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Created by :
Angga Harsyah
061330401031
061330401035
Meyriski Lialita
061330401041
Romadhona Safitri
061330401047
Yulia malasari
061330401051
Class : 3KE
FLAMMABLE
1. Introduction
Managing hazards associated with flammable and combustible liquids requires a
comprehensive strategy tailored to the conditions of their use. While preventive
measures, such as spill prevention and ignition control, should receive the utmost
attention, measures to mitigate fires and explosions should also be addressed. A strategy
relying solely on prevention could be ineffective as unforeseen circumstances may arise.
The primary objective should minimize the life safety risk associated with the use of
these materials. Other secondary consequences, such as environmental exposure,
business interruption, and property damage, should also be factored into the strategy.
This strategy should consider various scenarios, such as the potential for static pool fires,
two dimensional flowing fires, three dimensional spill fires, as well as pressurized or
spray fires. Also, explosions can result from combustion of vapors in either a confined or
unconfined setting.
This papper explain about definition, classification, example, and properties of
flammable materials, storage of flammabl, handling precautions and fire extinguisher
trainning.
2. Definition of Flammable
A flammable material is any liquid, solid or gas that will ignite easily and burn
rapidly. Materials that are flammable are of concern due to their ability to render
damage to property and more importantly, to injure or cause death of workers.
NFPA
Class
Flash
Boiling
Point F Temperatur
(C)
e F (C)
Electrical
Conductivit
y (pS/m)
MIE
(mJ)
Charge
Relaxation
Time (s)
Diethyl
Ether
Acetone
IA
-49(- 45)
95 (35)
30
0.29
1.4
IB
- 4 (-20)
133 (56)
6 x 106
0.19
3.2 x 10-5
Heptane
IB
25 (-4)
209 (98)
< 1 x 101
0.2
~ 100
Isopropyl
Alcohol
Ethyl
Alcohol
Styrene
Monomer
IB
53 (12)
181 (83)
3.5 x 108
0.53
5 x 10-7
IB
55 (13)
173 (78)
1.35 x 105
0.23
1.6 X 10-3
IC
88 (31)
295 (146)
10
2.2
Auto
Ignition
Temperatur
e F (C)
356
(180)
869
(465)
399
(204)
750
(399)
685
(363)
450
(232)
Examples
water
lubricating oils,
cooking oils
Liquids and solids that can ignite under almost all gasoline,
temperature conditions
acetone
gas,
Ethanol / CH3CH2OH
Rubber
Methanol / CH3OH
Wood
Acetone / CH3COCH3
Paper
Nitromethane / CH3NO2
when more than one type of liquid is present at a worksite. Unique counterbalance,
ergonomic design with full-fisted grip handle offers gravity-assisted pouring.
Blue (Kerosene)
Yellow safety cans are used for diesel fuel (although like all Type I
cans, they can handle any flammable liquid). Finished in a tough powder coat paint,
these cans resist chemicals and standup to heavy abuse. Safety can meets OSHA and
NFPA requirements, and carries an exclusive Justrite Ten-Year Warranty.
Polyethylene
also
be
conspicuously
Refrigerators
Use only those refrigerators that have been designed and manufactured for
flammable liquid storage. Standard household refrigerators must not be used for
flammable storage because internal parts could spark and ignite. Refrigerators must be
prominently labeled as to whether or not they are suitable for flammable liquid
storage.
Storage Considerations:
Quantities should be limited to the amount necessary for the work in progress.
No more than 10 gallons of flammable and combustible liquids, combined, should
be stored outside of a flammable storage cabinet unless safety cans are used. When
safety cans are used, up to 25 gallons may be stored without using a flammable
storage cabinet.
Storage of flammable liquids must not obstruct any exit.
Flammable liquids should be stored separately from strong oxidizers, shielded from
direct sunlight, and away from heat sources. SeeAnecdotes for a description of an
incident involving a flammable material stored near a hot plate.
5. Handling Precautions
The main objective in working safely with flammable liquids is to avoid
accumulation of vapors and to control sources of ignition.
Besides the more obvious ignition sources, such as open flames from Bunsen
burners, matches and cigarette smoking, less obvious sources, such as electrical
equipment, static electricity and gas-fired heating devices should be considered.
Accounts of a few of the fires that have occurred in our laboratories may be found
in Anecdotes.
Some electrical equipment, including switches, stirrers, motors, and relays can
produce sparks that can ignite vapors. Although some newer equipment have sparkfree induction motors, the on-off switches and speed controls may be able to produce
a spark when they are adjusted because they have exposed contacts. One solution is to
remove any switches located on the device and insert a switch on the cord near the
plug end.
Pouring flammable liquids can generate static electricity. The development of
static electricity is related to the humidity levels in the area. Cold, dry atmospheres are
more likely to facilitate static electricity. Bonding or using ground straps for metallic
or non-metallic containers can prevent static generation.
Control all ignition sources in areas where flammable liquids are used.
Smoking, open flames and spark producing equipment should not be used.
Oxygen, heat, and fuel are frequently referred to as the "fire triangle." Add in the
fourth element, the chemical reaction, and you actually have a fire
"tetrahedron." The important thing to remember is: take any of these four
things away, and you will not have a fire or the fire will be extinguished.
Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by taking away one or more elements of the
fire triangle/tetrahedron.
Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping fuel sources and
ignition sources separate.
How To Use a Fire Extinguisher
It's easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you can
remember the acronym PASS, which stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and
Sweep.