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Counseling is derived from the word counsel which literally means to give advice .
Dictionary meaning of the word counseling is that [it is kind of a] help with personal
or psychological matters usually given by a professional (Encarta Dictionary,
2009). Counseloris someone who gives counselling. Counseleeis the person
receiving counseling. Whereas its dictionary meanings are very simple technically
counseling refers to something beyond just giving advice. There are many times in
our lives when we all really feel we need someone to listen to us. This is basically
what counseling is someone to listen to you. The purpose of counseling is to enable
you to resolve your issues so that you can have more happiness and joy in your life.
In the counseling sessions the client can explore various aspects of their life and
feelings, talking about them freely and openly in a way that is rarely possible with
friends or family
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patients with
tuberculosis(TB) in early 1900 century. The Group counselling is used during world
war II for treating with emotional reaction. Joseph pratt, Alfred adler, Jacob Moreno,
cody Marsh and Trigant Burrow were the first to use group counselling. Early Group
effort were similar to the traditional group guidance or phychological groups we see
today.
others. In addition, it aims to become aware of ones choices and to make choices
wisely and also to make specific plans for changing certain behaviours and to
commit one-self to follow through with these plans.
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Group Counseling can offer a unique environment in which to learn about and
experience both self and other. We all live in a group for much of our lives and
working together with others in a group can provide a valuable insights into
characteristic patterns of thinking and relating it in a group setting.
ii)
Feeling empowerment
Gives the feeling of empowerment to the group members. It helps the group
members to build confidence and self esteem so that they may feel more in
control of your life.
iv)
Highly organised
Group counselling may be highly organised with people doing specific activities
together and then sharing the results. Alternatively, it may be more freeform
where people share current issues related to the groups purpose. Ones person
verbal contribution to a group might be discussed, validated and provoke problem
solving by other group members in a session. It might also be an entry into a
discussion regarding a certain aspect of an illness or condition that is then
primarily led by the therapist.
v)
Often people that enters a group counselling session is the one who always feel
they are alone. By entering a group counselling, group members will feel part of
the social group. They feel feel satisfied of the needs of intimacy and relatedness.
They feel related because they have the same problem to discuss. They also will
get immediate interpersonal feedback. Group counselling can facilitates personal
exploration of growth and development of the group members.
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vi)
One of the main princpiles behind group counselling is the idea that dealing with
specific issues may cause isolation and a feeling that one alone in facing ones
prolem. Group counselling attempts to conteract this isolation by assembling
people with similar issues to enforce that difficulties are not singular to one
person. Additionally, knowing other people with similar trouble can be comforting
to each individual, who may not have access in their own family and friends to
people with same problem.
This is because the more people in one group can cause a problem and things
can go wrong. Counsellors needs to give attention to everyone in the groups so
that they dont feel isolated.
ii)
Each group members receive less attention and and less time
available.
This is because if there are only one counsellors in each group. So, the
counsellor needs to give each members attention. Yet, if some person speaks
more than the other person in group, some members will not able to receive the
counsellor attention and they will speak less than what tey are planning. In
addition, the time given in the session is not long enough to let all the group
members speak much.
iii)
have the right to decide to whom they will reveal information, and confidentiality is
based upon respect for clients ability to choose what they disclose. Fidelity refers
to psychologists faithfulness and loyalty to keep promises to clients, including not
revealing information clients disclose. Thus, in this cas, for the counselor, for
certain situation, it is difficult to mandate the secrets they heard from the client.
iv)
The counsellor may force the members to give their opinion on the problem they
discussed, Counsellor should not forced but instead let them speak voluntary so
that they dont feel ashamed infront of the others and feel discourages.
v)
Group counselling cannot be conducted to the person who are paranoid, brain
damaged, acutely psychotic and suicidal. This is because this is not the suitable
counselling for them. Person who have behaviour like this cannot accept the
activities that the group counselling done because it will not work on them. They
have special session with different kind of counselling.
vi)
Often, they are counselling that have no proper training to conduct the
counselling session. Without the proper training, the counsellor can lead damage
of the group members.
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Analysis
Feeling of having problems similar to
others, they dont feel alone anymore.
Altruism
Instillation Of Hope
Encouragement
that
recovery
is
possible
Guidance
Imparting Information
Interpersonal Learning
Cohesion
Catharsis
Existential Factors
Imitative Behaviour
Modelling
anothers
manners
and
recovery skills
Corrective recapitulation of family of Identifying
origin issues
and
changing
the
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i)
Stage 1 : Forming
ii)
of the discomfort generated during this stage, some members may remain
completely silent while others attempt to dominate. In order to progress to
the next stage, group members must move from a "testing and proving"
mentality to a problem-solving mentality. The most important trait in
helping groups to move on to the next stage seems to
be the ability to listen.
iii)
If the problem and concern of the second stage are successfully dealt with,
group members move into the third stage of group development,
cohesiveness (YALOM 1985) .The group members demonstrate greater
self-responsibility, risk taking and openness during this stage. This greater
sense of cohesiveness is experienced after inter member commitment and
caring have been tested and trust established in the previous stages.
During this stage, the norms or rules to how the group will continue to
function become fixed. The major task function of stage three is the data
flow between group members: They share feelings and ideas, solicit and
give feedback to one another, and explore actions related to the task.
Creativity is high. If this stage of data flow and cohesion is attained by the
group members, their interactions are characterized by openness and
sharing of information on both a personal and task level. They feel good
about being part of an effective group.
iv)
The Performing stage is not reached by all groups. If group members are
able to evolve to stage four, their capacity, range, and depth of personal
relations expand to true interdependence. In this stage, people can work
independently, in subgroups, or as a total unit with equal facility. Their
roles and authorities dynamically adjust to the changing needs of the
group and individuals. Stage four is marked by interdependence in
personal relations and problem solving in the realm of task functions. By
now, the group should be most productive. Individual members have
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become self-assuring, and the need for group approval is past. Members
are both highly task oriented and highly people oriented. There is unity:
group identity is complete, group morale is high, and group loyalty is
intense. The task function becomes genuine problem solving, leading
toward optimal solutions and optimum group development. There is
support for experimentation in solving problems and an emphasis on
achievement. The overall goal is productivity
through problem solving and work.
v)
Stage 5 : Adjourning
TYPES OF GROUP
i) Task Group
A group that comes together to perform a task that has a concrete goal. It is intended to
complete a specific task to solve and share about the problem and try to solve that
together.It is to help dicovertion that someone are not alone in how the feel.Example for
this group is community organizations, committees, planning groups and task force.
issue.This group may be taught by mental health experts,peer counselors who share a
similar diagnosis,or members of the community.Example for this group is support group
for a suicide, transition group to prepare students to enter high school and so on .
vi)
Related Group
1. Support Group
These deal with special populations and deal with specific issues and offer support,
comfort, and connectedness to others.Members with the same issues can come
together for sharing coping strategies to feel more empowered and for a sense of
community.The help may take the form of providing and evaluating relevant
information,relating personal experience,listening to and accepting others experiences.
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2. Self-Help Groups
These have no formal or trained group leader.The members share a common problem
often a common disease or addiction.The mutual goal is to help each other to deal with,if
possible to heal or to recover from this problem.Example is the book of Alcoholics
Anonymous or Gamblers Anonymous.
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1. Knowledge Competence
A variety of group method appropriately to achieving client objective to treatment
population.It is to research conserning the effectiveness of varying models and
strategies for population with substances use disorders.The research and theory is the
effectiveness of strategies for group counseling with member of varying cultural
groups.Therapeutic use of humor to treatment and solve the problems.
2. Skill Competence
The skill is designing and implementing strategies to meet the need of specific group.It is
also recognizing and accomodating appropriate individuals needs within the group.The
counseller must do therapeutic group for clients with substance use disorders.It is
effectively dealing with different type of resistance behavior, transference and counter
transference issue.The recognizing when members are ready to exit.
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GROUP DYNAMICS
The group dynamics is that division of social psychology that investigates the
formation and change in the structure and functions of the psychological grouping of
people into self directing wholes. It is a study group interaction through extensive
personal growth experience. a group may exist whenever two or more person show
some kind of interpendent relationship with one another. Group dynamics refers to
forces that result from the interaction of group members
INTERPENDENT CRITERIA
Norms
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i)
Individual
membership into group-social experience.
ii)
Group
two more person who interacting with one another.
NORMS
Norms functions as the rules of the games and help in smooth interaction of the
group , there are two categories of norms :
1.Explicit norms
Formal norms that all members are fully aware of and stated at the beginning of the
group.
2.Implicit norms
Informal norms not formally stated but involved standard practice by members of the
group which can elicit positive or negative reaction.
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SELF ESTEEM
Self esteem Refer to ones own worth , how you feel and how you evaluate yourself
and others .it gives you empowerment to be accountable and responsible for your
decision and judgement.
Selfrespect
Selfesteem
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because of their identical attitude towards the common objects or goals. The
attraction and attitudes have to balance in his concept because if both are too
strong or too vague or mild , the group interrelationships can disappear.
4. Membership theory
based on rewards and its cost . The interaction between members is taken as
reward and if any relationship which is not rewarding may be costly enough to
cause tensions
Variables Affecting Group Development
-leadership style and skills
-enviroment a)physical factor
b)space/room
c)emotional factors
-cohesiveness
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Goal formation
Flexibility
LEADERSHIP STYLE
strict,
close
control over followers by keeping close regulation of policies and procedures given
to followers. To keep main emphasis on the distinction of the authoritarian leader
and their followers, these types of leaders make sure to only create a
distinct professional relationship. Direct supervision is what they believe to be key in
maintaining a successful environment and follower ship. In fear of followers being
unproductive, authoritarian leaders keep close supervision and feel this is necessary
in order for anything to be done. Authoritarian leadership styles often follow the
vision of those that are in control, and may not necessarily be compatible with those
that are being led. Authoritarian leaders have a focus on efficiency, as other styles,
such as a democratic style, may be seen as a hindrance on progress.
Examples of authoritarian communicative behaviour, a police officer directing
traffic, a teacher ordering a student to do his or her assignment, and a supervisor
instructing a subordinate to clean a workstation. All of these positions require a
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distinct set of characteristics that give the leader the position to get things in order or
get a point across. Authoritarian Traits, sets goals individually, engages primarily in
one way and downward communication, controls discussion with followers, and
donates interaction. Several studies have confirmed a relationship between bullying,
on the one hand, and an autocratic leadership and an authoritarian way of
settling conflicts or dealing with disagreements, on the other. An authoritarian style of
leadership may create a climate of fear, where there is little or no room for dialogue
and where complaining may be considered futile.
Honest Display sincerity, integrity, and candor in all your actions. Deceptive
behavior will not inspire trust.
b.
Competent Base your actions on reason and moral principles. Do not make
decisions based on childlike emotional desires or feelings.
c.
Forward-looking Set goals and have a vision of the future. The vision must
be owned throughout the organization. Effective leaders envision what they want
and how to get it. They habitually pick priorities stemming from their basic values.
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d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Imaginative Make timely and appropriate changes in your thinking, plans, and
methods. Show creativity by thinking of new and better goals, ideas, and
solutions to problems. Be innovative.
Research has found that this leadership style is one of the most effective and
creates higher productivity, better contributions from group members and increased
group morale. Democratic leadership can lead to better ideas and more creative
solutions to problems because group members are encouraged to share their
thoughts and ideas. While democratic leadership is one of the most effective
leadership styles, it does have some potential downsides. In situations where roles
are unclear or time is of the essence, democratic leadership can lead to
communication failures and uncompleted projects. Democratic leadership works
best in situations where group members are skilled and eager to share their
knowledge. It is also important to have plenty of time to allow people to contribute,
develop a plan and then vote on the best course of action
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LEADERSHIP FUNCTION
Another way to view leadership style is to consider leadership functions. Yalom (
2005 ) state that the leader may provide emotional stimulation , caring , praise ,
protection , acceptance , interpretations and explanation. The leader also may serve
as a model through self-disclosure and as a persons who sets limits , enforce rules ,
and manages time. In other words , depending on the kind of group , the leader may
perform many different role and functions. In a middle school group on transitioning
to high school , the leader serve as a person with information and ideas on how to
make the transition easier. In a crisis group after a suicide , the leader functions is to
be supportive , reassuring , and facilitative. In a group for going over rules in a
residential setting , the leader is the authority , on what is expected of the residents.
In a group on information for cancer patient , the leader is the experts.
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Facilitating communication:
Giving constructive feedback, preventing members from engaging in negative
behaviors (gossiping, storytelling etc.)
B.
Group Processing:
Making comments on group process to keep the group therapeutic and
attending to group dynamics.
C.
D.
Experimentation:
Helping members try out new attitudes and behaviors.
E.
Universalizing:
Helping members realize they are not alone in their problem(s).
F.
Linking:
Connecting various feelings and concerns expressed by group members to
present a common theme or universalizing aspect.
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D. Ethics:
Confidentiality is hard to guarantee due to the number of participants.
E. Group Evaluation:
Outcome measurements are difficult to obtain.
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80%
yes
no
Based on the pie chart above, there are 20% of people which is equivalent to 4
person answer no on the first question. The rest is 80% have heard of the group
counselling.
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12
11
11
10
8
4
2
2
0
internet
friends
family
schools
magazine
teacher
newspaper
Based on the graph above, the most source they heard about group counselling is
from school which has the highest frequency ticked by the respondent. The least
source they heard from is newspapers which has only 2 frequency.
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yes
80%
no
Based on the pie chart above, 80% out of 100% feels like that the group counselling
affect them. While the other 20% state that the group counselling have no effect on
them.
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Based on question 5 that discussed about the weaknesses of group counselling, out
of 20 respondents, 13 of them answer less time and less attention, 5 of them answer
less situational control, 2 of the answer confidentiality is difficult to mandate and
another 2 is forcing on all group opinion.
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Based on the graph above, the most advantage is improve their self esteem which
has the highest number 12 people.
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55%
group
counseling
individual
counseling
family
counseling
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Based on the graph, the most leadership syle they prefer is laissez faire and
situational leadership model which both share the same amount of respondent.
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25%
yes
75%
no
Based on the pie chart above, 75% of respondent thinks that his group counselling is
effective while 25% left feels the opposite.
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no
35%
yes
65%
Based on the pie chart above, 65% out of 100% say yes and 35% left answers no.
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CONCLUSION
Conclusion Group counseling is indeed a very effective way to solve ones problem.
It is a process through which severe problems can be tackled properly. In order to
carry out effective group counseling, one should keep group members respect and
dignity in mind. Conduction effective group counselling relies on the preparation of
group leaders and the abilities to plan and conduct group extra time in preparation is
crucial to the life of the group. This process includes screening of members,
selecting a manageable number of group participant establishing a regular place and
time fo the conducting of the group. And setting rules. In running successful group
counselling is dependent on many factors. Ultimately, the secret of conducting
effective counselling groups are in learning how groups operate and then personally
investing in them.
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REFERENCES
Childers, J.H & Couch, R.D (1989). Mhyts about group counselling: Identifying and
challenging misconceptions. Journal for specialist in Group Work. 14,105-111.
www.academia.edu/6515547/Group_Couseling
http://www.education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-stages-of-the-groupexperience-in-counseling.html#lesson
Group Counseling // University Counseling Center // University of Notre Dame
counseling competencies - Google Search
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APPENDIX
Group members
Leonna Dail
First presenter
second presenter
third presenter
of groups
group counselor
competencies
Sarazerah James
Kathleen Kanyan
Forth presenter
fifth presenter
Group dynamics
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