Basic Compendium of English

COLGIO ESTADUAL PROTSIO ALVES
BASIC COMPENDIUM OF
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
FOR TECHNICAL
COURSES (INFORMATICS
AND SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT)
hen I was young and free and my imagination had not limits, I dreamed of changing the
world. As I grew older and wiser, I discovered the world would not change, so I shortened my
sights somewhat and decided to change only my country.
But, it, too, seemed immovable.
As I grew into my twilight years, in one last desperate attempt, I settled for changing only my
family, those closest to me, but alas, they would have none of it.
And now as I lie on my deathbed, I suddenly realize: If I had only changed myself first, then
by example I would have changed my family.
From their inspiration and encouragement, I would then have been able to better my country,
and, who knows, I may have even changed the world.
Words inscribed on the tomb of an Anglican bishop in Westminster Abby (1100 A.D.)
Apostila desenvolvida especialmente por Clarissa Dias1,

Professora de Idiomas, Tradutora e Revisora.
Cpias permitidas mediante prvia autorizao.
2010
Clarissa Dias professora de idiomas, tradutora e revisora. Possui graduao em Bacharelado em Letras pela
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS, 2004). Atualmente professora titular da disciplina de
Ingls Tcnico e coordenadora do Ncleo de Ensino de Lngua Estrangeira Moderna do Colgio Protsio Alves,
Porto Alegre, RS. Tem experincia na rea de Letras e Comunicao, com nfase em Lngua Inglesa. Atua no
ensino de lngua inglesa a mais de 15 anos.
1. The Alphabet
Spelling the Alphabet:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
/i/
/b/
/c/
/d/
//
/ff/
/dj/
/itch/
/i/
/dji/
/ki/
/ll/
/mm/
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
/nn/
/u/
/p/
/ki/
/r/
/s/
/t/
/i/
/v/
/dbli/
/ks/
/ui/
/z/
Now practice these groups of sounds:

/i/
/i/
//
/i/
/u/
/i/
//
A
B
F
I
O
Q
R
H
C
L
Y
J
D
M
K
E
N
G
S
P
X
Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.
2010
2. Useful Expressions and Sentences
Can you repeat, please?

Im sorry.
Excuse-me.
Just a minute.
Just a moment.
Just a second.
How do I say _______ (in English)?

How can I say _______ (in English)?
How do I pronounce _______ ?
How can I pronounce _______ ?
How do you spell ________ ?
Whats the meaning of _________?
What does __________ mean?
How are you?

How do you do?
How are you doing?
Im fine, thanks.
Im (very) well.
Im doing fine, thank you.
Whats your name?
My name is _______________.
I am ___________________.
How do you spell your first name?

How do you spell your last name?
Can you spell your first/last name?
Yes! Its _______________________.
How old are you?
Im _______ (years old).
Where are you from?

Where do you come from?
What is your nationality?
I am from _(Brazil)_.
I come from _(Brazil)_.
I am _(Brazilian)_.
What do you do? (Whats your profession? / What do you do for a living?)
Im a/an __________________.
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3. Numbers, Days of the Week, Months and Seasons

Cardinal Numbers
1. one
2. two
3. three
4. four
5. five
6. six
7. seven
8. eight
9. nine
10. ten
11. eleven
12. twelve
13. thirteen
14. fourteen
15. fifteen
16. sixteen
17. seventeen
18. eighteen
19. nineteen
20. twenty
Ordinal Numbers
st
1
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
21. twenty-one
22. twenty-two
23. twenty-three
30. thirty
40. forty
50. fifty
60. sixty
70. seventy
80. eighty
90. ninety
100.
one hundred
200.
two hundred
300.
three hundred
400.
four hundred
500.
five hundred
600.
six hundred
700.
seven hundred
800.
eight hundred
900.
nine hundred
1000.
one thousand
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
101st
102nd
103rd
104th
200th
300th
400th
500th
twentieth
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
one hundredth
one hundred and first
one hundred and second
one hundred and third
one hundred and fourth
two hundredth
three hundredth
four hundredth
five hundredth
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600th
700th
800th
900th
1000th
six hundredth
seven hundredth
eight hundredth
nine hundredth
one thousandth
Days of the Week

Sunday
(Sun)
1
8
15
22
29
Monday
(Mon)
2
9
16
23
30
Tuesday
(Tue)
3
10
17
24
31
Wednesday
(Wed)
4
11
18
25
Thursday
(Thu)
5
12
19
26
Friday
(Fri)
6
13
20
27
Saturday
(Sat)
7
14
21
28
Months of the Year
January (Jan)
February (Feb)
March (Mar)
April (Apr)
May (May)
June (Jun)
July (Jul)
August (Aug)
September (Sept)
October (Oct)
November (Nov)
December (Dec)
Seasons of the Year
Autumn / Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
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4. How to use a bilingual dictionary

Using a bilingual dictionary
Parts of speech
Noun: A noun is a person, place, thing, quality, or act. Examples: pencil, girl, supermarket,
happiness
Verb: Verbs are action or existence words that tell what nouns do. Examples: to fly, to run,
to be, jump, lived
Adjective: An adjective describes a noun. Examples: hairy, crazy, wonderful
Adverb: An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or adverb. It often ends in "ly". Examples:
carefully, easily, barely
Interjection: An outcry or sudden utterance. Usually starts a sentence. Examples: Wow,

Gosh, Darn (Damn)
Preposition: A preposition describes the relationship between a noun and another noun (or
verb or adverb). Examples: to, under, for, at, by, from
Conjunction: A conjunction joins together words, phrases, or clauses. Examples: and, or,
but
Pronoun: A pronoun replaces a noun or noun phrase that is understood from context.
Examples: he, it, they
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5. The Plural of Nouns

5.1 Regular Plural
Most nouns forms the plural simply by adding -s or -es to the end of the word. For example:
Singular
boat
hat
house
minute
river
Plural
boats
hats
houses
minutes
rivers
Nouns that end in -ch, -x, -s, -sh, z or s-like sounds, the plural is formed by adding -es to the end of
the word. For example:
Singular
box
bush
church
gas
kiss
Plural
boxes
bushes
churches
gases
kisses
Nouns that end in a single -z, the plural is formed by adding -zes to the end of the word. For
example:
Singular
quiz
Plural
quizzes
Most nouns ending in -o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding -es. For
example:
Singular
Plural
Potato
potatoes
Tomato
tomatoes
Volcano
volcanoes
However many newly created words and words with a Spanish or Italian origin that end in -o just
add an 's'. For example:
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photo photos
piano pianos
portico - porticos
A noun ending in -y preceded by a consonant makes the plural with -ies. For example:
Singular
a cry
a fly
a nappy
a poppy
a city
a lady
a baby
party
Plural
cries
flies
nappies
poppies
cities
ladies
babies
parties
Most nouns ending in -f or -fe, drop the f and add -ves. For example:
Singular
calf
half
wolf
Plural
calves
halves
wolves
Most words ending in -is, drop the -is and add -es. For example:
Singular
crisis
hypothesis
oasis
Plural
crises
hypotheses
oases
5.1 Irregular Plural

There are some irregular formations for noun plurals. Some of the most common ones are listed
below.
Singular
analysis
cactus
child
crisis
criterion
datum
diagnosis
focus
foot
fungus
half
knife
leaf
Plural
analyses
cacti
children
crises
criteria
data
diagnoses
foci
feet
fungi
halves
knives
leaves
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life
loaf
man
mouse
nucleus
oasis
person
phenomenon
potato
syllabus
thesis
tooth
wife
woman
lives
loaves
men
mice
nuclei
oases
people
phenomena
potatoes
syllabi/syllabuses
theses
teeth
wives
women
Some nouns have the identical form in the singular and the plural, although they are still considered
to have a plural form. For example:
Singular
aircraft
fish
headquarters
sheep
species
Plural
aircraft
fish
headquarters
sheep
species
Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb. For example:
news
athletics
linguistics
darts
billiards
The news is on at 6.30 p.m.

Athletics is good for young people.
Linguistics is the study of language.
Darts is a popular game in England.
Billiards is played all over the world.
*others include: advice, information, luggage.

Some nouns have a plural form and take a plural verb. For example:
trousers
jeans
glasses
My trousers are too tight.

Her jeans are black.
Those glasses are his.
*others include: savings, cattle, scissors, pyjamas, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations,
tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits.
Nouns that stem from older forms of English or are of foreign origin often have odd plurals. For
example:
Singular
ox
Plural
oxen
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index
indices or indexes
In compound nouns the plural ending is usually added to the main noun. For example:
Singular
court martial
son-in-law
passer-by
Plural
courts martial
sons-in-law
passers-by
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6. Verb To Be
Verb To Be (present tense)
Affirmative
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
You are
They are
Negative
I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not
We are not
You are not
They are not
Interrogative
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?
The Be verb is special because it is the main verb and its own auxiliary at the same time
(because it does not admit any other auxiliary verb). Thus, that is why the inversion subject
verb in the interrogative and negative (not) sentences comes from.
Verb To Be (past tense)

Affirmative
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were
Negative
I was not
You were not
He was not
She was not
It was not
We were not
You were not
They were not
Interrogative
Was I?
Were you?
Was he?
Was she?
Was it?
Were we?
Were you?
Were they?
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7. Present Tenses
7.1 Present Simple
Affirmative
General rule: It is added an s in the 3rd person singular (He, She, It).
To write
To work
To travel
To communicate
To do
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
Exception # 1: It is added an es at the end of verbs ended in S, SH, CH, O, X e Z. Only for
the 3rd person singular (He, She, It).
To wash
To wish
To go
To kiss
To fix
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
Exception # 2: It is added an ies (-y) at the end of verbs ended in Y, preceded by a consonant.
as Only for the 3rd person singular (He, She, It).
To fly
To try
To play
To enjoy
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
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To cry
Interrogative (Do / Does)

To form interrogative sentences in the present simple in English, it must be used an auxiliary
verb Do or Does before the subject. Look:
Affirmative: I live in Porto Alegre.
Interrogative: Do I live in Porto Alegre?
Affirmative: She goes out every Saturday night.
Interrogative: Does she go out every Saturday night? *
* When the auxiliary verb (Does)is added to the 3rd person singular (He, She, It), the main
verb returns to its base form, and it is no longer inflected.
** It is used Do for I, You, We, They.
It is used Does for He, She, It (3rd person singular)
Negative (Do not/ Does not)

To form negative sentences in the present simple in English, it must be used an auxiliary verb
Do or Does followed by the adverb of negation (not) before the main verb. Look:
Affirmative: I live in Porto Alegre.
Negative: I do not live in Porto Alegre.
Affirmative: She goes out every Saturday night.
Negative: She does not go out every Saturday night.
* do not forget that for the 3rd person singular (He, She, It), it must be added the auxiliary verb
Does plus the adverb of negation Not in the sentence, and the main verb returns to its base
form, and it is no longer inflected.
** It is used Do not (or dont) for I, You, We, They.
It is used Does not (or doesnt) for He, She, It (3rd person singular)
7.2 Present Continuous

Affirmative
General rule: It is used the auxiliary verb be in the present plus the main verb followed by ing.
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
am
are
is
are
are
are
working.
working.
working.
working.
working.
working.
Exception # 1: For verbs ended in -e it is cut the -e and added -ing.

2010
Interrogative
To form interrogative sentences in the present continuous in English, it must be used an
auxiliary verb be (inflected in the present) before the subject. Look:
Affirmative: I am living in Porto Alegre.
Interrogative: Are you living in Porto Alegre?
Negative (not)
To form negative sentences in the present continuous in English, it must be used an auxiliary
verb be (inflected in the present) followed by the adverb of negation (not) before the main
verb. Look:
Affirmative: I am living in Porto Alegre.
Negative: I am not living in Porto Alegre.
7.3 Present Perfect

Affirmative
General rule: It is used the auxiliary verb have (inflected in the present) plus the main verb in
the participle (3rd column)*.
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
have
have
has
have
have
have
worked.
worked.
worked.
worked.
worked.
worked.
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
have
have
has
have
have
have
known.
known.
known.
known.
known.
known.
* For regular verbs it is only added an -ed to form the participle.

For irregular verbs it is needed to look at the verb inflection in the list at the end of this
compendium.
Interrogative
To form interrogative sentences in the present perfect in English, it must be used an auxiliary
verb have (inflected in the present) before the subject. Look:
Affirmative: I have lived in Porto Alegre.
Interrogative: Have you lived in Porto Alegre?
Negative (not)
2010
To form negative sentences in the present perfect in English, it must be used an auxiliary verb
have (inflected in the present) followed by the adverb of negation (not) before the main verb.
Look:
Affirmative: I have lived in Porto Alegre.
Negative: I have not lived in Porto Alegre.
7.4 Present Perfect Continuous

Affirmative
General rule: It is used the auxiliary verb have (inflected in the present), the verb been plus
the main verb with -ing.
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
have
have
has
have
have
have
been working.
been working.
been working.
been working.
been working.
been working.
Interrogative
To form interrogative sentences in the present perfect continuous in English, it must be used
an auxiliary verb have (inflected in the present) before the subject. Look:
Affirmative: I have been living in Porto Alegre.
Interrogative: Have you been living in Porto Alegre?
Negative (not)
To form negative sentences in the present perfect continuous in English, it must be used an
auxiliary verb have (inflected in the present) followed by the adverb of negation (not) before
been. Look:
Affirmative: I have been living in Porto Alegre.
Negative: I have not been living in Porto Alegre.
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8.1. Past Simple
8. Past Tenses
Affirmative
General rule: + ed (para os verbos regulares)
To live
To work
To know
To run
To write
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
Exception # 1: the final consonant is doubled when verbs ended in Consonant/Vowel/
Consonant present last syllable stronger (when pronounced).
Exception # 2: it is added ied to verbs ended in Y, preceded by consonant.
Irregular Verbs in the Past

For irregular verbs in the past there is no rule but there is a list of their base form and their
corresponding form in the past tense.
Interrogative and negative forms both for regular and irregular verbs follow the same rule.
Interrogative in the Past (Did)

To form interrogative sentences in the past simple in English, it must be used an auxiliary
verb Did before the subject. Look:
Affirmative: I lived in Porto Alegre.
Interrogative: Did you live in Porto Alegre?*
Negative (Did not)

To form negative sentences in the past simple in English, it must be used an auxiliary verb
Did followed by the adverb of negation (not) before the main verb. Look:
Affirmative: I lived in Porto Alegre.
Negative: I did not live in Porto Alegre.*
2010
* Both for regular and irregular verbs.
8.2 Past Continuous

Affirmative
General rule: It is used the auxiliary verb be in the past plus the main verb followed by -ing.
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
was
were
was
were
were
were
working.
working.
working.
working.
working.
working.
Interrogative
To form interrogative sentences in the past continuous in English, it must be used an auxiliary
verb be (inflected in the past) before the subject. Look:
Affirmative: I was living in Porto Alegre.
Interrogative: Were you living in Porto Alegre?
Negative (not)
To form negative sentences in the past continuous in English, it must be used an auxiliary
verb be (inflected in the past) followed by the adverb of negation (not) before the main verb.
Look:
Affirmative: I was living in Porto Alegre.
Negative: I was not living in Porto Alegre.
8.3 Past Perfect

Affirmative
General rule: It is used the auxiliary verb have (inflected in the past) plus the main verb in
the participle (3rd column)*.
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
had
had
had
had
had
had
worked.
worked.
worked.
worked.
worked.
worked.
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
had
had
had
had
had
had
known.
known.
known.
known.
known.
known.
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* For regular verbs it is only added an -ed to form the participle.

For irregular verbs it is needed to look at the verb inflection in the list at the end of this
compendium.
Interrogative
To form interrogative sentences in the past perfect in English, it must be used an auxiliary
verb have (inflected in the past) before the subject. Look:
Affirmative: I had lived in Porto Alegre.
Interrogative: Had you lived in Porto Alegre?
Negative (not)
To form negative sentences in the past perfect in English, it must be used an auxiliary verb
have (inflected in the past) followed by the adverb of negation (not) before the main verb.
Look:
Affirmative: I had lived in Porto Alegre.
Negative: I had not lived in Porto Alegre.
8.4 Past Perfect Continuous

Affirmative
General rule: It is used the auxiliary verb have (inflected in the past), the verb been plus the
main verb with -ing.
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
had
had
had
had
had
had
been working.
been working.
been working.
been working.
been working.
been working.
Interrogative
To form interrogative sentences in the past perfect continuous in English, it must be used an
auxiliary verb have (inflected in the past) before the subject. Look:
Affirmative: I had been living in Porto Alegre.
Interrogative: Had you been living in Porto Alegre?
Negative (not)
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To form negative sentences in the past perfect continuous in English, it must be used an
auxiliary verb have (inflected in the past) followed by the adverb of negation (not) before
been. Look:
Affirmative: I had been living in Porto Alegre.
Negative: I had not been living in Porto Alegre.
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9. Future Tenses
9.1 Future simple
There are two ways of forming sentences in the future simple. However, each one has its own
characteristics. Look:
WILL (time of speaking; formal)
GOING TO (decision has already been

taken; near future; informal)
Prediction
I will win the contest.
Voluntary action (offering/asking to do
something)
I will translate the e-mail for you.
Promise (or threat)
I promise I will take care.
Talking about the present and future (or
past) with certainty (deducting)
I am sure you will understand what Im
going to tell you.
Making a decision
For the main course, I will have grilled
tuna.
Agreeing or refusing
The car wont start.
Ill bring your book back this evening.
Prediction
I am going to win the contest.
Plan (idea or intention to do something)
She is going to move to a new place.
Arrangements
I am going to meet Marioara at 11 a.m.
Situational context and thought of
something that is going to happen
She is going to have a baby.
Something in the present that shows what
will happen in the future
When we have already decided
Im going to tell him the truth.
*Eu vou apresentar.

I go present. (wrong) = I will present. (right)
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9.2 Future continuous

Affirmative
General rule: It is used the auxiliary verb be (in the future will be) plus the main verb followed
by -ing.
I
You
He, She, It
We
You
They
will be
will be
will be
will be
will be
will be
working.
working.
working.
working.
working.
working.
Interrogative
To form interrogative sentences in the future continuous in English, it must be used an auxiliary
verb will before the subject. Look:
Affirmative: I will be living in Porto Alegre.
Interrogative: Will you be living in Porto Alegre?
Negative (not)
To form negative sentences in the future continuous in English, it must be used an auxiliary verb
will followed by the adverb of negation (not) and be (will not be) before the main verb. Look:
Affirmative: I will be living in Porto Alegre.
Negative: I will not be living in Porto Alegre.
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10. Simple and Continuous Verbs

Some verbs are used only in simple tenses. For example, you cannot say I am knowing. You can
only say I know. Here is a list of verbs that are not normally used in continuous tenses (but there
are exceptions):

state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit, need

Example: We are on holiday.
possession: belong, have (meaning possess)
Example: Sam has a cat.
senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch, seem

Example: He feels the cold.
feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish

Example: Jane loves pizza.
brain work: believe, know, think (meaning believe or have an opinion), understand ,
remember, forget, suppose, realize
Example: I believe you.
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11. Passive Forms
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing
the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you
think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also
use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention
who is doing the action.
Active
Passive
Simple Present
Once a week, Tom cleans the house.
Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present
Continuous
Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.
Right now, the letter is being written by

Sarah.
Simple Past
Sam repaired the car.
The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous
The salesman was helping the customer

when the thief came into the store.
The customer was being helped by the

salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect
Many tourists have visited that castle.
That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Simple Future
Someone will finish the work by 5:00

PM.
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
BE GOING TO
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner

tonight.
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by

Sally tonight.
Used to
Jerry used to pay the bills.
The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Future in the Past

WOULD
I knew John would finish the work by

5:00 PM.
I knew the work would be finished by 5:00

PM.
WILL
Simple Future
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12. The Pronouns

Here are the table of pronouns and their respective uses in a sentence.
Personal Pronouns
Subject
Object
I
Me
You
You
He
Him
She
Her
It
It
We
Us
You
You
They
Them
Adjective Possessive Pronouns

My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Possessive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves
Os subject pronouns tm a funo de sujeito da orao.

O pronome I sempre escrito em maiscula, no importando seu lugar na frase.
It um pronome neutro usado para designar animais, e coisas no singular. ainda o sujeito
de verbos impessoais que expressam tempo, distncia, condies meteorolgicas, etc.
It is going to rain. / It is two p.m. / It was cold out there.
Os object pronouns tm a funo de objeto direto ou indireto da orao. So precedidos
por um verbo ou preposio.
Os possessive adjective pronouns tm a mesma funo de um adjetivo da orao, podendo
ser utilizados antes de substantivos no singular ou plural. So invariveis, e concordam
sempre com seu possuidor.
It is my classroom. / I know her sisters and brothers. / She drives his car.
O possessive pronoun nunca utilizado antes de um substantive, pois ele substitui a
construo: possessive adjective + substantivo. Sempre concordam com o possuidor e no
com o que eles possuem.
Is that car still yours (your car)? / A teacher of mine (one of my teachers) is American.
Os reflexive pronouns so utilizados quando o sujeito faz e sofre, ao mesmo tempo, a
ao. Por vezes, so utilizados para enfatizar a ao realizada pelo sujeito da orao.
He always cuts himself. / These facts repeated themselves. / You yourself closed the gate.
A construo by + reflexive pronoun sinnimo de alone (sozinho).
Do your homework by yourselves.
Nenhum dos pronomes acima aceita antes de si um artigo (definido ou indefinido).
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13. The articles

H dois tipos de artigos em Ingls: o definido (the) e o indefinido (a, an).
a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with
consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with
vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use
"the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains
except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
2010
Vejamos, agora, cada um deles separadamente.
The definite article (the)

o artigo definido (the) que em portugus significa o, a, os, as.
Usa-se o artigo definido the antes de:
substantivos nicos na espcie;
sobrenomes no plural e substantivos comuns ou prprios no singular quando se referem a
pessoas especificas;
nomes de pases que contm a palavra Union, United, Republic, ou que estejam no plural;
nomes de rios, mares, oceanos, cadeias de montanhas;
nomes de idiomas seguidos pela palavra language e nomes de instrumentos musicais;
nomes de cincias, matrias escolares, elementos qumicos e refeies usadas com sentido
especfico;
nome da maioria dos edifcios e monumentos;
perodos da Histria;
superlativos;
adjetivos substantivados que representem uma classe, e que esteja implcita a idia de
plural;
nomes de jornais;
substantivos como school, college, church, hospital, bed, prision e supermarket,
subtendendo-se que a atividade-fim no est representada;
substantivos abstratos usados com sentido restrito; e
substantivos concretos usados com sentido restrito.
No se usa o artigo definido the antes de:
nomes prprios no singular;
cidades, estados, continentes e a maioria dos pases;
nomes de montes, ilhas, lagos, quedas dgua e praias;
nomes de jogos, artes, esportes e idiomas;
nomes de cincias, matrias escolares, elementos qumicos e refeies;
nome de edifcios que contenham a palavra palace e hall;
dias da semana, meses, anos estaes do ano e feriados;
adjetivos e pronomes possessivos;
substantivos no plural, representando uma classe ou categoria;
nomes de revistas;
substantivos como school, college, church, hospital, bed, prision e supermarket, referindose a suas atividades especficas;
substantivos abstratos usados com sentido geral; e
substantivos concretos usados com sentido geral.
2010
The indefinite article (a/an)

o artigo indefinido (a/an) que em portugus significa um, uma.
Usa-se o artigo indefinido a antes de palavras no singular iniciadas por consoante, u/eu/ew
(com som de /ju:/), h aspirado e a palavra one.
Usa-se o artigo indefinido an antes de palavras no singular iniciadas por vogal, h mudo e letras
que quando pronunciadas possuam som voclico (f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x).
Usos especficos de a/an:
antes de nomes de profisses;
em algumas expresses numricas;
em expresses de preo, velocidade e freqncia; e
em exclamaes.
2010
14. Prepositions
The preposition is a part of a sentence linking two terms and established a connection between
them, explaining or completing their sense. Below there is a list of the most common prepositions.
About
Above
According To
Because Of
By Way Of
In Addition To
In Front Of
In Place Of
In Regard To
In Spite Of
Instead Of
On Account Of
Out Of
Across
After Before
Against
Around
At
Behind
Below
Beneath
Beside=Besides
Between=Among
Beyond
At
Behind In Front Of
Below
Beneath = under = underneath
By
Despite = In Spite Of
Down ( Up)
During
Except
For
From
In
Inside Outside
Instead Of
Into
Like
Near = Next To
Of
Off
On
Out
Over
Over
Since
Through
Throughout
Till
To
Towards = toward
Under
Until
Up
Upon
With Without
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Location
Time
Action and Movement
above
at
at
below
on
by
over
by
from
under
before
into
among
from
on
between
since
onto
beside
for
off
in front of
during
out of
behind
to
next to
until
with
after
in the middle of
on
in
at
Specific uses for IN / ON / AT:

Tempo
Indicaes de Tempo
(pocas, meses, anos,
estaes do ano, dcadas,
sculos, perodos do dia,
prazos)
Lugar
Regies (bairro, cidade,
estado, pas, continente)
IN
(em, dentro de)
ON
(sobre, em cima, acima de)
Dias da semana
Antes de datas e feriados
seguidos pela palavra day
Nomes de ruas, praas e

avenidas
Antes de palavras como
fazenda (farm), praia (beach),
costa (coast), rio (river), lago
(lake).
Expresses como:
On the bus/plane/ship.
On the radio/the phone/tv.
On board/vacation/foot/page 25.
AT
(para, a , em, junto a/de)
Tempo/Hora definida
Data especfica sem a
palavra day
Endereo precedido por

nmero
Local especfico
2010
At night
Idade, celebrao
Expresses como:
At school/home.
At the airport/cinema/restaurant.
At the library/bookstore/shopping
mall.
Specific uses for TO / FOR:
TO
(para, a)
Indicar movimento ou
posio;
Endereamento,
oferecimento,
congratulao ou
dedicatria;
Como sinnimo de till
(at)
FOR
(para, durante, por)
Indicar finalidade, tempo,
favor ou benefcio;
Usado tambm antes de
pronome pessoal, seguido ou
no de infinitivo.
Review:
in the no, na, nos, nas

of the do, da, dos, das
the o, a, os, as
a/an um, uma
in a/an num, numa
of de (posse)
from de (algum lugar)
in em
on em (para dias da semana)
2010
15. The adjectives

Adjectives are always placed before the noun. You can have as many adjectives as you want to
describe or qualify the object, person or situation.
15.1 Comparative
Comparing people / things that are equal
as + adjective + as
(It is as efficient as the other one.)

(It is not as efficient as the other one.)
so + adjective + as
(It is so efficient as the other one.)

(It is not so efficient as the other one.)
Comparing people / things that are different

Short adjectives
adjective + -er + than
(This program is heavier than the other one.)
Long adjectives
more + adjective + than
(This program is more expensive than the other.)
less + adjective + than
(This program is less expensive than the other.)
15.2 Superlatives
Short adjectives
Long adjectives
the + adjective + -est

(This is the heaviest program.)
the least + adjective
(This is the less heavy program.)
the most + adjective

(This is the most heavy program.)
the least + adjective
(This is the least heavy program.)
2010
16. Prefixes and Suffixes

16.1 Suffixes
ER (defines who or what does the action)
Verb
Translation
Browse
Compute
Consume
Control
Employ
Explore
Hack
Load
Manage
Print
Program
Read
Search
Serve
Use
Verb+ER
Translation
OR (has the same objective as ER, i.e., it defines who or what does the action)
Verb
Translation
Verb+OR
Translation
Accelerate
Adapt
Administrate
Collect
Edit
Operate
Process
Translate
ED (it is used to form participle)
Regular verb
Translation
Alter
Call
Check
Close
Complete
Compress
Configurate
Copy
Verb+ED
Translation
2010
Delete
Design
Develop
Dial
Distribute
Edit
Exclude
Execute
Extract
File
Form
Include
Initialize
Install
Invent
License
Move
Open
Play
Process
Produce
Program
Publish
Remove
Revise
Search
Transfer
Update
Use
Visualize
LY (it gives the word the idea of a adverb)
Adjective
Translation
Active
Automatic
Complete
Original
Proper
Quick
Real
Secret
Separate
Slow
Special
Adjective+LY
Translation
ABLE/IBLE (it has the idea of something that can be accomplished)

Radical
Translation
Radical+ABLE or IBLE
Access
Afford
Avail
2010
Translation
Comfort
Compare
Configurate
Customize
Expand
Notice
Port
Probe
Profit
Reach
Reason
Record
Rely
Remove
Scale
Suit
View
ITY/TY (it gives the word the idea of a noun)
Word
Translation
Able
Available
Capable
Complex
Connect
Creative
Equal
Flexible
Identify
Mental
Move
Possible
Produce
Produce
Qualify
Quantify
Real
Reliable
Responsible
Secure
Similar
Special
Stable
Use
Vary
ATE (it gives the idea of a verb)
Verb
Accommodate
Approximate
Word+ITY (or TY)
Translation
Translation
2010
Complicate
Configurate
Designate
Dictate
Dominate
Duplicate
Eliminate
Estimate
Incorporate
Innovate
Investigate
Reinvigorate
Separate
Stimulate
GY (it gives the word an idea of a noun)
Word
Astrology
Biology
Demagogy
Prodigy
Technology
Terminology
Translation
TION (it gives the verb an idea of a noun)

Word
Application
Association
Exhibition
Function
Information
Instruction
Internalization
Nation
Operation
Question
Visualization
ING(it gives the verb the idea of movement)
Verb in infinitive
Translation
Alter
Check
Close
Compress
Configurate
Copy
Delete
Dial
Edit
Execute
Translation
Verb+ING
Translation
2010
Exclude
Extract
File
Initialize
Install
Move
Open
Play
Process
Remove
Search
Transfer
Update
Visualize
16.2 Prefixes
UN/IN (it denies the word)
Synonym
Comfortable
Complete
Consistent
Ordered
Ranked
Reliable
Uncomfortable
Incomplete
Inconsistent
Unordered
Unranked
Unreliable
RE (it indicates repetition)

Verb
Accept
Act
Adapt
Appear
Arrange
Load
Order
Reaccept
React
Readapt
Reappear
Rearrange
Reload
Reorder
PRE (it gives the idea of something previous)

Word
Adapt
Amplifier
Authorize
Check
Compile
Compress
Define
Order
Antonym
RE+Verb
PRE+Word
Readapt
Preamplifier
Pre-authorize
Precheck
Precompile
Precompress
Predefine
Preordered
2010
17. Modal Verbs

What are "modal auxiliary verbs"?
They are verbs which 'help' other verbs to express a meaning: it is important to realise that "modal
verbs" have no meaning by themselves. A modal verb such as would has several varying functions;
it can be used, for example, to help verbs express ideas about the past, the present and the future. It
is therefore wrong to simply believe that "would is the past of will": it is many other things.
A few basic grammatical rules applying to modal verbs
Modal verbs are NEVER used with other auxiliary verbs such as do, does, did etc. The
negative is formed simply by adding "not" after the verb; questions are formed by inversion
of the verb and subject.
Modal verbs NEVER change form: you can never add an "-s" or "-ed", for example.
Modal verbs are NEVER followed by to, with the exception of ought to.
Can
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability
or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.
I can ride a horse. ABILITY
We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. OPPORTUNITY
She cannot stay out after 10 PM. PERMISSION
Can you hand me the stapler? REQUEST
Any child can grow up to be president. POSSIBILITY
Could
"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests.
"Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."
Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. POSSIBILITY
Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. PAST ABILITY
You could see a movie or go out to dinner. SUGGESTION
Could I use your computer to email my boss? REQUEST
We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. CONDITIONAL
May
"May" is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or request
permission, although this usage is becoming less common.
Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. POSSIBILITY
Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. GIVE PERMISSION
May I use your bathroom? REQUEST PERMISSION
2010
Might
"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditional
sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is
less common in American English.
Your purse might be in the living room. POSSIBILITY
If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. CONDITIONAL
You might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. SUGGESTION
Might I borrow your pen? REQUEST
Must
"Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or
strong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Must
not" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer to use softer modal
verbs such as "should not" or "ought not" to dissuade rather than prohibit.
This must be the right address! CERTAINTY
Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. NECESSITY
You must take some medicine for that cough. STRONG RECOMMENDATION
Jenny, you must not play in the street! PROHIBITION
Should
"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to
express obligation as well as expectation.
When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. RECOMMENDATION
You should focus more on your family and less on work. ADVICE
I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. OBLIGATION
By now, they should already be in Dubai. EXPECTATION
Will
"Will" is used with promises or voluntary actions that take place in the future. "Will" can also be
used to make predictions about the future. For more information on using "will" and associated
exercises, visit the Simple Future section of our Verb Tense Tutorial.
I promise that I will write you every single day. PROMISE
I will make dinner tonight. VOLUNTARY ACTION
He thinks it will rain tomorrow. PREDICTION
Would
"Would" is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the past form of
the modal verb "will." Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition in the past. For more
information on the grammar behind the modal verb "would," visit the following tutorials:
Conditional Tutorial, Future in the Past, and Would Always.
If he were an actor, he would be in adventure movies. CONDITIONAL
I knew that she would be very successful in her career. PAST OF "WILL"
When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach. REPETITION
Have To
"Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation.
This answer has to be correct. CERTAINTY
The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. NECESSITY
They have to leave early. OBLIGATION
2010
18. List of Irregular Verbs
BASE FORM PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
PORTUGUESE TRANSLATION
be
was, were
been
ser, estar
beat
beat
beaten
bater
become
became
become
tornar-se
begin
began
begun
comear
bite
bit
bitten
morder
bleed
bled
bled
sangrar, ter hemorragia
blow
blew
blown
assoprar, explodir
break
broke
broken
quebrar
bring
brought
brought
trazer
build
built
built
construir
buy
bought
bought
comprar
catch
caught
caught
pegar, capturar
2010
choose
chose
chosen
escolher
come
came
come
vir
cost
cost
cost
custar
cut
cut
cut
cortar
deal
dealt
dealt
negociar, tratar
dig
dug
dug
cavar, cavocar
do
did
done
fazer
draw
drew
drawn
desenhar
drink
drank
drunk
beber
drive
drove
driven
dirigir, ir de carro
eat
ate
eaten
comer
fall
fell
fallen
cair
feed
fed
fed
alimentar
feel
felt
felt
sentir, sentir-se
fight
fought
fought
lutar
2010
find
found
found
achar, encontrar
fly
flew
flown
voar, pilotar
forbid
forbade
forbidden
proibir
forget
forgot
forgotten
esquecer
forgive
forgave
forgiven
perdoar
freeze
froze
frozen
congelar, paralisar
get
got
gotten
obter
give
gave
given
dar
go
went
gone
ir
grow
grew
grown
crescer, cultivar
have
had
had
ter, beber, comer
hear
heard
heard
ouvir
hide
hid
hidden
esconder
hit
hit
hit
bater
hold
held
held
segurar
2010
keep
kept
kept
guardar, manter
know
knew
known
saber, conhecer
lay
laid
laid
colocar em posio horizontal, assentar
leave
left
left
deixar, partir
lend
lent
lent
dar emprestado
lie
lay
lain
deitar
lose
lost
lost
perder, extraviar
make
made
made
fazer, fabricar
mean
meant
meant
significar, querer dizer
meet
met
met
encontrar, conhecer
pay
paid
paid
pagar
put
put
put
colocar
quit
quit
quit
abandonar
read
read
read
ler
ride
rode
ridden
andar
2010
ring
rang
rung
tocar (campainha, etc.)
rise
rose
risen
subir, erguer-se
run
ran
run
correr, concorrer, dirigir
saw
sawed
sawn
serrar
say
said
said
dizer
see
saw
seen
ver
sell
sold
sold
vender
send
sent
sent
mandar, enviar
shake
shook
shaken
sacudir, tremer
shine
shone
shone
brilhar, reluzir
shoot
shot
shot
atirar, alvejar
show
showed
shown
mostrar, exibir
shrink
shrank
shrunk
encolher, contrair
shut
shut
shut
fechar, cerrar
sing
sang
sung
cantar
2010
sink
sank
sunk
afundar, submergir
sit
sat
sat
sentar
sleep
slept
slept
dormir
speak
spoke
spoken
falar
spend
spent
spent
gastar
spread
spread
spread
espalhar
stand
stood
stood
parar de p, agentar
steal
stole
stolen
roubar
strike
struck
struck
golpear, desferir, atacar
swear
swore
sworn
jurar, prometer, assegurar
sweep
swept
swept
varrer
swim
swam
swum
nadar
swing
swung
swung
balanar, alternar
take
took
taken
pegar, levar, tomar
teach
taught
taught
ensinar, dar aula
2010
tell
told
told
contar
think
thought
thought
pensar
throw
threw
thrown
atirar, arremessar
understand
understood
understood
entender
Wake
woke
Woken
acordar
wear
wore
Worn
vestir, usar, gastar
win
won
won
vencer, ganhar
write
wrote
written
escrever
2010
19. False Friends

Here is a list of the most common false cognates in English language.
ENGLISH
PORTUGUS
TRADUZIDO
ERRONEAMENTE POR...
QUE ...
Actually (adv)
na verdade (really)
Atualmente
Currently, nowadays
Adept (n)
profundo conhecedor
Adepto
Follower, adherent
advise (v)
aconselhar
avisar
Notice, tell
Agenda (n)
pauta (schedule)
Agenda
Diary
anthem (n)
hino
antena
Antenna, aereal
Anticipate (v)
prever, aguardar
Antecipar
advance, preview
Application (n)
inscrio
Aplicao (financeira)
Finantial
investments, stocks,
assets
Appointment (n)
compromisso
Apontamento
Note
Appreciation (n)
gratido
Apreciao
Appraisal,
evaluation
Argument (n)
discusso
Argumento
Reason, good point
arm (n)
brao
arma
Gun, weapon
army (n)
exrcito
arma
Gun, weapon
Assess (v)
avaliar
acessar
Access
Assist (v)
ajudar
Assistir
Watch, see, view
Assume (v)
presumir
Assumir
Take
Attend (v)
participar
Atender
Serve
Audience (n)
pblico
Audincia
Hearing, trial
batter (n)
massa (doces)
bater
Hit, beat, crash
Balcony (n)
sacada
Balco
counter
Beef (n)
carne de vaca
Bife
Steak
brave (adj)
corajoso
bravo
Angry, furious
caf (n)
caf (bar)
caf
coffee
Cafeteria (n)
refeitrio
Cafeteira
Coffee pot, maker
cargo (n)
carga
cargo
Post, job, position
Carton (n)
pacote de cigarros
Carto
Card
acidente
casualty (n)
casualidade
Chance, occasion
2010
chef (n)
cozinheiro
chefe
Boss
Cigar (n)
charuto
Cigarro
Cigarette
collar (n)
gola
colar
Necklace
College (n)
faculdade
Colgio
School
commodity (n)
produto
Cmodo (n., adj.)
Room, comfortable
Competition (n)
concorrncia
Competio
Championship,
contest
Comprehensive (adj)
abrangente
Compreensivo
Understanding
Compromise (v)
entrar em acordo
Compromisso
Commitment
concourse (n)
salo
concurso
(open) competition,
contest
Contest (n)
concurso
Contexto
Context
Convenient (adj)
prtico
Conveniente
Adequate, suitable
Costume (n)
fantasia (roupa), roupa

Costume
tpica
Habit
courier (n)
mensageiro, guia
turstico
correio
Mail, post
data (n) datum
dados, fatos
data
Date
decorate (v)
pintar, decorar
decorar
Learn, know by
heart
delight (n)
prazer
delito
Crime, offence(se)
Design (v, n)
projetar
Designar
Assign, nominate
Design (v, n)
projetar
Desenhar
Draw
disgust (n)
nojo
Desgosto
Sorrow
door (n)
porta
dor
Pain, ache, grief
Editor (n)
redator
Editor
Publisher
Educated (adj)
instrudo
Educado
Polite
enjoy (v)
desfrutar
enjoar
Get sick
Enroll (v)
inscrever-se
Enrolar
Roll
envy (v)
invejar
enviar
Send
Eventually (adv)
algum dia, finalmente
Eventualmente
Accidentally,
casually,
occasionally
Exciting (adj)
empolgante
Excitante
Hot, horny, turned

on
Exit (n, v)
sada, sair
xito
Succeed
Expert (n)
especialista
Esperto
Smart
experiment (v)
fazer experincias
experimentar
Try, taste
2010
Fabric (n)
tecido
Fbrica
Factory
fat (adj)
gordo
fato
Fact
form (n)
formulrio
forma
Shape
gentle (adj)
delicado
gentil
Kind
gracious (adj)
clemente
gracioso
Graceful
Graduate program (n)
Curso de psgraduao
Curso de graduao
Undergraduate
course
grand (adj)
importante
grande
Big, large
Grip (v)
agarrar
Gripe
Flu,
gymnasium (n)
ginsio
ginsio (escola)
High school
Idiom (n)
expresso idiomtica
Idioma
Language
Ingenious (adj)
engenhoso
Ingnuo
Innocent, nave
Intend (v)
pretender
Entender
Understand
Journal (n)
revista especializada
Jornal
Newspaper
just (adv)
apenas
justo
Fair
Large (adj)
grande
Largo
Wide
laser (n)
LASER
lazer
Leisure
Lecture (n)
palestra
Leitura
Reading
Legend (n)
lenda
Legenda
Subtitle
Library (n)
biblioteca
Livraria
Bookstore, bookshop
long (adj)
comprido
longe
Far
Lunch (n)
almoo
Lanche
Snack
magazine (n)
revista
magazine
Shop, store
mascara (n)
rmel (olho)
mscara
Mask
Mayor (n)
prefeito
Maior
Bigger, greater
media (n)
meio de comunicao
mdia
Mean, average,
medium
Notice (v, n)
notar, aviso
Notcia
News
Novel (n)
romance
Novela
Soap opera
ordinary (adj)
normal, comum
ordinrio
Bastard, stupid
pace (n)
ritmo
passo
Step, stage
Parents (n)
pais
Parentes
Relatives
Particular (adj)
especfico
Particular
Private
Pasta (n)
massa (macarro)
Pasta
Paste (de dente),

briefcase
patio (n)
trio
ptio
Yard, garden
pavement (n)
calada
pavimento
Floor
Policy (n)
diretrizes
Polcia
Police
pork (n)
carne de porco
porco
Pig
2010
Prejudice (n)
preconceito
Prejuzo
Loss, damage
Prescribe (v)
receitar
Prescrever
Prescription
Preservative (n)
conservante
Preservativo
Condom
Pretend (v)
fingir
Pretender
Intend
Private (adj)
particular
Privado
Deprived
Procure (v)
conseguir
Procurar
Look for, search,
professor (n)
professor de faculdade professor
Propaganda (n)
Propaganda poltica
Propaganda
Advertisement
proper (adj)
adequado
prprio
Own
Pull (v)
puxar
Pular
Jump
Push (v)
empurrar
Puxar
Pull
quote (n, v)
citar
cota
Fee
real (adj)
verdadeiro
real
Actual
Realize (v)
dar-se conta
Realizar
Carry out, fulfill,

accomplish
receipt (n)
recibo
receita
Prescription, recipe
(cook)
Record (v, n)
gravar, disco
Recordar
Remember
repair (v)
consertar
reparar
Notice
Resume (v)
reiniciar
Resumir
Summarize
Rsum (n)
currculo
Resumo
Summary
retire (v)
aposentar
retirar
Withdraw
Retired (adj)
aposentado
Retirado
Retreat
rim (n)
borda
rim
Kidney
rum(o)ur (n)
boato
rumor
Hearsay
sap (n)
seiva
sapo
Frog, toad
sensible (adj)
sensato
sensvel
Sensitive
Service (n)
atendimento
Servio
Work, job
sort (n)
tipo
sorte
Luck
Stranger (n)
desconhecido
Estrangeiro
Foreign(er)
Stupid (adj)
burro
Estpido
Rude
sympathetic (adj)
solidrio
simptico
Nice
Tax (n)
imposto
Taxa
Rate
terrific (adj)
excelente
terrvel
Terrible
Trainer(S) (n)
tnis (sapatos)
Sneakers (shoes)
Treinador
tremendous (adj)
enorme, muito bom
tremendo
Tremble, shiver
Turn (n, v)
vez, virar
Turno
Shift
ultimately (adv)
finalmente
ultimamente
Recently, lately
Teacher
Coach
2010
vague (adj)
impreciso
vago
Free, vacant
Vegetables (n)
verduras
Vegetais
Vegetal
vest (n)
colete
vestir
Dress, wear
Acknowledgements:
The author would like to thank all who had been involved in the elaboration of this compendium,
who gave support so this project could come true, to my family and close friends, for their strength,
teaching and trust, teachers and private and state school students for they continuously teach me
how to better proceed.
2010

Basic Compendium of English

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Basic Compendium of English

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COLGIO ESTADUAL PROTSIO ALVES

Apostila desenvolvida especialmente por Clarissa Dias1,

Now practice these groups of sounds:

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

2. Useful Expressions and Sentences

Can you repeat, please?

How do I say _______ (in English)?

How are you?

Whats your name?

How do you spell your first name?

How old are you?

Im _______ (years old).

Where are you from?

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

3. Numbers, Days of the Week, Months and Seasons

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

Days of the Week

Months of the Year

Seasons of the Year

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

4. How to use a bilingual dictionary

Adjective: An adjective describes a noun. Examples: hairy, crazy, wonderful

Interjection: An outcry or sudden utterance. Usually starts a sentence. Examples: Wow,

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

5. The Plural of Nouns

5.1 Irregular Plural

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

The news is on at 6.30 p.m.

*others include: advice, information, luggage.

My trousers are too tight.

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

Verb To Be (past tense)

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

Interrogative (Do / Does)

Negative (Do not/ Does not)

7.2 Present Continuous

Exception # 1: For verbs ended in -e it is cut the -e and added -ing.

7.3 Present Perfect

* For regular verbs it is only added an -ed to form the participle.

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

7.4 Present Perfect Continuous

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

8.1. Past Simple

Irregular Verbs in the Past

Interrogative in the Past (Did)

Negative (Did not)

* Both for regular and irregular verbs.

8.2 Past Continuous

Exception # 1: For verbs ended in -e it is cut the -e and added -ing.

8.3 Past Perfect

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

* For regular verbs it is only added an -ed to form the participle.

8.4 Past Perfect Continuous

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

GOING TO (decision has already been

*Eu vou apresentar.

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

9.2 Future continuous

Exception # 1: For verbs ended in -e it is cut the -e and added -ing.

Material elaborated by Clarissa Dias language teacher, translator and reviser.

10. Simple and Continuous Verbs