortion, at depths down to 3 metres, the DEPTH reading
was within 2% 65% of the time and within 5% 100% of the time. At depths between 9 and 15
feet, readings were within 2% 20% of the time, within 5% 50% of the time and within 10% 100%
of the time.
6.12 Close interval surveys

To locate specific faults, the suspect section should be narrowed down to 60-150 feet. This will
either be done by halving or by taking attenuation readings at closer intervals in areas commonly
associated with faults (see 6.12 above and examples). The Operator should then take readings
of CURRENT only at intervals of 6-30 feet over the suspect section (use the close function when
overhead, and enter required spacing). The faults will be located where there is a steep fall in
current level, and the precise position will usually be close to the mid-point on the steepest slope.
If readings are taken at intervals smaller than 6-15 feet, the signal errors will produce a sawtooth plot which could make it more difficult to identify the fault site.
6.13 Repeat surveys

Much of the benefit of the signal attenuation survey system arises from the speed and low
comparative cost with which a general survey can be carried out. These benefits become more
marked in repeat surveys of lines that have already had a C-SCAN survey. Repeat surveys of
selected sections can be carried out at more frequent intervals using the print-out to identify those
sections where deterioration is most serious or is advancing most rapidly so that they can be
dealt with in good time. The print-out itself provides a record of a survey having taken place at a
particular date, in a form increasingly being demanded by the regulatory authorities.
21

6.14 Long term programme
A long term survey programme, and good record keeping is essential if the full benefit is to be
obtained from this equipment, and the following approach is suggested:
a) Carry out a general survey of whole pipeline at intervals of several hundred metres (shorter on
high risk sections). Specific fault location only on sections with very high attenuation.
b) Study the results of (a) above and draw up a programme of specific fault location for the
highest risk sections (say 10-30% of the whole line) taking account of the extent to which the
CP System can cope with minor faults.
c) When a programme of fault location has been drawn up, survey the relevant section
immediately before and after the repair work.
d) Where any excavations, building work, pipe laying, road works, etc are to take place near the
pipe line, arrange for a check survey of the relevant section before and after the work to
establish the responsibility for any resultant damage.
e) Repeat (a) periodically (every 1-2 years?), if possible taking readings at exactly the same
places each time to facilitate comparisons and the identification of rates of pipe line
deterioration.
f) Correlate data on local mb losses (or percentage current loss) with actual fault sizes for
different coatings, sizes of pipe, and soil conditions, and correlate CP current drain with local
attenuation rates to improve the predictive value of the data collected.
6.15 Changes in soil resistivity

Resistivity changes during the course of a survey should not materially affect the results, as the
current stabilising circuitry in the Signal Generator will ensure that the applied signal current
remains constant despite such changes, until deliberately altered by the Operator. Seasonal
changes in soil resistivity (from a wet spring to a hot dry summer) will affect the results, but
experience to date suggests that changes in attenuation arising from this cause are unlikely to
exceed 10%. This variation can be allowed for and is unlikely to affect the validity of the results.
For regular check surveys, it is suggested that any given line is always surveyed at the same
time of year to minimise possible interpretation errors from this source.
6.16 New pipelines

It is strongly urged that new pipe lines should be checked, section by section, after laying, but
before backfill is complete. This will enable the surveyor to locate many of the wrap faults and
damage caused during installation so that repairs can be effected with minimum disturbance and
delay. Current values and attenuation rate (but not accurate depth readings) can be obtained
from the side of the trench by tilting the Detector Unit so that the antenna tube points at the pipe
line and the OVERHEAD signal is obtained on the display.
22
7 INTERFERENCE AND FIELD DISTORTION

7.1
The C-SCAN signal
The C-SCAN System operates with a clean sine wave signal of 937.5Hz. The band width of the
filters on the Detector Unit is less than 20Hz. The frequency used and the small band width have
been selected to minimise interference from commonly occurring frequencies while maximising
the distance that the signal can travel and still provide useful data (3-6 miles on a reasonably well
protected pipe).
7.2
Other signals carried by the pipeline
The instrument is not affected by any residual ripple in the rectified current used in standard
cathodic protection systems, provided it is within certain limits (see 4.1, page 10)
The C-SCAN signal will be significantly distorted if a Pearson type survey is carried out on any
section of the same pipeline at the same time as the C-SCAN survey.
Some forms of military signals traffic using powerful transmitters which happen to be located near
a pipeline, can result in the pipeline acting as an antenna and re-radiating a signal which may
overlap with the C-SCAN signal. If the existence of such interference is suspected, the operator
should turn off the Signal Generator and check whether a signal can still be detected on the pipe.
If the external signal appears to be constant, the true C-SCAN signal will be arrived at by
subtracting the value of the external signal.
The instrument will reject signals where the field strength at the top of the antenna is greater than
that at the bottom negative depth indication may appear). This includes any signal generated by
a conductor approximately 2 feet or more above the base of the detector. Overhead power lines
of normal height will not usually affect the readings, although an HT line within, say, 6-30 feet
might swamp the system.
The instrument may pick up transient signals within its frequency range which arise in a random
fashion from e.g. telephone lines laid close to the pipeline, but these will usually be eliminated by
the signal averaging system.
7.3
Buried metal structures
Buried metal structures (e.g. other pipes) which are relatively large and pass close to the pipeline
being surveyed, or lie in the same trench, can sometimes pick up the applied signal and reradiate it. This can occur through inductance or through signal current escaping from a fault in
the wrap on one pipe and transferring to the other. This is particularly likely to occur if the Signal
Generator GROUND SPIKE has been placed close to, say, an unwrapped iron water pipe which
also crosses the pipe being surveyed at some point. The operator will usually recognise the
anomalous readings produced in this situation and must repeat the survey with the Signal
Generator at a different location.
23
7.4
Cross bonds
Pipe lines which run near each other are frequently bonded to reduce the possibility of corrosion
being induced on one of them by a high CP potential on the other. These bonds can usually be
disconnected at CP test posts. It is usually advisable to disconnect all cross-bonds for at least
the next five to ten kilometres when carrying out a survey. If this cannot be done, the bonds will
show up as faults and some of the signal will be transferred to the other line where it may be
picked up during the survey. It is usually possible to distinguish the survey pipeline from the one
carrying a signal returned via a cross-bond by the considerable difference in signal strength.
7.5
Sacrificial anodes
These are generally used instead of an applied CP current as a means of protecting the pipeline.
They will show up as faults on a C-SCAN survey and should be disconnected if possible
because they will severely reduce the available current and thus shorten the length of pipeline
that can be surveyed from one Generator location.
7.6
Pipeline Bends and Tees
Bends (of radius less than approximately 30 feet) and T or Y junctions in pipelines will often
result in local distortion of the radiated field because of mutual interference between the signals
from adjacent sections. Although discrete wrap faults can usually be located in these areas with
a short close interval survey, readings taken close to bends and Tees should not be used to
compute attenuation levels over long sections of pipeline. Reference points should, where
possible, be at least 20 feet from a bend or junction. If attenuation readings are made across a
junction, a fault will be indicated because part of the signal will have gone down the other leg of
the pipeline.
7.7
Insulating flanges
Where pipelines enter hazardous areas, or at the interface between a section protected by
sacrificial anodes and a section protected by an applied CP potential (e.g. at the shore line), it is
sometimes the practice to insert an insulating flange which electrically isolates one section of pipe
from the other. If the C-SCAN operator is surveying the CP protected section and approaches
such a flange, the signal level will be extremely low and there may be a very high apparent
attenuation over the last few hundred metres before the flange. This problem can however be
overcome by connecting the Generator to the flange and surveying away from it, or by grounding
the CP side of the flange and surveying towards it.
7.8
Sleeves
Where a pipe is sleeved under a roadway (run through a section of metal pipe of larger diameter
which provides protection from mechanical damage), it is still possible to detect wrap faults on the
enclosed pipe.
24
7.9
Effects of Return Current
When part of the applied signal current escapes through a wrap fault into the soil, it will travel in
the general direction of the Signal Generator GROUND point. After a short distance, the return
current will become dispersed and virtually undetectable, but close to the fault, this current may
produce a field which will interfere with the field radiating from the pipe. This may produce a dip
in the apparent pipe current plotted during a close interval fault locating survey, i.e. after the
sharp fall in signal current (indicating the presence of a fault) the current may return part way to
its original level when the effects of the return current are no longer present. This effect is
particularly marked when operating close to the GROUND point, when the fault is large, and
when the pipe itself is large and with cover of less than one diameter.
7.10 Orientation of Detector to Pipe Axis

The C-SCAN Detector uses the vector sum of the outputs from the antenna coils so that
variations in the horizontal angle between the axis of the instrument and that of the pipe are
compensated for (although it is good practice always to approach the pipe from the same side
and approximately at right angles to its axis). Although the main source of potential operator
error is eliminated, there is still the necessity to ensure that the axis of the Detector antenna is
perpendicular to the pipe in the vertical plane. This is not a problem in normal conditions where
the pipe is effectively horizontal, and the instrument vertical. Where a pipe has been laid up a
steep slope and is parallel to the ground surface it is important that the Detector is held with its
axis perpendicular to the ground (i.e. not vertical). If the Detector is used vertically in such a
situation, the effective length of the antenna is reduced (by the Cosine of the angle), leading to
errors in the derived information.
SURVEY EXAMPLE (from European unit in metric)

ATTENUATION SURVEY OF PIPELINE WITH FAULT LOCATION ON ONE SECTION.
Survey of 1.5 kilometres of 600 mm (24 inch) bitumen coated gas transmission line with fault
location on high attenuation section. (Line approximately 15 years old). Line runs through
mountains with difficult access. All attenuation readings taken at road crossings.
1)
Signal Generator was connected to pipe at CP Test Post near road crossing. Ground
impedance very high due to underlying granite structure. Signal current of only 170 mA
obtained, after disconnecting cross bonds to sleeves, etc.
2)
First reading 00 taken 35 metres from injection point. Pipe was at 3.18 metres depth
and signal current was 67.86 mA (see print-out).
3)
Next reading 01 was taken 25 metres further on to obtain reference indication of the
quality of the line. This gave attenuation of 2.2, indicative of generally poor quality but
probably no major faults.
4)
Reading 02 taken at road crossing 40 metres from 01 (up a steep rocky slope). This
showed attenuation of 7.5 back to 01, indicating significant faults.
5)
03 taken at the next road crossing gave 2.33 back to 02 - quality not very good but
comparable with 00 to 01 so considered acceptable for the time being (In practice, it
would probably be advisable to check such a section again in 6 to 12 months to see
whether there had been any perceptible deterioration).
6)
Further readings 04, 05, and 06 were taken at other road crossings (the last two at the
same road crossing) and these showed that the attenuation rate was just over 1.0 over
the next 1200 metres. This indicated generally good coating given the age of the pipe.
The last line of the print-out covers the whole 1.5 km back to 01.
25

7)
It will be noted that the current level at the end of the section was approximately 5.6 mA
at a depth of 1.6 metres. It is normally considered that readings using current levels as
low as this should be cross-checked, and in practice the Generator would be moved up to
location 04 for the next leg of the survey to provide a degree of overlap.
The whole of this part of the survey, over very difficult terrain, was covered in
approximately 45 minutes.
A close interval survey was carried out over the section 01 to 02 where the high
attenuation had been observed. The plot of this survey is attached. This showed at least
two significant faults (most probable positions marked +) plus possible deterioration
inside the road crossing sleeve.
On both of the plots (attenuation and close interval current), the depth of the pipe to
centre line has also been plotted. This can sometimes be of assistance for planning
excavations and for checking that the pipe has adequate cover at all points.
8)
9)
10)
PIPELINE DEPTH AND CURRENT ATTENUATION SURVEY

PRINTED THIS DATE: 06/06/84
C-SCAN CURRENT ATTENUATION SURVEY
PIPELINE:
SURVEY SECTION:
GENERATOR SETTING:
EARTH LOCATION:
SURVEYORS:
LOCATION DEPTH CURRENT DISTANCE to REF ATTENUATION
(m)
(mA)
(m)
(mb/m)
00
3.18
67.86
SURVEY START POINT
11:51
01
1.90
63.50
25
00
2.20
02
2.47
44.58
40
01
7.50
03
2.09
26.73
178
02
2.33
03
2.09
26.73
218
01
3.43
04
2.49
17.98
320
03
1.02
05
1.69
5.897
920
04
1.05
06
1.65
5.605
1500
00
1.43
06TH JUNE
26
27

PART 2
8 DCAPP 2010
DATA CAPTURE, ARCHIVING
and
PLOTTER PROGRAM
28
DCAPP 2010 is a program that incorporates all the features of DCAPP for Excel,
plus the additional features.
Graphic display of Conductance (uS)

Ability to disable points
Ability to re-sequence data points by GPS data
Printing and display of visual feature symbol
Easy addition of comments for each point
Pan and Zoom of all graphs
Ability to re-format existing DCAPP files to new format
To install DCAPP 2010, insert CD. Install should AutoRun, if it doesnt then locate
CD-Start.exe on the CD and double click on it.
Click here to
install
DCAPP
Click on Install DCAPP button. The program will no install DCAPP. The other
buttons are self explanatory Note: contents of shipped CD may differ from the
above.
29

After installation, DCAPP 2010 will appear on the All Programs list under
Dynalog. Click on DCAPP 2010 to start.
The start-up screen will look like this:
(Data added in picture for clarity)
Attenuation or
Conductance graph
Data of point selected

Depth or Cover graph
Current graph
GPS positional plot

referenced to start point
Enlarge Graph button
Point comments
added by user
30
8.1 Setting up DCAPP

Click on the Tools button, which is on the right hand-side of the top toolbar
This window allows selection of COM port and auto search for MapPoint.
Selection of conductance or resistance defaults the graphs to show either type. It
is recommended that conductance is used, as areas of bad coating are displayed
as low resistance values that cannot be easily seen on the graph.
If a USB to RS232 converter is used, ensure that the COM port selected matches
the installed port.
If MapPoint1 is installed then checking Search for MapPoint check box will
correctly enable MapPoint for use with DCAPP.
MAP overview is a function that only works if MapPoint is installed. It allows
multiple surveys to be selected and overlaid on one map. This is useful to check
if the entire pipeline has been surveyed Note: this only works for GPS enabled
surveys. More on this subject later
* MapPoint - Copyright Microsoft Corporation
31
Explanation of toolbar buttons

The toolbar looks like this
Tools / Configuration
Show Attenuation Graph
Show Conductance Graph
Show Pipeline Details
Display Table
Select Next Survey

Survey Shown
Select Previous Survey
Print Data and/or Graphs

Save File
Open existing File
Show Map display. This

button will only appear if
Microsoft MapPoint* for
North America or Europe
is installed and system
has been supplied within
these areas.
Download from C-SCAN
8.2
Additional windows Pipeline layout
This shows the pipeline layout scaled to a straight pipe. Click on survey point to
display point data in Point data window and to enter user comments for this point
in the Comments box. Current point is highlighted in red.
* MapPoint - Copyright Microsoft Corporation
32
8.3 How to download from C-SCAN

Click the DL button and follow the instructions.
After download, switch off C-SCAN. All survey data downloaded will appear
graphically in the main window.
8.4
Additional windows Table
This shows the tabular data for a particular survey. Points may be disabled by
clearing the tick box. The data is then re-calculated and the graphs re-drawn
ignoring the disabled point.
For complex surveys, where the inter-point distances differ widely, the filter
button can be used. This disables points that lie between the intervals set this
can result in an easier to read graph. To re-enable the disabled points, click
Enable All.
33

The conversion buttons will change the cover/depth, distance and chainage fields
to the units selected. If pipeline diameter is entered, clicking on the Depth
header will change the column to Cover.
Some versions of C-SCAN will download GPS data during Close Interval Surveys
(CICOS). Normally, the GPS data will not be shown during CICOS, however
should the GPS data be available a check-box will appear allowing the viewing of
the GPS data. This data will appear in red to indicate that the accuracy may not
be as good as is required for CICOS.
8.5
Additional windows Pipeline Details
Use this form to enter pipeline details. Note data cannot be saved until (at
least) a Survey Reference is entered.
34
Additional window Print

Saving and Printing is self-explanatory.
The Export Data button allows data to be sent as a text file
as a comma-separated-value (csv) file for import into
spread-sheet programs.
Various data fields may be selected for export.

The best way to learn DCAPP is to experiment with it. Downloaded files are
archived untouched, so any changes to the data made in DCAPP will save the
data to a new file. This allows data recovery of the original data.
8.6 Advanced Tools
There are a number of advanced analysis tools available. They will be discussed
here.
8.6.1 GPS re-sequence
Once a survey has been carried out, a mistake in the entered distance may have
happened. This can display points out of order. By using the GPS re-sequence
button, all data points are reordered to a consecutive GPS order. The original
data file that was archived on download is not affected. Note for this resequence to successfully operate, ALL points MUST have valid GPS data.
35
8.6.2 Auto Analyse

The Auto-analyse button is an easy way of checking a survey for suspect areas
or either depth, cover, attenuation or conductance. Clicking this button brings up
the following form:
The user can manually enter the various limits that are deemed out-of-bounds for
a particular survey. A separate text file is created of this report that may be
imported into other documents.
36

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For Model 2010

SURVEY PROCEDURE MANUAL

Use of Generator and

Dynalog Electronics Limited

DCAPP for Excel

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Copyright Microsoft Corporation

DYNALOG LICENCE AGREEMENT

Leaders in Pipeline Survey Systems

C-SCAN SURVEY MANUAL

Leaders in Pipeline Survey Systems

OUTLINE OF THE C-SCAN SYSTEM______________________________ 5

Signal generator ________________________________________________ 5

Detector unit ___________________________________________________ 6

SIGNAL GENERATOR FRONT PANEL ____________________________ 8

SIGNAL GENERATOR - GENERAL DESCRIPTION __________________ 8

Power requirements/batteries _____________________________________ 9

Charging the signal generator _____________________________________ 9

GENERATOR - FIELD OPERATIONS ____________________________ 10

Excessive Voltage message _____________________________________ 10

Connection to pipe _____________________________________________ 11

Setting the signal current________________________________________ 11

Automatic level adjustment ______________________________________ 11

Apparent problems with current value _____________________________ 12

GROUNDING (Signal Generator Ground Connection) ______________ 15

Cathodic protection system ground bed ___________________________ 15

CP test posts __________________________________________________ 15

Other grounds _________________________________________________ 15

High soil resistivities ___________________________________________ 16

Ground lead interference ________________________________________ 16

SURVEY PLANNING AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS _________ 16

Common fault areas ____________________________________________ 17

Distance between survey points __________________________________ 17

Attenuation values _____________________________________________ 18

Initial survey __________________________________________________ 19

Signal range __________________________________________________ 20

Fault size _____________________________________________________ 20

Minimum distance between survey points ________________________ 21

Reading accuracy ____________________________________________ 21

Leaders in Pipeline Survey Systems

Close interval surveys_________________________________________ 21

Repeat surveys ______________________________________________ 21

Long term programme ________________________________________ 22

Changes in soil resistivity _____________________________________ 22

INTERFERENCE AND FIELD DISTORTION _______________________ 23

The C-SCAN signal _____________________________________________ 23

Other signals carried by the pipeline ______________________________ 23

Buried metal structures _________________________________________ 23

Cross bonds __________________________________________________ 24

Sacrificial anodes ______________________________________________ 24

Pipeline Bends and Tees _______________________________________ 24

Insulating flanges ______________________________________________ 24

Effects of Return Current _______________________________________ 25

Orientation of Detector to Pipe Axis _____________________________ 25

DCAPP 2010 ________________________________________________ 28

Setting up DCAPP ______________________________________________ 31

Additional windows Pipeline layout ______________________________ 32

How to download from C-SCAN __________________________________ 33

Additional windows Table ______________________________________ 33

Additional windows Pipeline Details _____________________________ 34

Advanced Tools _______________________________________________ 35

GPS re-sequence ______________________________________________________ 35

Auto Analyse __________________________________________________________ 36

Leaders in Pipeline Survey Systems