Constitutive Relationships

Maxwell Equations
Constitutive Relationships
Fulvio Schettino
Microwaves Lab
September 29, 2014
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Maxwell Equations
e =
b
t
d
+j
t
d =
h =
b = 0
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Maxwell Equations
Are they independent?
e =
b
t
d
+j
t
d =
h =
b = 0
By taking the divergence of second equation:
e =
| {z }
0
Fulvio Schettino
b
t
Maxwell Equations
Maxwell Equations
e =
b
t
d
+j
t
d =
h =
b = 0
What about applying the same procedure to second equation?
h =
| {z }
0
+ j =
+ j
t
t
which is referred to as Current Density Continuity Equation

Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Maxwell Equations
e =
b
t
d
+j
t
d =
h =
7 independant scalar equations
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Maxwell Equations
e =
b
t
d
+j
t
d =
h =
16 scalar unknowns (e, h, d , b, j , )
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Maxwell Equations
e =
b
t
d
+j
t
d =
h =
16 scalar unknowns (e, h, d , b, j , )
we need something else Constitutive Relationships
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Vacuum
Medium properties
Vacuum
d = 0 e
b = 0 h
j =0
where
0 = 8.854 1012 F /m
0 = 4 107 H/m
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Vacuum
Medium properties
Generic Medium
d = Fd (e, h)
b = Fb (e, h)
j = Fj (e, h)
I
e and h are inputs
d , b and j are outputs
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Vacuum
Medium properties
Linearity
The medium is said to be linear if a linear combination

of inputs produces the same linear combination of
corresponding outputs:
d 1 = Fd (e 1 , h 1 )
and
d 2 = Fd (e 2 , h 2 )
imply that
d 1 + d 2 = Fd (e 1 + e 2 , h 1 + h 2 )
The functional Fd is linear. In addition we require it to be also
continuous, under the physical constraint that the output depends
continuously on the input. We will consider only linear media.
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Vacuum
Medium properties
Non dispersivity
I
The medium is said to be linear if a linear combination

of inputs produces the same linear combination of
corresponding outputs:
In its simplest form the functional Fd reduces to

d (r , t) = (r , t) e(r , t) + (r , t) h(r , t)
where and are 3x3 matrices, whilst inductions and fields are
3x1 column vectors.
I
The above equation states that the induction d at (r ,t)

depends only the value of the input at the same point r and
time t. Such a medium is referred to as local or
nondispersive.
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Vacuum
Medium properties
Isotropy
A medium is isotropic if a rotation of the input implies

the same rotation of the output:
Let R be a rotation matrix with R R t = I. We have:

d = e
R d = R e = R R t R e
Isotropy requires that
R R t = R = R
which can be verified only if = I since R is not symmetric.
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Vacuum
Medium properties
Homogeneity
A medium is homogeneous if a time/space translation of

the input implies the same time/space of the output:
d (r , t) = (r , t) e(r , t)
d (r r 0 , t t0 ) = (r , t) e(r r 0 , t t0 )
namely
(r , t) = (r r 0 , t t0 )
Accordingly, the electromagnetic parameters do not depend on r
and t.
Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Vacuum
Medium properties
Dispersivity
The integral is the next, more involved, form of the functional F:

Z
d (r , t) =
dr 0
dt 0 g(r , r 0 , t, t 0 ) e(r 0 , t 0 )
where g(r , r 0 , t, t 0 ) is the unit response of the medium.

The above equation states that the output at (r , t) depends on the
values of the input throughout the space-time interval. Such a
medium is referred to as dispersive.
Causality and finite velocity of propagation for the input set a
constraint on the unit response:
g(r , r 0 , t < t 0 +
|r r 0 | 0
,t ) = 0
c
where c is the velocity of light in vacuo.

Fulvio Schettino
Maxwell Equations
Vacuum
Medium properties
Dispersivity+homogeneity
A medium is dispersive and homogeneous if and only if

g(r , r 0 , t, t 0 ) = g(r r 0 , t t 0 )
Indeed, a space/time translation of the input e(r r 0 , t t0 )
leads to
Z
dr 0
dt 0 g(r r 0 , t t 0 ) e(r r 0 , t t0 ) =
dt 0 g(r r 0 + r 0 r 0 , t t0 + t0 t 0 ) e(r r 0 , t t0 ) =
dr
d (r r 0 , t t0 )
Note that due to finite velocity of propagation, space-dispersive
media are necessarily time-dispersive too.
Fulvio Schettino

Constitutive Relationships

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Maxwell Equations

September 29, 2014

which is referred to as Current Density Continuity Equation

7 independant scalar equations

7 independant scalar equations

16 scalar unknowns (e, h, d , b, j , )

7 independant scalar equations

16 scalar unknowns (e, h, d , b, j , )

we need something else Constitutive Relationships

e and h are inputs

d , b and j are outputs

The medium is said to be linear if a linear combination

The medium is said to be linear if a linear combination

In its simplest form the functional Fd reduces to

The above equation states that the induction d at (r ,t)

A medium is isotropic if a rotation of the input implies

Let R be a rotation matrix with R R t = I. We have:

A medium is homogeneous if a time/space translation of

The integral is the next, more involved, form of the functional F:

where g(r , r 0 , t, t 0 ) is the unit response of the medium.

where c is the velocity of light in vacuo.

A medium is dispersive and homogeneous if and only if

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