Circuits which are used to process digital signals are

called logic gates. In electronics, a logic gate is an

idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean
function; that is, it performs a logical operation on
one or more logical inputs, and produces a single
logical output. Logic gates are building blocks of
digital electronics. They are used in digital
electronics to change one voltage level (input
voltage) into another (output voltage) according to
some logical statement relating them. Thus logic gate
is a digital circuit which works according to some
logical relationship between input and output
voltages.
The earliest logic gates were made mechanically.
Charles Babbage, around 1837, devised the
Analytical Engine. His logic gates relied on
mechanical gearing to perform operations.
Electromagnetic relays were later used for logic
gates. In 1891,Almon Strowger patented a device
containing a logic gate switch circuit. Strowger's
patent was not in widespread use until the1920s.
Starting in 1898,Nikola Tesla filed for patents of
devices containing logic gate circuits .Eventually,
vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations.
Lee De Forest's modification, in 1907, of the Fleming

valve, can be used as AND logic gate. Claude E.

Shannon introduced the use of Boolean algebra in
the analysis and design of switching circuits in
1937.WaltherBothe, inventor of the coincidence
circuit, got part of the 1954Nobel Prize in physics,
for the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924.

TYPES
Generally, there are three types of logic gates:1.OR GATE
2.AND GATE
3.NOT GATE

OR GATE
The OR gate is a digital logic gate that
implements logical disjunction - it behaves according
to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1)
results if one or both the inputs to the gate are
HIGH (1). If neither input is high, a LOW output (0)
results. In another sense, the function of OR
effectively finds the maximum between two binary
digits.

Boolean expression - a + b = f

Symbol-

Truth table-

Circuit diagram-

AND GATE
The AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that
implements logical conjunction - it behaves
according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH
output (1) results only if both the inputs to the AND
gate are HIGH (1). If neither or only one input to the
AND gate is HIGH, a LOW output results. In
another sense, the function of AND effectively finds
the minimum between two binary digits.

Boolean expression a.b=f

Symbol-

Truth table-

Circuit diagram-

NOT GATE
A NOT gate (also often called Inverter) is a logic
gate. It takes one input signal. In logic, there are
usually two states, 0 and 1. The gate therefore
sends 1 as output, if it receives 0 as input.
Alternatively it received 1 as input, and sends 0 as
output.

Boolean expression - a

Symbol-

Truth table-

Circuit diagram-

The various possible combinations of the input and

output of the OR gate can be easily understand with
the help of the electrical circuit.

In this electric

circuit, a parallel combination of two switches A

and B is connected to a battery and a lump L.
The following interference can be easily drawn from
the working of electrical circuit:
a)

If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow

(A=0, B=0)
b)

If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1)

Lamp glow.
c)

If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0)

Lamp glow.
d)

If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1)

Lamp glow.
As we see truth table we found same as it is
observation.

The various possible combination of the input and

outputs of the AND gate can be easily found with
the help of the electrical circuit.

Here a series

combination of the switch A and B is connected to a

battery and a lump L.
The following conclusions can be easily drawn from
the working of electrical circuit:
a)

If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0)

then lamp will not glow. (y=0)

b)

If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then

Lamp will not glow. (y=0)

c)

If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then

Lamp will not glow. (y=0)

d)

If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then

Lamp will glow. (y=1)

As we see truth table we found same as it is
observed experimentally.

The possible input and output combination of a NOT

gate can

be

easily

discussed

with

the

help

of

electrical circuit. Here, the switch is connected in

parallel to the lump of the battery. The following
conclusion can be easily drawn from the working of
the electrical circuit:
a)

If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will

glow (i.e. Y=1)

b)

If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will

not glow (Y=0).

It follows that in the given electrical circuit, the
lump glows (or output is obtained), when the switch
A is not closed. Far this reason, the electrical circuit
is called not gate.

The two possible input-output

combinations can be written in the form of the

table. It is called truth table of NOT gate.

AIM
To demonstrate the working of logic gates using
torch, bulbs, battery and switches.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Torch, bulb, battery, switches, connecting wires,
battery eliminator as source of EMF.

PROCEDURE
Q.

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPES OF LOGIC GATES
3. USES
4. AIM
5. MATERIALS REQUIRED
6. PROCEDURE
7. RESULT
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this investigatory project
titled to investigate about logic gates submitted by
SHUBHAM TIWARI to physics department of
OXFORD PUBLIC SCHOOL has been carried under
the guidance and supervision during the academic
year 2014-2015.

TEACHER IN CHARGE

HEAD OF THE INSTITUTE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project shows my devotion of efforts. For
making this project more informative I would like to
thanks principal maam REKHA SINGH for
providing me with all the required material for this
project.
I would whole heartedly like to thanks SHELJA
MAAM for guiding me and my colleagues
throughout this project. She explained everything
about the project. Moreover a great thanks to her as
she gave us such a interesting project.
I would like to thank everyone who all supported me
directly or indirectly, for helping me to complete
this project effectively. I have tried to put my best
efforts in this activity.

PREFACE
Action is the language of commitment, It speaks
louder than words.
The theoretical knowledge and classroom discussion
have its own limitation.
This project intends to study the basic logic gates.
The data used in the project report are obtained
mainly from physics department to suit the
requirements for project report.
Hence the purpose and interest of subject in
maintained.
The external visits plays a dominant role to develop
the practical.

USES
OR GATE:
DETECT TEMPERATURE
DETECT PRESSURE
COMMAND SIGNAL

AND GATE:
TO MEASURE FREQUENCY
AS AN INHIBIT AND EXIHIBIT GATE

NOT GATE
LIGHT SENSOR
REGULATOR
PRESSURE PLATE

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
2. WWW.CBSE.NIC.IN
3. NCERT PHYSICS BOOK